为了制备造纸法薄片料液微胶囊并研究其在加热不燃烧卷烟中的缓释效果,先对料液的挥发性香味成分进行分析,然后采用复凝聚法制备微胶囊及其理化特性的表征,最后研究微胶囊在加热不燃烧卷烟中不同材料段的缓释效果.结果表明:①造纸法薄片料液共有 21种香味挥发性物质,其中有 13种易挥发性,表明料液具有较强挥发性.②红外谱图的峰型表明料液被成功包埋;热重曲线表明,微胶囊中料液快速损失的温度较单独料液提高近170℃,因壁材提高其热稳定性,减少挥发.③微胶囊平均粒径240 nm,包埋率34.11%,放置 7d后的水分质量分数为 9.37%;外观为淡淡的金黄色粉末,由扫描电子显微镜图可知其结构致密,囊壁表面较为光滑,近似椭球状.④加香缓释实验结果表明微胶囊添加在烟草段且添加量为0.015 g/支的效果最好,不仅增加香气量,缓释效果明显,而且刺激性明显降低,劲头提高,余味回甜,为微胶囊技术在加热不燃烧卷烟中的应用提供了理论基础.

Biodegradable polymer materials are attractive in various biomedical applications. Herein, we report a block aliphatic copolymer, polycaprolactone-block-polyglycolide (PCL-b-PGA, denoted as PCLGA), and explored the polymer composition effect on the thermal and degradation behaviors. Three copolymers with different PCL/PGA weight ratios were obtained by a two-step ring opening polymerization. The chemical structures and compositions of copolymers were studied by NMR and FT-IR. The thermal behaviors were investigated by DSC and TGA. The in vitro degradation in phosphate buffer saline and in vivo degradation as an implant in rats were evaluated and the hygroscopic rate and polymer weight loss changes were monitored in an eight-week period. PCLGA with a higher PCL composition showed a slower degradation in vitro and in vivo. These PCLGAs with different degradation rates could be used as biomedical implants for potential application in drug delivery and tissue repair.

采用水提醇沉法,以多糖提取率为响应指标,在单因素试验的基础上,经响应面优化试验确定蓝莓果渣多糖最佳提取工艺;通过脱蛋白、脱色和透析等操作后获得精多糖;采用抑制自由基引发的DNA氧化反应体系和淬灭自由基体系系统研究粗多糖和精多糖抗氧化能力.结果表明,最佳提取工艺为液料比59 mL/g、提取温度80℃、提取时间5.30 h,在此条件下多糖得率为2.33％.6个测试体系中,粗多糖和精多糖均能有效抑制自由基氧化DNA和淬灭自由基;多糖浓度为6 mg/mL时,在抑制AAPH、GS·和HO·引起的DNA氧化反应测试中,粗多糖的TBARS百分数分别为90.38％、87.48％和94.36％,精多糖分别为94.97％、91.41％和97.70％;粗多糖对ABTS·+、DPPH·和Galvinoxyl·清除率分别为68.85％、23.53％和13.39％,而精多糖分别为54.42％、16.87％和11.58％.

[目的]考察酮类单体香料在加热卷烟主流烟气中的转移规律.[方法]利用GC-MS方法分析加热卷烟主流烟气中6种酮类香气成分的逐口释放量,探究6种酮类单体香料在加热卷烟中的转移行为.[结果]①异佛尔酮和薄荷酮的逐口释放量随着抽吸口数增加逐渐减少,而其他4种酮类香气成分呈现先增加后减小的趋势.②在0.1‰和0.5‰两个添加量下,6种酮类单体香料逐口转移率分别介于0.7％～10.5％和1.8％～12.6％,逐口转移率之和与抽吸口数之间呈现出良好的线性正相关.③6种酮类单体香料的总转移率分别介于31.3％～69.0％和20.9％～87.7％;其中异佛尔酮、β-二氢大马酮、薄荷酮和金合欢基丙酮的总转移率在低添加量时较大,而4-氧代异佛尔酮和β-紫罗兰酮反之.

为考查酯类单体香料在加热卷烟气溶胶中的转移行为,利用GC-MS分析方法,测定了质量分数分别为0.01％和0.05％的添加水平下,6种酯类单体香料在加热卷烟气溶胶中的逐口释放量和在烟丝中的含量,分析了6种酯类单体香料在加热卷烟气溶胶中的转移率.结果表明:随着抽吸口数的增加,6种酯类单体香料在加热卷烟气溶胶中逐口释放量呈现先增加后减小的趋势,且转移峰值出现在第3～5口.在2种添加水平下,6种酯类单体香料在加热卷烟气溶胶中的逐口转移率为0.70％～8.06％,总转移率为10.50％～52.98％,前N口的总转移率与抽吸口序之间具有良好的线性正相关关系.

为进一步拓宽爆珠滤棒设计思路,制备了不同爆珠直径和位置的爆珠滤棒和卷烟样品,分析了爆珠滤棒设计参数对常规卷烟主要物理指标、主流烟气常规指标及烟碱过滤效率的影响.结果表明:①随爆珠直径的增加,烟支滤嘴通风率和吸阻的升高幅度分别可达28.4％和28.1％;卷烟焦油和烟碱释放量分别降低6.8％和3.3％,烟碱过滤效率升高幅度达15.8％.②随爆珠距唇端距离的增加,滤嘴通风率和过滤效率在爆珠位置与打孔位置较近时达到最小.③爆珠破碎后,烟支吸阻显著降低,幅度可达210 Pa;焦油和烟碱释放量最大分别可升高1.9和0.08 mg/支,烟碱过滤效率降低16.3％.④随爆珠直径的增加,爆珠破碎后,烟支滤嘴通风率和总通风率整体降低,烟支吸阻呈增加趋势;烟碱和焦油释放量逐渐增加.⑤随爆珠距唇端距离的增加,爆珠破碎后,焦油和烟碱的释放量逐渐增加,过滤效率逐渐减小,并在爆珠距离打孔位置较近时出现极值.

采用丙三醇开环聚合左旋丙交酯(L-LA),合成了三臂乳酸预聚物(PLLA 3),通过与封端剂富马酸单乙酯(FAME)的酯化反应,成功地合成光敏性三臂乳酸预聚物(PLLA 3-FAME).将PLLA 3-FAME与反应性稀释剂N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮(NVP)和光引发剂Irgacure 2959,混合调制成光敏性聚(乳酸-乙烯基吡咯烷酮)树脂,经紫外光固化后成功成型,得到聚(乳酸-乙烯基吡咯烷酮)材料,并对材料结构和性能进行了表征测试.结果 表明,较材料PLLA相比,聚(乳酸-乙烯基吡咯烷酮)材料的亲水性、拉伸强度和降解速度均有显著提升.水接触角由91°±2°下降至75°±4°,吸水率由0.43％提升至35％;拉伸强度和延伸率分别由28 MPa,3.82％提升至77 MPa,11.35％;24周内的降解速度由未发生降解提升至质量损失27.57％.该材料可作为3D打印基材,可用于定制要求和组织工程的材料领域.

采用固相反应法制备温度稳定型BaTiO3-Nb2 O5-Co3 O4-La2 O3体系陶瓷材料,研究了助烧剂ZnO-B2 O3和BaTiO3基料晶粒尺寸对瓷料性能的影响.实验结果表明,适当用量的助烧剂引入,瓷料可以在900～1000℃范围内实现烧结,并保持X7R、X8R特性所需的介电性能.同时,制得的陶瓷材料晶粒为亚微米级,粒度分布范围窄,有利于减薄MLCC的介质厚度.BaTiO3基料的晶粒尺寸对陶瓷材料的介电性能有明显影响.当基料为900℃预烧的小晶粒BaTiO3时,在助烧剂掺杂量为最优值时,样品烧结后致密度高,损耗小,介电常数处于峰值.此后,随着助烧剂含量增加,介电常数逐渐下降;当基料是1000℃预烧的大晶粒BaTiO3时,随着助烧剂的掺杂量增加,样品烧结后的直径收缩、介电常熟、介电损耗也一直增加,并不在某点出现峰值.

为了阐明不同枫槭浸膏的关键致香成分及差异,以感官为导向,采用凝胶色谱分离获得了烤甜香特征组分,并以GC/MS法分析了其致香成分组成;通过测定3种市售枫槭浸膏中10种致香成分的质量分数及其在乙醇中的嗅觉阈值,获得了其香气活性值(OAV)并进行比对分析.结果表明:①枫槭浸膏烤甜香特征组分主要含有10种致香成分,分别为2,6-二甲基吡嗪、糠醛、甲基环戊烯醇酮、苯甲醇、苯乙醇、2-乙酰基吡咯、麦芽酚、2-甲酰基吡咯、葫芦巴内酯和香兰素.②3种市售枫槭浸膏中,10种致香成分总质量分数以及各种致香成分的分布情况为枫槭浸膏A与B总体上类似,二者与枫槭浸膏C差别明显.③10种致香成分在乙醇中的嗅觉阈值介于0.002～2117.11μg/g之间,葫芦巴内酯嗅觉阈值最低,2-甲酰基吡咯嗅觉阈值最高.3种市售枫槭浸膏中葫芦巴内酯和香兰素的OAV均远大于其他8种成分,根据OAV值大小,确定该两种成分为3种市售枫槭浸膏烤甜香的关键致香成分.

A method coupling headspace solid-phase micro-extraction to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was developed to analyze the constituents of commercially available maple concrete. Five commercial maple concrete products were analyzed and the differences of volatile components among them were compared by One-way AVONA and PCA. The results showed that: 1)When adopting double-retention index to qualitatively analyze the volatile components, the results were more accurate. 2) Totally 104 volatile components were identified by the developed method, in which 95 components had odor characteristics. However, only 11 aroma components were all detected in the five maple concrete products, these components offered burnt scent and sweet scent, which were important for the aroma characteristics of maple concrete. 3)The volatile components in the five maple concrete products differed significantly. Maple concrete W and Maple concrete XH had certain similarity with Maple concrete DP separately. Maple concrete GZ contained aroma components, such as cinene, p-anisaldehyde, ethyl cinnamate, etc., which offered fruit scent and spicy scent and made GZ different from the other four maple concrete products.

采用方差分析和多重比较的方法对筒壁温度分别为100,120,140,150℃时烟丝填充值、烟丝弹性、整丝率、石油醚提取物、香味物质、总植物碱及总糖进行差异性分析,并利用主成分分析方法研究理化指标的变化,最后利用感官评价的方法对分析的结果进行验证.结果表明:不同筒壁温度对烟丝理化指标的影响达到显著水平(P＜0.05);主成分分析后烟丝理化指标主成分综合得分呈降低趋势;感官评吸的结果与方差分析与主成分分析结果较为一致.

为了研究多糖的组成,采用仪器分析方法,以玉竹根茎为原料,通过水提法提取制备玉竹多糖(Polygonatum odoratum polysaccharides,POP),并通过体外抗氧化试验探讨了玉竹多糖的抗氧化活性.研究结果表明:POP的单糖组成主要为半乳糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖醛酸、葡糖糖醛酸、阿拉伯糖、木糖、鼠李糖、核糖等组分,摩尔百分比为:11.3∶6.4∶5.1∶3.5∶3.0∶2.0∶1.9∶1.1;当POP溶液浓度为0～.4.0 mg/mL时,POP清除羟基自由基、DPPH自由基以及螯合金属离子的能力随着添加剂量的增加而增强,其中清除羟基自由基和DPPH自由基的能力表现突出.此次研究结果可为玉竹的活性多糖制备和高值化利用提供数据支持.

Using Ganoderma as raw material,one kind of Ganoderma lucidem polysaccharide(abbreviated GLP)was extracted and the carboxymethyl product(CM-GLP)was prepared.Using the carboxymethylated degree of substitution(DS)as an indicator,the carboxymethyl modification conditions of GLP were opti-mized by using the orthogonal test.Using blank tobacco shred as control and the moisture content of tobacco shred as an indicator,the physical moisture retention properties of CM-GLP,GLP,propylene glycol(PG) and glycerol were measured,and the effects of these two samples and two traditional humectants on the sen-sory comfort levels in cigarettes were investigated.The results showed that:1 )the optimum technological condition was 85 g of chloroacetic acid,4.5 mol /L of NaOH solution concentration,60 ℃ of reaction tem-perature,and 2 h of reaction time,and the mean value of DS under this condition was 1.36;2)under low humidity conditions the moisture retention property of CM-GLP was superior to PG and glycerol,and the moisture retention property of GLP was slightly worse than PG,under high humidity conditions,four differ-ence was not obvious;3)CM-GLP possesses the roles of making cigarette smoke mellow and full,reducing irritation and elevating comfortable mouthfeel.

The effects of nitrogen rates on the growth, development, nutrient contents, economic characteristics and quality of dark sun_cured tobacco were studied by field experiments. The results showed that in the range of 0-150 kg/ha, the plant height, leaf area, contents of total N, P and K in tobacco plant, yield, value and proportion of high and middle grades cured leaves, contents of total nitrogen, nicotine and protein in cured leaves increased with the increase of N application rates, while the content of sugar decreased. When N rate was 150 kg/ha, the cured leaves had moderate nicotine content, richer aroma and less irritation.

Silk Road low tar blended cigarette was developed on the base of sensory evaluation of aroma, taste and blending properties of burley, flue-cured and oriental tobaccos, experiments on and analysis of processing technology of burley tobacco and cigarette materials. With a high smoking quality and a unique taste style, it delivered about 12.6mg tar and 1.37mg nicotine per cigarette.

对河南不同产地、津巴布韦和巴西产的烤烟烟叶烟气中的焦油、烟气烟碱、CO等有害成分的释放量进行了检测和分析,并对化学成分中的还原糖、总氮、烟碱、K2O、Cl-、SO24-及有机钾对焦油、烟气烟碱、CO的影响进行了相关性分析.结果表明:河南烤烟烟气的焦油、烟气烟碱、CO量均高于津巴布韦、巴西烤烟,上述烟气成分与烟叶的K2O、有机钾、还原糖/烟碱、K/Cl呈显著负相关;与烟碱、Cl-和SO24-则为显著正相关;与还原糖比较,上部叶呈显著负相关,中部叶和全部样品相关性不明显.

微波具有频率极高、加热均匀、快速、高效、节能的特点,微波加热对加料后的白肋烟进行处理,烘焙时间越长水分越少;时间不同,香气质和量大大提高,但超时烘焙质量下降.能增强烟香,排降杂气,改善白肋烟内在质量.