BACKGROUND:Despite strong evidence supporting breastfeeding's benefits for maternal and child health, breastfeeding rates (e.g. any breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months etc.) in China are still suboptimal. The pervasive marketing of breast-milk substitutes (BMS) plays a significant role. Yet research on BMS marketing-especially in China-is scarce, and a clear characterization of the channels and underlying themes through which pregnant women and new mothers encounter such advertising is critical for informing effective regulation of BMS promotions, advancing breastfeeding practices and ultimately improving maternal and child health. METHODS:A marketing diary approach was employed in a one-week pilot study involving 20 participants in Beijing and Jinan, China. Each participant was required to document all BMS marketing-related messages encountered-capturing screenshots or photos and annotating channel and thematic content. Quantitative exposure proportions by channel were calculated, and qualitative data underwent thematic content analysis by two independent coders. This study aimed to preliminarily map the online marketing ecology of BMS and to compare these findings against existing regulatory frameworks, thereby informing actionable recommendations to strengthen monitoring of compliance of BMS marketing. RESULTS:A total of 234 BMS marketing records were documented, 90.2% of which occurred via digital platforms. Among online channels, social media (45.3%), e-commerce websites (15.4%), video streaming platforms (15.0%) and general web browsing (14.5%) predominated; offline channels accounted for the remaining 9.8%. Four principal promotional strategies were identified-competitive promotions, nutritional claims, corporate identity building and word-of-mouth endorsements. Eight thematic categories emerged, led by nutrition claims, sales promotions and infant health benefits. Several participants critically appraised ambiguous or scientifically unsubstantiated assertions. CONCLUSIONS:Chinese pregnant women and mothers of infants aged 0-18 months encounter frequent, multifaceted BMS marketing (activities, or strategies, or tactics) predominantly through digital channels. China's current regulatory framework governs food labelling but affords limited monitoring of BMS advertising across all channels-particularly digital platforms-underscoring the need for comprehensive regulation that explicitly includes online marketing tactics. A multisectoral strategy-combining policy reform, targeted health education and rigorous enforcement of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (the International Code)-is required to protect and promote breastfeeding.

Negative emotions and gut microbiota during pregnancy both bear significant public health implications. However, the relationship between them has not been fully elucidated. This study, utilizing data from a pregnancy cohort, employed metagenomic sequencing to elucidate the relationship between anxiety, depression, and gut microbiota’s diversity, composition, species, and functional pathways. Data from 87 subjects, spanning 225 time points across early, mid, and late pregnancy, were analyzed. The results revealed that anxiety and depression significantly corresponded to lower alpha diversity (including the Shannon entropy and the Simpson index). Anxiety and depression scores, along with categorical distinctions of anxiety/non-anxiety and depression/non-depression, were found to account for 0.723%, 0.731%, 0.651%, and 0.810% of the variance in gut-microbiota composition (p = 0.001), respectively. Increased anxiety was significantly positively associated with the abundance of Oscillibacter sp. KLE 1745, Oscillibacter sp. PEA192, Oscillibacter sp. KLE 1728, Oscillospiraceae bacterium VE202 24, and Treponema socranskii. A similar association was significantly noted for Oscillibacter sp. KLE 1745 with elevated depression scores. While EC.3.5.3.1: arginase appeared to be higher in the anxious group than in the non-anxious group, vitamin B12-related enzymes appeared to be lower in the depression group than in the non-depression group. The changes were found to be not statistically significant after post-multiple comparison adjustment.

OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to evaluate the home food environment of the elderly in Beijing and analyze its association with the body mass index (BMI) of the elderly, as well as to provide recommendations for improving the home food environment for the elderly. METHODS:This study was conducted in Beijing, China, in 2019. The participants were 1764 elderly individuals aged 65 to 80, recruited from 12 communities through a multistage stratified random sampling method. The study involved the use of questionnaire surveys to gather data on participants' demographics, the availability of various foods in their households, and their living conditions. Socioeconomic status (SES) was evaluated based on their educational level, occupation, and income level. Height and weight measurements were taken to calculate BMI. We conducted both univariate analysis and multiple linear regression analysis to evaluate the relationship between the home food environment and BMI. RESULTS:A total of 1800 questionnaires were distributed, of which 1775 were retrieved, resulting in a questionnaire recovery rate of 98.6%. Among these, 1764 questionnaires were deemed valid, corresponding to a questionnaire validity rate of 99.4%. The participants had a mean age of 69.7 ± 4.3 years old, over 40% of whom were overweight or obese. In terms of low-energy/high-nutrient-density foods, the most readily available items were fresh vegetables (95.6%), followed by coarse grains (94.1%), fresh fruits (90.4%), and dairy products (83.6%). Among high-energy/low-nutrient-density foods, preserved foods were the most available (51.9%), followed by salted snacks (40.6%), sugary beverages (28.2%), and fried foods (9.4%). Approximately 7.3% of participants lived alone. Elderly individuals with higher SES had a lower BMI compared to those with medium to low SES (25.9 vs. 26.5, 25.9 vs. 26.4, p < 0.05). Those living alone had a higher BMI than those who did not (27.2 vs. 26.2, p = 0.001). After controlling for potential confounding variables, older adults with high SES exhibited a BMI reduction of 0.356 kg/m2 (p = 0.001), whereas those living alone exhibited an increase in BMI of 1.155 kg/m2 (p < 0.001). The presence of preserved foods at home was linked to a BMI increase of 0.442 kg/m2 (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION:This study underscores the significant impact of family SES, living conditions, and the availability of preserved foods on the BMI of elderly individuals.

目的:了解北京市乡村成年居民营养素养现况及影响因素,为制定营养素养提升适宜技术和策略、开展健康促进和健康教育工作提供科学依据.方法:采用多阶段抽样的方法抽取北京市10个区18～59岁乡村居民进行调查,采用"一般人群营养素养问卷"收集居民一般情况和营养素养,采用SPSS软件对营养素养现状进行分析.结果:共发放问卷1173份,回收问卷1172份,有效问卷为1166份,有效率为99.5％.乡村居民营养素养水平为6.2％,食物营养相关知识与理念、选择食物、准备食物和摄入食物水平分别为54.0％、2.1％、10.3％、17.4％.女性营养素养及各维度得分均高于男性[营养素养(69.5vs63.0);食物营养知识与理念(8.0vs8.0);选择食物(18.5vs17.0);准备食物(15.0vs13.3);摄入食物(27.5 vs 25.3)],且差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,北京市乡村成年居民营养素养水平受性别、受教育程度、家庭月人均收入的影响.以男性为参照,女性营养素养得分较高,OR值为4.132,以小学及以下文化程度为参照,中学、大学及以上分组的营养素养得分较高,OR值分别为10.007、4.414,以家庭月人均收入＜2 000元为参照,收入2 000～3 499元及10 000元以上居民营养素养得分较高,OR值分别为1.537、2.588.结论:乡村成年居民营养素养总体水平较低,人群中分布存在差异,男性、受教育程度较低和收入水平较低者营养素养较低,应加强乡村地区重点人群的健康教育工作.

目的 了解青海省农牧区四、五年级小学生快餐消费行为现状,为开展农牧区学龄儿童营养教育及干预措施提供科学依据.方法 采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,从青海省海东市、海南州、海西州3座城市4个县区10所小学抽取969名四、五年级学生作为研究对象,通过自填调查问卷的方法调查快餐消费现状.结果 青海省农牧区高年级小学生过去1周食用过西式快餐和中式快餐的比例分别为45.8％和75.6％,差异有统计学意义(x2=290.24,P＜0.05).非寄宿学生过去1周食用西式快餐及中式快餐的次数均高于寄宿学生(Z值分别为6.44,5.84,P值均＜0.05).青海省农牧区高年级小学生选择食用西式快餐的原因主要是好吃(84.7％)、有营养(62.6％)、干净卫生(57.4％)和环境好(57.0％).选择食用中式快餐的前4位原因分别为好吃(83.8％)、有营养(82.8％)、干净卫生(67.4％)和环境好(53.5％).被调查的小学生认为中式快餐食物搭配合理的为64.7％,认为中式快餐的营养价值高的为43.0％,认为西式快餐能量含量高的为39.4％.结论 快餐消费已成为青海省农牧区高年级小学生的常见饮食行为.相关部门应加强快餐相关营养宣教,促进健康知识传播,使学生养成良好生活方式,减少快餐消费.

Gut microbiota (GM) dynamics during pregnancy vary among different populations and are affected by many factors, such as living environments and diet. This study aims to observe and evaluate the changes in the structure and function of the GM from the first to the third trimester of pregnancy in Chinese women, and to explore the main factors affecting the changes in intestinal microecology. Fifty-five Chinese pregnant women were recruited for this study and their fecal samples were collected during the first (P1), second (P2), and third trimesters (P3) of pregnancy. We exploited metagenomic sequencing to compare the composition and function of the GM in different pregnancy periods. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that there were differences in the composition of the GM among P1, P2, and P3, as indicated by the increase in α-diversity and β-diversity of the GM and the differences in the relative abundances of distinct bacterial phyla. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was the main factor (P < 0.05) that affected the changes in GM at various stages of pregnancy. There were also disparities in the structure of the GM between the GDM group and non-GDM group in the P1, P2, and P3. The GDM group exhibited increased abundances in Ruminococcus_gnavus, Akkermansia_muciniphila, Alistipes_shahii, Blautia_obeum, and Roseburia_intestinalis; while, the abundances of Bacteroides coprocola, Bacteroides plebeius, Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum, and Prevotella copri were increased in the non-GDM group. Three of the four species enriched in the non-GDM group manifestied significantly negative correlations with the insulin-signaling pathway and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis (r ≤ −0.3, adjusted P < 0.05). In the GDM group, Bacteroides vulgatus and Ruminococcus gnavus were significantly and positively correlated with insulin signaling pathway and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis (r ≤ −0.3, adjusted P < 0.05) among the species enriched from early pregnancy. Virtually all of the species enriched in P2 and P3 were positively correlated with steroid hormone biosynthesis. These results suggest a potential role for the GM in the development of GDM, enabling the potential prevention of GDM by targeting the GM.

目的 了解青海省农牧区学龄儿童食物摄入频次现状,为当地教育部门和学校制定科学的营养改善计划和措施提供科学依据.方法 于2021年4-6月,采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样方法,选取青海省海南州、海西州和海东市3个地区10所小学的四、五年级共969名学生,通过自填问卷的方法调查其日常食物摄入频次.采用秩转换的非参数检验分析不同组间食物摄入频次.结果 学生几乎每天都吃的食物占比最高的是谷薯类(84.3％)和水果(44.6％),几乎不吃的食物比例最高的是水产类(68.1％)和营养补充剂类(45.9％).男生的畜禽肉类、水产类、饮料类和营养补充剂摄入频次高于女生,五年级学生的畜禽肉类和零食类摄入频次高于四年级,而水产类的摄入频次低于四年级,差异均有统计学意义(Z值分别为-2.46,-2.46,-2.43,-2.37,-2.66,-4.33,-2.65,P值均＜0.05).结论 不同性别、年级、地区、寄宿情况和城乡学生的食物摄入频次差异较大.应针对不同特征的学龄儿童完善营养改善计划,学校和家庭应积极开展营养宣教工作,培养学生良好的饮食行为.

目的:了解我国45～55岁围绝经期健康中年女性身体活动情况,综合评价分析身体活动与骨健康及体成分等的关系.方法:检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、中国生物医学文献数据库、万方数据知识服务平台和中国知网中,2000年1月—2022年12月发表的相关文献,纳入以人为研究对象的研究,排除重复、不完整、无法获得全文的文献等.语种限定为中文和英文.结果:共有15篇文献作为本次研究的主要证据,其中有关中国中年女性身体活动描述的文献8篇、骨健康文献5篇、体成分6篇.中国成年女性身体活动水平整体不高,身体活动不足的比例达到50％以上,且随着时间的推移身体活动量呈下降趋势.休闲时间身体活动量较少,家务、通勤或工作等非休闲活动是日常身体活动的主要来源.适当增加身体活动有助于提高骨密度,综合评价等级为B级;适当增加身体活动有助于控制体重、降低体脂率、增加骨骼肌含量,综合评价等级为B级.结论:身体活动与围绝经期妇女的骨健康状况密切相关,还需更多高质量研究设计的证据支持.

目的 了解青海省农牧区高年级小学生零食消费现状,为开展儿童营养教育及制定干预措施提供科学依据.方法 采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,从青海省海东市、海南州、海西州3座城市4个县区的10所小学抽取四、五年级学生共969名作为研究对象,通过自填调查问卷的方法调查其零食消费现状.结果 学生在家里、学校和其他地方消费零食的报告率分别为98.2％,88.5％和75.4％,其中男生在学校的零食消费报告率低于女生(x2=9.66);五年级学生在家里和其他地方的零食消费报告率高于四年级学生(x2值分别为10.31,6.77);农村学生在3个地点的零食消费报告率均高于县城(x2值分别为6.03,100.53,24.77);寄宿学生在家里的零食消费报告率低于非寄宿学生(x2=7.22),而在学校的零食消费报告率高于非寄宿学生(x2=9.04)(P值均＜0.01).在家里最常消费的零食是新鲜水果蔬菜(76.9％)、谷类(67.2％)、坚果(63.7％),在学校最常消费的零食是新鲜水果蔬菜(45.1％)、谷类(36.9％)、糖果类(24.4％),在其他地方最常消费的零食是冷饮(54.7％)、糖果类(51.6％)、饮料(42.9％).学生零食消费原因的前3位分别为好吃(76.9％)、健康/有营养(65.5％)、干净卫生(59.0％).结论 青海省农牧区高年级小学生普遍存在吃零食的现象,仍然有很多小学生消费不健康的零食.亟需通过改善学生的饮食环境并开展营养教育,促使其合理选择零食,养成健康饮食行为.

目的 了解青海省农牧区高年级小学生饮料行为现状,为当地教育部门制定科学的营养改善计划和措施提供依据.方法 采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样法,选取青海省海南州、海西州和海东市3个地区10所小学的四、五年级969名学生,通过自填问卷调查的方法调查其日常饮料消费现状.采用x2检验比较不同组间饮料消费率差异.结果 学生在家里、学校和其他地方饮料的消费率分别为96.9％,64.5％和84.9％;学生在家里最常消费的饮料分别为纯牛奶及酸奶(63.1％)、茶水(53.0％)、茶饮料(52.4％);学生在学校最常消费的饮料分别是茶水(29.8％)、纯牛奶及酸奶(27.8％)、茶饮料(18.4％);在其他地方最常消费的饮料分别是茶饮料(42.0％)、碳酸饮料(38.1％)、纯牛奶及酸奶(35.0％).学生消费饮料原因的前5位分别为好喝(81.2％)、健康有营养(57.6％)、干净卫生(52.6％)、很多同学喜欢喝(39.6％)、家里人常喝(37.7％).结论 青海省农牧区四、五年级学生普遍存在喝饮料的现象,且含糖饮料比例较高.亟需通过改善学生的饮食环境并开展营养教育,促使其合理选择饮料,养成健康饮食行为.

目的 了解青海省农牧区高年级小学生早餐行为状况,为实施儿童营养教育及制定干预措施提供依据.方法 使用多阶段分层整群随机抽样法,从青海省海东市、海南州、海西州3个市的4个县区共10所小学抽样四、五年级学生共969名作为研究对象,采用自填调查问卷的方法调查其早餐行为状况.结果 小学生1周吃5～7次早餐的占82.0％,3～4次的占9.7％,1～2次的占6.7％,不吃早餐的占1.5％.早餐食物种类选择依次是谷薯类、奶豆坚果类、蔬菜水果类和鱼禽肉蛋类(84.1％,69.8％,66.8％,37.7％);五年级学生早餐中包含蔬菜水果类的比例高于四年级学生(x2=4.81,P=0.03),县城学生早餐中包含鱼禽肉蛋类的比例高于农村学生(x2=6.94,P=0.03),而包含蔬菜水果类的比例低于农村学生(x2=53.33,P＜0.01);寄宿学生早餐食物中包含鱼禽肉蛋类的比例高于非寄宿学生(x2=41.26,P＜0.01),而包含蔬菜水果类、奶豆坚果类的比例低于非寄宿学生(x2值分别为21.11,34.41,P值均＜0.01).44.8％的学生早餐营养较差,营养良好的比例仅为16.3％.早餐主要由母亲准备,占47.5％;其次是由学校食堂准备,占29.9％;除年级外,其余各组学生早餐准备者的分布情况差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05).结论 青海省农牧区高年级小学生仍存在不吃早餐、早餐营养质量差的现象.应针对学生、家长、学校食堂工作人员开展饮食和营养知识教育,提高儿童早餐食用频率和营养质量.

Drinking alcohol during adolescence has short-term and long-term effects on physical and mental health. At this stage, teenagers are greatly influenced by their schoolmates and friends. We conducted a multicenter cross-sectional study to investigate the association between school environment factors and adolescents’ drinking behavior in China. Using multistage stratified cluster sampling, the study investigated 27,762 middle school students from six cities in China. The logistic regression model was used to explore the association between the school environment and adolescent alcohol drinking behaviors after adjusting for confounders, including gender, age, city, location, and smoking status. Compared with students with none of their close friends drinking, students with more than half of their close friends drinking were more likely to drink in a year (OR = 20.148, 95% CI: 17.722–22.905, p < 0.001) and in a month (OR = 13.433, 95% CI: 11.779–15.319, p < 0.001). In addition, classmates’ drinking behaviors, friends’ persuasion, and attending parties were risk factors for adolescents’ drinking behavior, while the propaganda and regulations of banning drinking in school were protective factors. The school environment, especially friends drinking, is associated with students’ drinking behavior. It is necessary to mobilize the strength of schools and peers to strengthen the prevention and control of adolescent drinking.

目的 研制适用于我国青年人的身体意象三维图像,并检验其信效度.方法 运用文献资料及专家咨询法,参考成年人体质指数(BMI)分级标准等,采用3D Studio Max软件绘制我国青年人身体意象三维图像.抽取河南省郑州市103名18～44岁的青年人进行问卷调查、体格检查、体成分测量,并请3名专家对调查对象目前体型进行评分,检验体型符合度、结构效度和评定者间信度.初次调查14天后进行重复调查,检验重测信度.结果 研制青年人身体意象三维图像两组,即青年男性组和青年女性组,每组各包括8幅体型不同的图像.73.8％的调查对象选择图像对应的体型与实际体型相符,加权Kappa系数为0.813(P<0.01).调查对象选择体型与体重及体成分指标如脂肪含量等呈正相关,结构效度为0.734～0.835(P<0.01).两次调查结果 呈正相关,重测信度为0.828～0.839(P<0.01).3名专家对调查对象目前体型的评分呈正相关,评定者间信度为0.842～0.899(P<0.01).结论 青年人身体意象三维图像研制原则及参考依据可靠,研制方法 和流程科学,效度和信度良好,可作为测评我国青年人身体意象认知和态度维度的工具.

Objective: To develop a three-dimensional body image stimuli suitable for middle-aged people in China, and verify the validity and reliability of the body image stimuli. Method: According to China and World Health Organization body mass index classification standards of adults, a set of three-dimensional body image stimuli of Chinese middle-aged males and females with different body size was developed by using 3D Studio Max and Adobe Photoshop CC based on the literature and expert consultation method. Forty-two 45- and 59-year-old middle-aged people in Zhengzhou City, Henan Province were recruited to verify the three-dimensional body image stimuli. Through questionnaire survey and physical examination, the coincidence between the selected body type and the actual body type was tested; the body composition was measured by dual-energy absorptiometry (DXA), and the structure validity of the image was tested; the body size satisfaction was investigated by the body image stimuli and the standard questionnaire, and the empirical validity of the image was tested. The repeated survey was conducted 14 days after the initial survey, and three experts were invited to score the current somatotype of the subjects to test the test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability of the body image stimuli. Pearson, Spearman, Kendall correlation and Kappa consistency analysis were used to evaluate the validity and reliability of the body image stimuli. Results: The average age of 42 subjects was 52.7 years old, including 13 males and 29 females. A group of three-dimensional body image stimuli of middle-aged men and women were developed, and each group included 8 images. 73.8% of the subjects chose the body size consistent with the actual body type, and the weighted Kappa coefficient was 0.755 (P<0.01). The selected somatotype was positively correlated with body weight and body composition indexes such as fat content, and the Pearson correlation coefficient of construct validity was 0.623-0.717 (P<0.05). The results of the two surveys were positively correlated, and the Spearman correlation coefficient of test-retest reliability was 0.784-0.821 (P<0.05). The scores of the three experts on the current somatotype of the subjects were positively correlated, and the Kendall correlation coefficient of inter-rater reliability was 0.818-0.878 (P<0.05). Conclusion: The development of principle and reference basis of three-dimensional body image stimuli of middle-aged people is reliable, and the validity and reliability of the body image stimuli are good.

AIM:To investigate the urination behaviours of senior citizens in China. METHODS:Stratified random sampling was used to recruit senior citizens who met the inclusion criteria from five cities in China. After training by researchers, participants recorded their urination behaviours in real time by using the validated 7-day 24-hour urination behaviour record, which consisted of frequency of urination, time of urination, urinary urgency and urine colour. RESULTS:Of the 551 recruited participants, 524 (233 male and 291 female) completed the survey, yielding a completion rate of 95.1%. The median frequency of urination was 7.4 times per day. The frequency of urination was highest among participants in Guangzhou, at 8.0 times per day (χ2 = 29.356; P < .001), and participants in the first percentile body mass index group, at 8.0 times per day (χ2 = 10.344; P = .016). The percentage of participants who urinated >7 times during the day was 44.3%. The percentage of participants who urinated ≥1 time at night was 77.5%. The number of times participants reported feeling no urge to urinate, a strong urge to urinate and an uncomfortable urge to urinate accounted for 59.7%, 62.8% and 24.8% of all records of urinary urgency, respectively. Instances of patients having no urge to urinate, a strong urgent to urinate and an uncomfortable urge accounted for 16.1%, 13.3% and 2.9% of all instances of urination, respectively. The number of times participants whose urine was yellow and dark yellow accounted for 69.1% and 18.9% of all records of urine colour, respectively. Urine with yellow and dark yellow colour accounted for 13.0% and 1.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION:Unhealthy urination behaviours, including urinating at night and holding back urine, were common among senior citizens. This result can provide information for the prevention and control of urinary system diseases.

目的:分析北京市某高校男性有规律运动习惯的男性大学生的春季排尿行为,总结其与普通人群的差异,为开展针对性地健康宣教提供科学依据.方法:2019年4～5月在北京市某体育类高校使用单纯随机抽样抽取109名有规律运动习惯的男大学生作为受试对象,利用特定方法收集调查对象连续三天内的所有尿液并记录排尿的量、尿液渗透压、时间与运动情况.使用EpiData3.1建立数据库;使用SPSS19.0进行统计分析.结果:调查对象每天排尿量的中位数为850 mL,每天排尿次数的中位数为3.7次,平均每次排尿量的中位数为216 mL.调查对象8个时段的排尿量的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),8个时段的排尿次数的差异同样有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中中位数最高的时段为早餐前,排尿量与排尿次数的中位数分别为232 mL、1.0次.调查对象3个时段的排尿量的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),3个时段排尿次数的差异同样有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中排尿量中位数最高的时段为上午,排尿量中位数为338 mL,其次为下午.调查对象每天的排尿主要为非运动相关排尿,平均每天非运动相关排尿量的中位数为719 mL,其次为运动后排尿,平均每天运动后排尿量的中位数为31 mL.运动后排尿与非运动相关排尿相比,每次排尿量较低,渗透压浓度较高,排尿量与渗透压浓度的差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:与此前国内对普通人群的研究相比,北京市某高校有规律运动习惯的男大学生每日排尿量较少,可能存在水合状态较差的情况,应开展水合状态相关的健康宣教.

目的:调查北京市某高校规律运动男大学生春季8个不同时段(早餐前、早餐、早餐后、午餐、午餐后、晚餐、晚餐后、夜间)的补液行为,并分析其不同时段补液行为的差异,为我国运动人群制定适宜补液量提供基础数据.方法:采用简单随机抽样的方法选取北京市某高校109名规律运动男大学生参与调查,使用连续7天24小时饮水记录表,由调查对象利用定量用具详细记录每天8个时段内每次的补液种类及补液量.采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验比较调查对象补液行为的差异.结果:8个不同时段,调查对象午餐后补液量(465 mL,H=518.710,P<0.001)最大,补液次数最多(1.9次,H=538.830,P<0.001).调查对象下午补液量(644 mL)和晚上补液量(645 mL)比上午补液量(466 mL)多(H=32.941,P<0.001);下午的补液次数最多,为2.5次(H=9.965,P<0.01).调查对象非就餐时补液总量、白水饮用量和运动饮料饮用量均高于就餐时(H分别为131.759、146.190、17.530,P值均<0.001);而非就餐时其他含糖饮料饮用量低于就餐时(H=-2.917,P<0.01).结论:北京市某高校男性规律运动大学生春季不同时段补液行为存在差异,应结合运动大学生的补液行为,有针对性地开展科学补液和饮水的健康教育,促进运动人群的健康.

前一段时间,媒体报道了两个案例,一个是江苏淮安的一位女士在连吃了几个冰淇淋后,感觉头疼,睡不着觉;另一个是杭州一位少年在40℃高温天猛吃冰淇淋,吃完后头痛欲裂.这两位就诊入院后都被诊断为“脑结冰”. 什么是“脑结冰” “脑结冰”是一种形象的说法,其实是指大量进食冰饮后引起的头部神经疼痛.在上个世纪80年代,西方国家已经对类似病例进行讨论,并为其取名为“冰淇淋头痛”.

目的:了解我国高校规律运动大学生补液相关知识与态度情况,为开展相关科普宣教提供依据.方法:2019年4月在北京市某体育类高校规律运动大学生中采用单纯随机抽样的方法选取850名研究对象进行知识态度问卷调查,评价补液相关知识知晓率及相关态度持有率.计量资料如果服从正态分布,用均数和标准差表示.计数资料用人口百分比表示,不同类型调查对象之间使用卡方检验比较差异.结果:共收到有效问卷807份,有效率为95.8％.81.7％的调查对象知晓正确的补液方式,18.2％知晓正确的日补液量,82.5％的调查对象认为最适合日常饮用的饮品是白水,30.4％的调查对象知道科学补液对于提高运动成绩具有积极作用.补液与中风、高血压、冠心病、头痛、后背痛、肾结石、便秘、皮肤干燥相关的知晓率分别为5.2％、14.6％、7.8％、15.7％、8.3％、45.8％、69.9％和79.1％.34.2％的调查对象认可补液对于健康的重要性.81.2％的调查对象愿意为健康改变补液行为.82％的调查对象愿意为改善自己的运动成绩/表现去改变自己的补液行为.41.5％的调查对象表示对于补液知识感兴趣.结论:北京市某高校规律运动大学生关于补液方式与饮品选择相关知识知晓率较高,多数调查对象愿意改变补液行为,但关于补液量以及补液对提高成绩的作用的知晓率不高,需要加强相关知识宣教.