The market potential of fermented goji berry wine is constrained by its inherent lack of acidity and aroma. Lachancea thermotolerans was used to produce lactic acid, and together with Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used to ferment (pure or mixed) two varieties of goji berries. The physicochemical parameters, sensory profile (GDA), volatile compounds (GC-Orbitrap-MS) and non-volatile compounds (UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) of the wines were analyzed. Fermentation with L. thermotolerans significantly increased the wine's acidity, producing 11.97 g/L of lactic acid. L. thermotolerans also enhanced the "fruity", "honey", and "goji berry" aroma, and reduced the "animal" aroma to low level. Chemical analysis showed a general reduction in esters, while key volatile phenols associated with off-flavors, such as 4-ethylguaiacol, were reduced by up to 50 %. Moreover, inoculation with L. thermotolerans resulted in an increase in free-state flavonoids (such as morin and quercetin), phenolic acids, and phenolamines in goji berry wine. Taken together, L. thermotolerans could be an effective tool to enhance the quality of goji berry wine and our study provided new insights into the fruit wine industry.

Cold seeps are unique and important deep-sea ecosystems characterized by chemosynthesis. The deep-sea limpet Bathyacmaea lactea is an endemic and ecologically important species inhabiting these extreme environments, representing an ideal model for studying adaptation and evolution in cold seeps. To provide a high-quality genomic resource for this purpose, we therefore report a high-quality chromosome-level genome for B. lactea, combining PacBio, Illumina, and high-resolution chromosome conformation capture techniques. The assembly spans 769.80 Mb, with contig and scaffold N50 values of 1.27 Mb and 82.05 Mb, respectively, and ultimately yielded 10 chromosome sequences. BUSCO assessment revealed a completeness score of 96.90%, indicating a high-quality genome assembly. Gene annotations showed a high level of accuracy and completeness, with 21,122 predicted protein-coding genes. As the first chromosome-level genome of the deep-sea limpet, it complements a previously reported contig-level assembly. By anchoring the genome to the chromosome level, this assembly offers a more complete and structured genomic resource, facilitating future studies on the evolution and adaptation of cold-seep animals.

RNA modifications add a dynamic and versatile regulatory layer to gene expression, influencing RNA stability, splicing, translation, and cellular responses. Despite their importance, traditional detection methods-such as antibody-based enrichment, chemical labeling, or indirect sequencing approaches-often suffer from limited resolution, biases, and an inability to capture modifications in their native RNA context. Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) direct RNA sequencing (DRS) overcomes many of these limitations by enabling amplification-free, single-molecule, and single-nucleotide detection of diverse RNA modifications directly from native RNA molecules. In this review, recent advances in applying ONT DRS to characterize modifications beyond the extensively studied N6-methyladenosine (m6A), including 2'-O-methylation (Nm), N1-methyladenosine (m1A), 5-methylcytosine (m5C), N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C), N7-methylguanosine (m7G), pseudouridine (Ψ), and adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing are summarized. Computational frameworks and basecalling innovations are highlighted that improve modification calling, with particular emphasis on approaches that detect co-occurring modifications and reveal their potential regulatory cross-talk within individual transcripts. Finally, emerging applications across synthetic systems, non-model organisms, and disease contexts are discussed, and offer a forward-looking perspective on integrating nanopore-based epitranscriptomics with multi-omics platforms to achieve a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of RNA regulation.

The volatile aroma compounds of wine fermented from goji berries were evaluated by liquid-liquid extraction-solvent-assisted evaporation-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry(LLE-SAFE-GC-MS-O)combined with GC-quadrupole-MS(GC-qMS)and GC-Orbitrap-MS.The key aroma compounds were identified by aroma reconstitution and quantitative descriptive sensory analysis.The results showed that ethyl esters(ethyl cinnamate,ethyl acetate,ethyl 2-methylpropanoate,ethyl 2-methylbutanoate,ethyl 3-methylbutanoate,ethyl hexanoate,ethyl lactate,ethyl octanoate,and ethyl decanoate),other esters(isoamyl acetate and isoamyl lactate),C13-norisoprenoids(β-damascenone and β-ionone),volatile phenols(4-ethylguaiacol,eugenol,2,4-di-t-butylphenol),alcohols(1-octen-3-ol,benzyl alcohol,phenylethyl alcohol and isopentyl alcohol)and other compounds(naphthalene,methionol,octanoic acid and 2-acetylpyrrole)contributed the major aroma attributes of goji berry wine.This finding will help to enrich and improve the theoretical basis of the aroma of goji berry wine and lay the foundation for aroma enhancement and quality improvement of goji berry wine.

Introduction: The eighth American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system was flawed regarding the prognosis of stage II hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aims of this study were to reveal the defect and make updates. Methods: Clinical and survival data of HCC patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database were used. We re-classified stage II into T2aN0M0 (tumors >2 cm with vascular invasion) and T2bN0M0 (multiple tumors <5 cm). The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to estimate differences in overall survival (OS). Three propensity score matching analyses without (PSM1) or with (PSM2 and PSM3) consideration of surgical treatment were performed. Cox regression was used to reveal risk factors. Results: HCC patients identified as T1bN0M0, T2aN0M0, T2bN0M0, and T3N0M0 were recruited. OS in T2N0M0 was consistent with the eighth AJCC staging system after PSM1. T2bN0M0 had increased OS compared with T2aN0M0 after PSM2 (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.06-1.73; P = 0.0141) or PSM3 (HR = 1.18; 95%CI = 1.01-1.37; P = 0.0283). No survival benefit existed between T1bN0M0 and T2bN0M0 after PSM2 (HR = 0.92; 95%CI = 0.80-1.05; P = 0.2171) or PSM3 (HR = 0.92; 95%CI = 0.84-1.01; P = 0.0888). Compared with T2aN0M0, T3N0M0 had shorter OS after PSM2 (HR = 0.64; 95%CI = 0.50-0.82; P = 0.0003) or PSM3 (HR = 0.63; 95%CI = 0.54-0.73; P < 0.0001). Cox regression analysis revealed that surgical treatment was associated with better prognosis (HR = 0.3; 95% CI = 0.3-0.4; P < 0.001). Conclusions: The current staging for T2N0M0 is imprecise because surgical treatment is not adequately evaluated and would be ineffective if the proportion of T2bN0M0 patients with surgical treatment was increased. (c) 2023 Elsevier Ltd, BASO - The Association for Cancer Surgery, and the European Society of Surgical Oncology. All rights reserved.

This study investigated the volatile composition and aromatic features of passion fruit wines using a combination of gas chromatography–quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-qMS), gas chromatography–Orbitrap–mass spectrometry (GC-Orbitrap-MS), electronic nose (E-nose) and sensory evaluation. The results showed that these passion fruit wines possessed different aromatic features confirmed by E-nose. Seventeen sulfur compounds and seventy-eight volatiles were detected in these passion fruit wines using GC-Orbitrap-MS and GC-qMS, respectively. Forty-four volatiles significantly contributed to the overall wine aroma. These wines possessed passion fruit, mango, green apple, lemon and floral aromas confirmed by sensory evaluation. The partial least squares regression analysis indicated that sulfides, esters and terpenes, and terpenes mainly correlated to the passion fruit, mango and green apple aroma, respectively. Sulfur compounds significantly affected the aroma of passion fruit wine. The findings in this study could provide useful insight toward the quality control of passion fruit wine.

In this study, four hybrids from the cross between "Italia" and "Tamina" grapes were chosen to investigate their distinct monoterpenoids patterns and candidate genes involved. Monoterpenoid profiles and transcriptome data were generated at four berry developmental stages. Trans-rose oxide, cis-rose oxide, citronellol, neral, nerol, nerol oxide, geraniol, geranial, geranic acid, and cis-isogeraniol were the dominant compounds in R250 hybrid, while linalool, hotrienol, linalool oxide pyranoside, and cis-furan linalool oxide were the main compounds in R77 hybrid. Six TPS-g subfamily genes were found related with the contents of linalool and its related monoterpenoids by weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) and phylogenetic analysis. Among them, TPS59 was cloned and functionally verified by transient overexpression in the leaves of Vitis quinquangularis. Meanwhile, NAC (newGene_195), C2C2-GATA (VIT_15s0021g02510), and bHLH (VIT_14s0128g00110) were selected as candidate transcription factors (TFs) that could regulate the expression of the six TPS-b genes. These data enhanced our understanding on the regulation of monoterpenoid biosynthesis in grapes.

This paper clarifies the contribution of lactones and volatile phenols to the aroma of nongrape wine. A target method for the simultaneous determination of these two kinds of volatiles in nongrape wines was developed using headspace-solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with high-resolution gas chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (GC-Orbitrap-MS). A high-resolution mass spectrometry database including 12 lactones and 11 volatile phenols was established for qualitative accuracy. Different matrix-matched calibration standards should be prepared for specific samples due to the matrix effects. The method was successfully validated and applied in three nongrape wines. Hawthorn wine contained more lactones (δ/γ-hexalactone, δ/γ-nonalactone, δ/γ-decalactone, γ-undecalactone, δ/γ-dodecalactone, C10 massoia lactone, and whiskey lactone), while blueberry wine contained more volatile phenols (especially 4-vinylguaiacol and 4-ethylguiaiacol). Goji berry wines contained certain concentrations of δ-nonalactone, γ-nonalactone, δ-hexalactone, and 3-ethyl phenol. This study demonstrated that HS-SPME-GC-Orbitrap-MS can be applied for the accurate quantification of trace aroma compounds such as lactones and volatile phenols in fruit wines.

With the widespread use of sensory profiling methods in the food industry and the increasing demands of researchers on analytical techniques, rapid sensory analysis methods have emerged, one of which is Projective Mapping. Projective Mapping can quickly collect sensory attributes of products and analyze the similarity or difference of sensory characteristics among products, it can also be combined with preference questionnaires to distinguish people categories and explore the factors affecting consumer preferences. This paper examines the literature related to the Projective Mapping method in recent years, introduced the experimental procedure, influencing factors and data processing of the method, advantages and limitations, derivative methods and their research in different types of food products, and looks forward to the development of this method, in order to provide reference for researchers and enterprises infields related to food sensory evaluation.

The overall aroma is an important factor of the sensory quality of fruit wines, which attributed to hundreds of volatile compounds. However, the qualitative determination of trace volatile compounds is considered to be very challenging work. GC-Orbitrap-MS with high resolution and high sensitivity provided more possibilities for the determination of volatile compounds, but without the high-resolution mass spectral library. For accuracy of qualitative determination in fruit wines by GC-Orbitrap-MS, a high-resolution mass spectral library, including 76 volatile compounds, was developed in this study. Not only the HRMS spectrum but also the exact ion fragment, relative abundance, retention indices (RI), CAS number, chemical structure diagram, aroma description and aroma threshold (ortho-nasally) were provided and were shown in a database website (Food Flavor Laboratory, http://foodflavorlab.cn/ ). HRMS library was used to successfully identify the volatile compounds mentioned above in 16 fruit wines (5 blueberry wines, 6 goji berry wines and 5 hawthorn wines). The library was developed as an important basis for further understanding of trace volatile compounds in fruit wines.

The effects of lactic acid bacteria strains from Lactiplantibacillus, Lactobacillus, Fructobacillus and Weissella on the chemical composition and sensory characteristics of goji berry juice were evaluated. The goji berry juice was fermented for 24 h at 30 degrees C and aged 21 days at 4 degrees C. All studied strains showed good growth in goji berry juice. The chemical components (93 volatile compounds, seven non-volatile acids and two sugars) exhibited 8 evolution groups, and different strains resulted in different flavor features. The juices fermented with L. plantarum or L. acidophilus were described with 'honey', 'wild jujube' odors and 'sour' taste in Flash-Profile test, whereas the juices with L. helveticus presented 'goji berry', 'floral' and sweetness, and the juices with F. fructosus or W. cibaria had 'vinegar' and sweetness. In a PLS regression model, the 'goji berry' odor correlated positively with hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, 5-ethylcyclopent-1-enecarboxaldehyde, benzaldehyde, 1-octen-3-ol, alpha-calacorene and negatively with acetoin and acetic acid. In this study, L. helveticus strain 6024 was more effectively able to retain or enrich the key compounds positively associated with 'goji berry' note compared to other strains. This study enables more extensive utilization of goji berry in the food industry and helps to improve the flavor of goji berry products.

Sensory lexicon is a standardized vocabulary used to help different populations communicate about sensory issues. This paper reviews the process of building a sensory lexicon, which consists of four main steps: preparing samples and training personnel, generating an initial lexicon, discussing the initial lexicon and giving definitions and references, and verifying the validity of the lexicon. The specific operations and requirements of each of the four steps are described, and the development of a sensory lexicon for food and beverages over the past decade is summarized. The development of the lexicon has facilitated the standardization of sensory descriptors and the communication between the sensory community, the food manufacturing industry and consumers. In future developments, sensory lexicon building methods may be upgraded by combining them with chemical analysis, data mining techniques such as natural language processing, etc., and their application areas will tend to diversify.

Flavonoids have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, and may alleviate food allergic reactions and intestinal inflammation induced by ω-5 gliadin, a main allergen of wheat food allergy in children. In this study, a human basophil KU812 cell degranulation model and a Caco-2 monolayer cell model were constructed in vitro to evaluate the effects of four flavonoids on the allergenicity of ω-5 gliadin peptides and ω-5 gliadin peptide-induced barrier damage in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial monolayers. The results show that baicalein, luteolin, isorhamnetin and naringenin can significantly inhibit the degranulation of KU812 cells stimulated by ω-5 gliadin-derived peptide P4 and the release of IL-6 and TNF-α. In addition, the four flavonoids significantly inhibited the ω-5 gliadin-derived peptide P4 to induce the release of IL-6, IL-8 in Caco-2 cells, inhibited the release of zonulin, and significantly increase the expression of tight junction proteins Occludin and ZO-1 in the Caco-2 cell monolayer. In conclusion, baicalein, luteolin, isorhamnetin and naringenin inhibit degranulation stimulated by wheat allergen and enhance intestinal barrier functions, which supports the potential pharmaceutical application of the four flavonoids treatment for wheat food allergy.

Flash Profile is a rapid descriptive approach that can be used for food sensory evaluation. This method refers to the relative differences among products by describing the sensory attributes of a group of products and ranking them according to the strength of these attributes. The development context, operation steps, data processing process and data analysis of Flash Profile are introduced in this article. Combined with its application in food industry, the applicable product types of this method and its advantages and disadvantages compared with other methods are also presented. And the development trend of Flash Profile is also included. The aim of these works is to provide reference for food processing enterprises and researchers in further research.

Background:Laryngeal cancer (LC) is a prevalent head and neck malignancy; however, the essential pathophysiological mechanism underlying its tumorigenesis and progression remains elusive. Due to the perduring scarcity of effective targeted drugs for laryngeal cancer, insights into the disease's pathophysiological mechanisms would substantially impact the treatment landscape of laryngeal cancer.Methods:To ensure quality consistency, 10 tumor and 9 non-tumor samples underwent proteomic analysis on a single mass spectrometer using a label-free technique. Subsequently, gene expression variations between laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and normal tissues were analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Immunohistochemical expressions of insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R), fibronectin (FN), vimentin, and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) in LC tissues and normal tissues were determined.Results:In the tumor group, significant variations were detected for 433 upregulated and 61 downregulated proteins. Moreover, the heatmap revealed that the expressions of RNA translation-related proteins and proteins involved in RNA metabolism, such as IGF2R, tenascin C (TNC), periostin (POSTN), proteasome 26S subunit ATPase 4 (PSMC4), serpin family A member 3 (SERPINA3), heat shock protein family B (small) member 6 (HSPB6), osteoglycin (OGN), chaperonin containing TCP1 subunit 6A (CCT6A), and chaperonin containing TCP1 subunit 6B (CCT6B), were prominently elevated in the tumor group. Nonsense-mediated RNA decay (NMD), RNA translation, and protein stability were significantly altered in LC tumors. IGF2R was remarkably upregulated in LC tumors. In the TCGA database, the IGF2R mRNA level was significantly upregulated in LSCC tissues. Additionally, IGF2R mRNA expression was lowest in clinical grade 1 samples, with no significant difference between grades 2 and 3. In LSCC patients, a significant positive correlation between IGF2R expression and the stromal score was detected using the ESTIMATE algorithm to estimate the immune score, stromal score, and tumor purity in the tumor microenvironment. Lastly, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that IGF2R is overexpressed in LC.Conclusion:These results demonstrate the vital role of IGF2R in LC carcinogenesis and progression and may facilitate the identification of new therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of LC.

The discovery of a large number of small pulmonary nodules and early diagnosis of lung cancer in the diabetic patients prompt us to re-examine the relationship between diabetes and the occurrence and development of lung cancer. The aim of this study was to explore the underlying metabolites changes in diabetes with NSCLC or benign nodule patients, and further to investigate the association of serum IGF-1 level and differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs). An untargeted metabolomics method was used to detect the changes of metabolism in diabetic patients with NSCLC on the platform of HR-MS. Serum level of IGF-1 was measured by ELISA. The patients were divided to three groups, DM, DLB (nodule), and DLC (cancer). we have identified numerous DEMs, which include amino acid, choline, and fatty acid derivatives. Further analysis of the involved metabolic pathways suggested that linoleate metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, histidine metabolism, putative anti-Inflammatory metabolites formation from EPA, and arachidonic acid metabolism were considered to be the most significant metabolic pathways between groups. Networks analysis suggested that a series of metabolites were associated with serum IGF-1among the three groups, which can be divided into 6 categories. Nine metabolites have been identified as the main DEMs among the DLC, DLB, and DM groups. In conclusion, metabolomics is a powerful and promising tool for the cancer risk evaluation in diabetic patients. Our results suggest that decreased IGF-1 level is associated with restrained amino acid metabolism in NSCLC with diabetes mellitus.

To date, great progress has been made in studying the immunology of cancer and the development of immunotherapies. Immunotherapy has become an effective clinical strategy for cancer treatment in courtesy of its unique features. It has been demonstrated to delay tumor progression, reduce tumor recurrence and metastasis, and even cure tumors through enhancing the immune response, stimulating tumor-specific immunity and breaking immune tolerance. Several different immunotherapeutic approaches and methods are in the process of being developed, including the use of cytokines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, engineered T cells (such as T-cell-receptor T cells and chimeric antigen receptor T cells) and cancer vaccines. Digestive system neoplasms pose a serious threat to human health, including esophageal cancer, gastric cancer and colorectal cancer, and immunotherapy is considered to be a promising new avenue for the treatment of digestive system neoplasms. However, certain challenges remain in terms of the broad implementation of immunotherapies due to the incompletely understood mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis. Therefore, it is crucially important to understand both the various different types of immunotherapy and the immune landscapes in digestive system neoplasms in order to reduce the side effects associated with these therapies. The present review discusses existing and newly emerging immunotherapeutic methods that may be applied in the treatment of digestive system neoplasms and how their clinical efficacy may be enhanced.

Genome miniaturization drives key evolutionary innovations of adaptive traits in vertebrates, such as the flight evolution of birds. However, whether similar evolutionary processes exist in invertebrates remains poorly understood. Derived from the second-largest animal phylum, scallops are a special group of bivalve molluscs and acquire the evolutionary novelty of the swimming lifestyle, providing excellent models for investigating the coordinated genome and lifestyle evolution. Here, we show for the first time that genome sizes of scallops exhibit a generally negative correlation with locomotion activity. To elucidate the co-evolution of genome size and swimming lifestyle, we focus on the Asian moon scallop (Amusium pleuronectes) that possesses the smallest known scallop genome while being among scallops with the highest swimming activity. Whole-genome sequencing of A. pleuronectes reveals highly conserved chromosomal macrosynteny and microsynteny, suggestive of a highly contracted but not degenerated genome. Genome reduction of A. pleuronectes is facilitated by significant inactivation of transposable elements, leading to reduced gene length, elevated expression of genes involved in energy-producing pathways, and decreased copy numbers and expression levels of biomineralization-related genes. Similar evolutionary changes of relevant pathways are also observed for bird genome reduction with flight evolution. The striking mimicry of genome miniaturization underlying the evolution of bird flight and scallop swimming unveils the potentially common, pivotal role of genome size fluctuation in the evolution of novel lifestyles in the animal kingdom.

Bay scallop is an economically important bivalve species in aquaculture industry. Due to its rapid growth rate and short reproduction cycle, bay scallop possesses the highest annual yield in Chinese scallop production and serves as a good model species to study the genetic effects of population differentiation and selective breeding. Via whole genomic resequencing analysis of two artificially selective breeds (Haiyifeng12 and Zhongkehong) and a hatchery reference population (Jiaonan), we acquired a total of 3,885,213 high quality SNPs and 22,312 SSRs. A lower level of genomic polymorphism and increased linkage disequilibrium were detected in the two selective breeds compared with the hatchery reference population. Selective sweep analysis revealed that 104 and 223 genes are under selection in the two breeds respectively, which may be the causal factors for the improved performance in growth and immunity. Our study provides insight into the genetic differentiation and selection signatures of bay scallop selective breeds. Together with the generated genome wide SNP and SSR data, these findings are an important addition to the scallop genomic resources and have practical implications for breeding programs in scallop aquaculture.

The sensory and chemical profiles of commercial bog bilberry (BB) wines were investigated using a multi-analytical approach. Sensory test included scaling and check-all-that-apply (CATA) method with questions on liking of BB wine. The sensory data was correlated with their volatile compound profiles determined using gas chromatography coupled with quadrupole and orbitrap mass spectrometry (GC-Quadrupole/Orbitrap-MS). In general, all BB wines were characterized with "fruity", "blueberry" and "floral" odors and "sour", "mouth puckering" and "sweet" flavors. Samples more frequently characterized as "fruity" and "floral" in CATA were preferred by the panelists (n = 93). High relative proportions of o-cymene, p-cymenene, 1-octen-3-one and 3-ethylphenol in a sample (described as "ginger" and "chili") resulted in a lower liking rating. Similarly, generally disliked sample described with "Chinese herbs" and "licorice" was characterized by compounds 3-methylpentan-1-ol, 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene, and 4-vinylphenol. The data will give novel information for berry wine and beverage industry on the quality factors of BB wines linked to higher acceptance.