Flavonoids are crucial plant secondary metabolites that play vital roles in development and stress responses. While R2R3-MYB transcription factors are known regulators of flavonoid biosynthesis, their specific role in Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris syn. B. rapa), especially under abiotic stress conditions like heat and drought, remains poorly understood. This study systematically identified R2R3-MYB transcription factors in Chinese cabbage (BcR2R3-MYB) and pinpointed members potentially involved in both flavonoid biosynthesis and abiotic stress responses. We identified 215 BcR2R3-MYBs, with structural analyses revealing conserved MYB domains. Furthermore, diverse cis-acting elements were observed, including those related to growth, phytohormones, and stress. Integrative analysis of cis-elements, phylogenetic relationships, and expression patterns revealed specific BcR2R3-MYB members with dual regulatory potential in these pathways. In particular, BcMYB12-LF/MF2 were identified as putative positive regulators of these processes, exhibiting strong floral expression and potential roles in pigmentation and thermotolerance. These findings provide a foundation for exploring BcR2R3-MYBs as candidate molecular breeding targets to potentially improve flavonoid accumulation and abiotic stress tolerance in Chinese cabbage.

To broaden Stropharia rugosoannulata cultivation substrates, nine agricultural/forestry wastes were tested, evaluating fruiting body count, weight, and total yield, with factors influencing yield also investigated. Fig branches performed best: 16.5 % grade A fruiting bodies, 5.11 kg/m2 total yield, and 232,000 yuan/hm2 net profit. Grape stumps, pear and peach branches were also suitable, with yields 5.38, 4.64, 4.62 kg/m2 respectively. Waste sawdust had 16.2 % grade A but limited economic benefits. Willow branches (9.5 % grade A), crape myrtle branches (8.4 %), soybean stalks (12.5 %), and corn stalks (4.04 kg/m2 total yield) were suboptimal, needing reduced use. Correlation analysis showed first harvest reflects suitability; high lignocellulose materials enhance individual mushroom quality.

Hypocotyl length is regarded to be a crucial seedling trait, influencing many subsequent plant development processes. However, little is known about this trait in Brassica campestris syn. Brasscia rapa. Here, we performed a comparative observation on the early hypocotyl development between two cultivars, ‘SZQ’ belonging to pak-choi (B. campestris ssp. chinensis var. communis) with longer hypocotyls, and ‘WTC’ belonging to Tacai (B. campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. rosularis) with shortter hypocotyls, and found that the difference in auxin biosynthesis might contribute to the varied hypocotyl phenotype between these two cultivars. By applying GWAS analysis using a total of 226 B. campestris accessions, we identified that the AT-Hook motif nuclear localized (AHL) gene BcAHL24-MF1 contributed to the natural variation in hypocotyl length. Functional variation of BcAHL24-MF1 was attributed to four haplotypes featuring four SNPs within the promoter region, of which Hap I accumulated more transcripts with shorter hypocotyls. Constitutive overexpression of BcAHL24-MF1 in B. campestris caused decreased hypocotyl length under light circumstances and even constant darkness, as BcAHL24-MF1 repressed the PIF-mediated transcriptional activation of auxin biosynthesis genes BcYUC6-MF2 and BcYUC8-LF. Our research uncovered the important role of BcAHL24-MF1 in regulating light-triggered inhibition of hypocotyl elongation, therefore presenting a valuable genetic target for crop breeding.

Cap color is a critical commercial trait in Stropharia rugosoannulata mushrooms, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying its temperature-induced variation remain poorly understood. This study integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches to identify key metabolites and genes associated with the transition of cap color from white to wine-red under different temperature conditions. Metabolomic analysis identified 1913 metabolites, with flavonoid derivatives such as quercetin-3-O-glucoside and kaempferol-based compounds accumulating preferentially in wine-red mushrooms at high temperatures. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 13,428 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 36 structural genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Notably, upregulation of SrGene13140 (F3'H) and SrGene10248 (F3'5'H) was observed in wine-red mushrooms, suggesting their involvement in red pigment production. In contrast, SrGene10253 (F3'H) was more highly expressed in yellow mushrooms, indicating isoform-specific hydroxylation activity. Integrated gene-metabolite correlation and network analysis highlighted key enzymes, including phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H), and 4-coumarate: coenzyme A ligase (4CL), as central regulators of color-related flavonoid biosynthesis. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular basis of temperature-induced color variation in S. rugosoannulata and offer potential applications in mushroom breeding and horticulture.

Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris syn. B. rapa) is an important leafy vegetable featuring a variety of cultivars with diverse leaf morphologies. Among these, leaf wrinkling is a distinctive trait that not only defines cultivar types but also influences key agronomic traits such as light interception, photosynthetic capacity, and consumer preferences related to taste and texture. Despite its importance, the genetic regulation underlying this trait remains unclear. In this study, we compared the transcriptomes of 2 Chinese cabbage cultivars, 'Huangya14' ('HY14', with wrinkled leaf) and 'Suzhouqing' ('SZQ', with flat leaf), at 3 developmental stages. Clustering analysis suggested that the difference between wrinkled and flat leaves was already apparent 7 d after sowing. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed that a multifaceted network involving adaxial-abaxial axis polarity, epidermal cell division, and brassinosteroid (BR) signaling mediates leaf wrinkling. Notably, the determination of endogenous BR content and exogenous treatment revealed the differentially expressed genes BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1 (BcBZR1), PHABULOSA (BcPHB), and CYCLIN D3;1 (BcCYCD3;1), which were further characterized to be sensitive to either endogenous or exogenous BR levels. Overexpression of BcBZR1 and BcPHB contributed to wrinkled leaves with irregular tissue arrangement, increased epidermal cell number, and the elevated expression level of BcCYCD3;1. Meanwhile, silencing the 2 genes reduced the degree of leaf wrinkling. Interestingly, yeast 1-hybrid, dual-LUC, and chromatin immuno-precipitation quantitative PCR assays revealed that BcBZR1 specifically binds to the promoter of BcPHB and BcCYCD3;1 to activate their expression, and BcPHB also promoted the expression of BcCYCD3;1. This study unveils a mechanism whereby BR contributes to leaf wrinkling in Chinese cabbage by regulating the key component BcBZR1 and its downstream genes BcPHB and BcCYCD3;1.

Stropharia rugosoannulata is a widely distributed edible mushroom rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds with various pharmacological properties. This study explores the mechanism involved in color variation in S. rugosoannulata mushroom cap under different temperature conditions. Transcriptome analysis revealed the role of cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene family members and the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in color development. The study found that under low-temperature conditions, the expression of key genes in the flavonoid synthesis pathway was upregulated in red varieties, potentially leading to an accumulation of flavonoids and a change in color. Color changes in yellow varieties were related to genes in the terpenoid synthesis pathway. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) highlighted the role of zeaxanthin epoxidase genes in carotenoid synthesis, affecting color formation and possessing photoprotective and antioxidant functions. Additionally, Weighted correlation network analysis, also known as weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) analysis revealed the role of C2H2-type transcription factors in color regulation, which may directly or indirectly regulate the genes responsible for pigment synthesis, influencing mushroom color. These factors may directly or indirectly regulate the genes responsible for pigment synthesis, influencing the mushroom color. This research offers insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying color variation in S. rugosoannulata and establishes a foundation for developing varieties in different colors, which could enhance their market appeal and application value in the food industry.

Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis (L.) Makino) stands as a widely cultivated leafy vegetable in China, with its leaf morphology significantly influencing both quality and yield. Despite its agricultural importance, the precise mechanisms governing leaf wrinkling development remain elusive. This investigation focuses on ‘Wutacai’, a representative cultivar of the Tacai variety (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. rosularis Tsen et Lee), renowned for its distinct leaf wrinkling characteristics. Within the genome of ‘Wutacai’, we identified a total of 18 YUCs, designated as BraWTC_YUCs, revealing their conservation within the Brassica genus, and their close homology to YUCs in Arabidopsis. Expression profiling unveiled that BraWTC_YUCs in Chinese Cabbage exhibited organ-specific and leaf position-dependent variation. Additionally, transcriptome sequencing data from the flat leaf cultivar ‘Suzhouqing’ and the wrinkled leaf cultivar ‘Wutacai’ revealed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to auxin during the early phases of leaf development, particularly the YUC gene. In summary, this study successfully identified the YUC gene family in ‘Wutacai’ and elucidated its potential function in leaf wrinkling trait, to provide valuable insights into the prospective molecular mechanisms that regulate leaf wrinkling in Chinese cabbage.

本试验使用双孢蘑菇菌渣与土壤按比例(体积比)混合栽培新丰生姜,通过分析混合基质的理化性质以及生姜的生长和产量,探讨双孢蘑菇菌渣对生姜栽培的影响.结果显示,随着菌渣添加比例的增加,土壤容重降低,pH值、含水量升高,土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量升高,但生姜叶绿素含量、株高、茎粗、分蘖数和产量均降低.添加双孢蘑菇菌渣后,生姜植株长势变弱,产量随之降低,双孢蘑菇菌渣栽培生姜添加比例(体积比)应少于 50％.

Taking pakchoi ’Degaosuzhouqing’ as a test material,this experiment adopted foliage spray method,and studied the effect of bio-enzyme foliar fertilizer on agronomic characters,pigment content and nutritional quality of pakchoi.The results showed that compared with the contrast spraying pure water,the plant height,divergence,above-ground fresh weight and leaf chlorophyll a,total chlorophyll,total carotenoid,soluble protein,free amino acid,VC and total flavonoid contents in pakchoi sprayed with 50 times thinner enzyme foliar fertilizer diluent were significantly higher,increasing by 9.41%,8.86%,17.06%,6.77%,7.77%,9.41%,70.44%,74.62%,8.05% and 44.58%,respectively.While the lignin content and malondialdehyde content of leaves were significantly lower than those of the contrast.

利用甘蓝型油菜细胞质雄性不育系作为不育源,以野生型芥菜为转育载体进行杂交,将不育基因导入野生芥菜中,并以大头菜为轮回亲本,经过连续6代回交,育成大头菜细胞质雄性不育系.此方法创造性地利用野生型芥菜作为转育载体,克服了甘蓝型油菜不育系与大头菜直接杂交不亲和的问题,转育获得的不育系与大头菜杂交结实好,F1代杂交组合产量高,抗病性强,具有广泛的适用性和较强的应用前景.

为掌握嘉兴市油菜产业发展真实情况,通过对近 10 年嘉兴市全域油菜生产面积和产量、主栽品种、生产加工和种植效益等进行研究,分析该地区油菜生产和产业发展变化情况,结合目前油菜生产上存在的主要问题,提出适合当地油菜产业发展的对策,为提高农民收入和保障粮油安全提供参考.

南 湖 菱(Trapa acornis Nakano)又名无角菱,是我国特色水生经济作物,因主产浙江嘉兴南湖而得名,并以其果实无角、壳薄、味美、营养丰富而闻名,是唯一以"南湖"命名而享誉中外的农产品,并成为嘉兴的地方名片[1].21世纪以来,随着渔民上岸,南湖风景区统一管理,以及受政策因素等影响,近年传统的外河菱角栽培受到极大限制,导致南湖菱种植面积不断减少[2,3],据嘉兴市农业农村局统计,2020年嘉兴全市菱角种植面积280.6 hm2,产量3590.2 t,其中南湖菱面积206.7 hm2,产量2373 t,种植面积和在菱角品种中的比例均较鼎盛时期有显著下降,虽然内塘栽培、种养结合等可以缓解南湖菱种植面积下降带来的供应问题[4,5],但其栽培效益仍相对较低,内塘栽培农户更愿意种植二角红菱、大青菱等早熟品种,品种的插花种植导致近年来品种退化趋势更加明显[6].同时随着南湖菱种植面积的下降,近年来当地对种质资源的保护工作有所放松,而农户在栽培过程中又没有能力进行南湖菱品种的提纯复壮,且其在菱种选择时更倾向于个体大而忽视南湖菱的无角特性,更加剧了南湖菱的品种退化,南湖菱的品种特色有进一步丢失的风险.

Trapa L. (Lythraceae), also called water chestnut, is a genus widely distributed in the Old World. With the high edible and medical values, the water chestnut has been cultivated popularly in China since the Tang and Song Dynasties. Among all cultivars, T. acornis Nakano is one of the most current commercial one, which grown in Jiaxing, Zhejiang province, China. However, due to the limited availability of molecular marker resources of T. acornis, we still have difficulty in its identification and utilization. Here, we reported the complete chloroplast genome sequence of T. acornis. The result demonstrated that the chloroplast genome was 155,538 bp in length, consisting of a small single copy (SSC) region of 18,275 bp, a large single copy (LSC) region of 88,492 bp, and two inverted repeat (IR) regions of 24,386 bp. The chloroplast genome contains a total of 130 genes, including 85 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. The phylogenomic analysis demonstrated the sister relationship between T. acornis and T. bicornis.

通过测定大球盖菇培养料的碳氮比以及生产中不同菇潮子实体的数量、平均单菇重和产量,探索培养料中木屑添加量对大球盖菇生长和产量的影响,并分析其经济效益.研究结果表明,添加木屑能提高培养料碳氮比,加快大球盖菇的发菌速度,延长采收期,增加子实体数量,提高产量.对不同菇潮的情况进行统计分析,发现添加木屑后明显缩短了大球盖菇前期的出菇时间,而较高的木屑添加量在前期也有显著的增产作用,使大球盖菇在前期集中出菇.随着采收批次的增加,大球盖菇的平均单菇重逐渐减小;木屑添加量超过40％时,生产后期会因子实体数量的增加导致单菇重明显减小.因此,在稻草培养料中添加20％的木屑、采收六潮菇时,能在保持商品性的同时提高大球盖菇产量;在稻草培养料中添加40％的木屑、采摘三潮菇时,经济效益达到最高.

本试验在设施大棚将大球盖菇与大蒜、 菠菜和马铃薯3种蔬菜间作,通过测定大球盖菇菌丝生长情况和产量以及3种蔬菜的产量来探索菌菜间作对大球盖菇生产的影响,并初步筛选较适合的间作蔬菜品种.结果表明,间作马铃薯会延长大球盖菇现蕾时间,间作大蒜和菠菜能延长大球盖菇采菇天数和出菇天数,间作菠菜和马铃薯能显著增加大球盖菇子实体个数,3种蔬菜对大球盖菇单菇重均无显著影响,但都能增加大球盖菇产量;3种蔬菜以菠菜对大球盖菇生长和产量促进作用最好,可尝试在冬季与大球盖菇间作.

以甬优1540为试验对象,研究不同抛光程度(精米、糙米和稻谷)、不同包装方式(非真空包装和真空包装)以及保鲜剂(1-甲基环丙烯)处理对稻谷陈化和贮藏品质的影响.结果显示:在相同贮藏条件下,抛光程度越大,陈化速率越大;真空包装可使大米货架期的延长至6个月;与对照相比,浓度2ppm的1-甲基环丙烯处理组在丙二醛、脂肪酸值等分别低8.13％、27.07％,差异显著(P<0.05),说明1-甲基环丙烯(1-mcp)处理对延缓稻谷陈化具有一定作用.

探索无花果枝在食用菌栽培中的作用,为种植业农业废弃物在食用菌产业中的应用开拓新途径.通过研究无花果枝营养成分、浸出液和在培养料中的添加量分析无花果枝屑对秀珍菇和猴头菇菌丝生长和产量的影响,筛选合适的添加量.研究结果表明,添加无花果枝屑会显著降低培养料的碳氮比.无花果枝屑浸出液对菌丝生长均有促进作用,但无花果枝屑添加到培养料中会使菌丝生长速度减慢.添加无花果枝屑能使秀珍菇提早现蕾,延长猴头菇采收时间,增加2种食用菌子实体的蛋白质含量.添加50％无花果枝屑栽培秀珍菇、添加28％无花果枝屑栽培猴头菇,能提高2种食用菌的产量.

目的:筛选适宜在浙北地区栽培的猴头菇优良菌株,明确不同菌株的农艺性状,以满足生产需求.方法:设施化栽培7个猴头菇菌株,比较产量、子实体形态及主要营养成分等.结果:菌株h51的产量最高,为(586.4±5.16)g/袋,生物转化率达(93.08±20.82)％,低、高温季节出菇量较多,单菇质量较高,菇形好,并且粗蛋白含量高,适宜鲜销;菌株h92产量仅次于菌株h51,为(570.8±12.0)g/袋,菇形好,折干率高,适宜鲜售、干销;菌株R和U粗多糖质量分数高,分别为(69.95±1.02)mg/g和(68.23±7.18)mg/g,可用于制备猴头菇多糖.

为了初步研究木屑浸出液对食用菌菌丝生长的影响.采用PDA平板培养方法,考察葡萄树、梨树、桃树、无花果树、柳树、紫薇树、香樟树、桂花树8种木屑的浸出液对灰树花、猴头菇、灵芝、玉木耳和大球盖菇菌丝生长的影响.结果表明,在PDA培养基中添加28％林果树木屑的浸出液能加快猴头菇菌丝生长速度,且菌丝长势好;葡萄树、梨树、桃树、紫薇树、桂花树木屑浸出液会降低灰树花菌丝生长速度,葡萄树、无花果、紫薇树、桂花树木屑浸出液会增强菌丝长势;添加林果树木屑浸出液能增强灵芝菌丝长势,其中无花果树、柳树、紫薇树、香樟树木屑浸出液还能加快灵芝菌丝生长速度;葡萄树、无花果树、柳树、紫薇树、香樟树木屑浸出液能加快玉木耳菌丝生长速度,但葡萄树、香樟树木屑浸出液会减弱其菌丝长势;添加16％的无花果树、紫薇树、香樟树木屑浸出液能加快大球盖菇菌丝生长速度、增强长势.

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a popular landscape tree in Fujian province, in South China. In November 2018 and June 2019, a leaf spot disease was observed on date palm in Fuzhou city. A survey of date palm plants grown in four different locations revealed that the disease incidence was almost 20%. The spots were brown with a yellow margin, 1 to 20 mm in diameter, and oval to irregular. In later stages, the spots gradually expanded and coalesced, became dry and died. For isolation, small pieces (0.5 cm2) were cut from leaf spots obtained from seven trees and disinfested with 70% alcohol. Leaf pieces were then placed onto 2% potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25±2°C for 3 to 4 days. One fungus was consistently isolated from fifteen leaves. Fungal colonies were white with undulating margins and a light cream on the reverse side. Black globose to oblate conidiomata were irregularly distributed throughout ten-day-old colonies. The conidiogenous cells were septate, colorless, smooth-walled, straight to slightly curved, ampulliform or subcylindrical, and 6.0 to 13.5 × 1.3 to 3.0 μm [(n=50); x̄ ± SD = 9.5 ± 2× 2 ± 0.5μm]. Conidia were fusiform and five-celled with constrictions at the septa, measuring 18.5 to 31.5 × 5.0 to 7.5 μm [(n=50); x̄ ± SD = 25.5 ± 2 × 6.5± 0.2μm]. The three median cells were light to dark brown and the two end cells were colorless. Apical cells had 2 to 4 appendages ranging from 10.2 to 22.5 μm long. Basal cells had one appendage ranging from 3.5 to 5.5 μm long. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α) gene of fungus were amplified using primers ITS1/ITS4 and EF1728F/EF1986R, respectively. Amplified products (ITS: MN294700 and TEF1-α: MN970514) showed 99% sequence identity to Pestalotiopsis sp., and Pseudoestalotiopsis theae sequences in GenBank. A comparison of MRC12 sequences with the type culture sequences (ITS: JQ683727 and TEF1-a: JQ683743) also showed high similarity, where ITS sequences exhibited only a three-nucleotide difference at the start of the sequences. No differences, however, were found between the TEF1-α sequences. On the basis of morphology and molecular characteristics, the fungus was identified as Ps. theae (Sawada) Maharachch., K.D. Hyde & Crous Steyaert (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2014). To confirm pathogenicity, five disinfested leaves on three healthy five-year-old date palm plants in a nursery (average temperature 26°C), were punctured 3 to 5 times with a sterilized needle, and then 10 to 15 mL conidial suspension (105 conidia/mL in sterilized distilled water) was sprayed over punctured areas of the leaves. For the control treatment, punctured leaves were sprayed with sterilized distilled water. All inoculated leaves plus the control were covered with plastic bags. After 10 days, brown leaf spots similar in appearance to those observed in the field appeared on all wounded leaves, and Ps. theae was successfully re-isolated; the control leaves remained asymptomatic. Previously, Ps. theae was reported on oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) from Sierra Leone and Thailand (Turner, 1971; Suwannarach et al. 2013). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Ps. theae on date palm in China. This report expands the host range Ps. theae to date palm and underscores the potential threat of an emerging leaf spot pathogen on Phoenix species. References Maharachchikumbura, K.D., et al. 2014. Stud. Mycol. 79: 121-186. Suwannarach, N., et al. 2013. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 79: 277-279. Turner, P.D. 1971. Phytopathol. 14: 1-58.