Flowering represents the phenological response of plants to environmental cues, serving as a critical developmental phase that dictates the reproductive success of plants. Numerous over-wintering plants require vernalization to induce flowering, yet the shifting climate patterns in recent years have disrupted their flowering phenology. Different vernalization requirements in wild radish make them ideal for exploring the adaptations of vernalization-responsive plants to warmer winter. Transcriptomic analysis was conducted to investigate the flowering regulation pathways and molecular mechanism in wild radish with different vernalization requirements. A total of 2369 genes were identified as significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across various time points. Vernalization upregulated floral activators VIN3 and AGL19 while downregulating repressors such as WRKY34/MSP3 and MAF5/AGL68, leading to suppression of FLC. Notably, even without cold exposure, facultative lineages exhibited elevated VIN3 and AGL19 and reduced repressors (FRI, MAF5/AGL68, FES1). Enrichment analysis highlighted photosynthesis-related pathways. Obligate vernalization types flower through the vernalization pathway, whereas facultative ones utilize photoperiod, gibberellin, and temperature pathways under non-vernalizing conditions. These findings improve understanding of floral adaptation to warming winters and offer insights for crop resilience and production under global climate change.

ABSTRACT The duckweed family Lemnaceae, aquatic plants within the early‐diverging monocot order Alismatales, are model organisms in plant biology. Owing to their exceptionally rapid growth rates, high protein content, notable capacity for starch accumulation, and demonstrated utility in phytoremediation, duckweeds are increasingly recognized as promising candidates for diverse biotechnological applications spanning environmental remediation, bioenergy production, and sustainable biomass generation. Mixotrophy‐the capacity of autotrophic plants to utilize exogenous organic carbon‐is increasingly recognized as widespread in aquatic ecosystems, yet it has been less studied in duckweeds compared to microalgae and cyanobacteria. Here, we compile evidence from physiological, structural, and environmental perspectives supporting mixotrophy and heterotrophy in duckweeds, a clonal, genomically tractable angiosperm with rapid vegetative growth and direct environmental exchange, offering advantages beyond microalgal models. We emphasize mechanisms that enable mixotrophy to achieve synergistic outcomes beyond the additive effects of autotrophy and heterotrophy. Additionally, we explore the ecological and biotechnological significance of these trophic strategies and propose that duckweeds represent a valuable model for understanding mixotrophy across aquatic plants and for linking microalgal findings with higher‐plant physiology.

To date, only a few submerged plants have been reported to perform C4 and CAM. Ottelia cordata is a heteroblastic aquatic plant developing both submerged and floating leaves throughout its life cycle. Previous research found that, besides HCO3- use, the submerged leaves of O. cordata can also perform C4 metabolism. However, it remains unclear how the HCO3- use or the C4 pathway, and the anatomical structure, respond to varying CO2 environments. Therefore, we examined the anatomical structures and carbon-concentrating mechanisms in O. cordata submerged leaves under high (HC) and low CO2 (LC) conditions. Our results revealed the leaf consists of an upper and lower layer of epidermal cells, separated by large air spaces and two layers of mesophyll cells, without the presence of Kranz anatomy. Both epidermal and mesophyll cells contained chloroplasts, but starch grains were larger in the mesophyll chloroplasts than in the epidermal cells. Additionally, the area of the upper epidermal cells, mesophyll cells, air spaces, chloroplast, and starch grains significantly increased under HC. Moreover, the ability to utilize HCO3- was stronger under LC. The activity of photosynthetic enzymes, kinetics of O2 evolution, and δ13C confirmed the C4 pathway under both HC and LC. However, the organic acid results indicated that CAM was not operational in either HC or LC. In summary, our findings suggested that the ability to use HCO3- and a C4-like metabolism may occur in the submerged leaves of O. cordata, despite the absence of Kranz anatomy, across both HC and LC environments.

The preservation of biodiversity is crucial for sustaining ecosystem functioning, and recently the ongoing loss of biodiversity in lake ecosystems due to human activities has raised significant concerns. This study aimed to assess the impact of human activities on the biodiversity of aquatic plants through long-term empirical evidence. By comparing species composition and genetic diversity of submerged macrophyte within last decade, this research focused on the long-term changes of submerged macrophyte biodiversity resulting from human disturbances and restoration efforts. Three plateau lakes - Lake Erhai, Lake Fuxianhu, and Lake Jianhu - were selected as study sites, exhibiting varying biodiversity alterations in response to different levels of human disturbance and restoration activities. The oligotrophic Lake Fuxianhu demonstrated a stable level of both biodiversity levels, and the eutrophic Lake Jianhu exhibited a significant reduction in species diversity and genetic diversity. Meanwhile, the strong restoration measures in Lake Erhai between the 2010s and the 2020s effectively safeguard species diversity and alleviate declines in genetic diversity due to eutrophication during the last decade. We also found that improper use of alien species and the transplantation of clones of aquatic plant may pose ecological risks to biodiversity. Given the importance of aquatic plant re-establishment for the long-term recovery of plateau lakes, conservation strategies could prioritize large-scale propagation of aquatic plant materials through local seed banks.

Plant invasion and extreme climate event are both important ecological issues under the background of global climate change. However, how these two incidents interact with each other is still debatable in different ecosystems. In this study we investigated the interaction between the extreme flooding event during the autumn of 2021 in the Han River and the invasion of Elodea nuttallii based on a long-term field survey from 2020 to 2023 and two indoor controlled experiments (propagule bank experiment and decomposition experiment). We hypothesized that two negatives (extreme flooding event and invasive submerged macrophytes) can make an affirmative (macrophyte community consisting of native species). The field survey found that the extreme flooding caused a critical change of transparency until seven months later the water quality turned into the initial condition, and the maximum biomass of E. nuttallii decreased significantly in 2022 after the flooding. Abundant propagule bank of native macrophytes in the sediment contributed to the strong resilience of macrophyte community responding to the extreme flooding; the maximum total biomass of macrophyte community in 2022 did not differ from that in the two years prior to the flooding. Additionally, more species of native macrophyte was found in the field survey after the extreme flooding. Decomposition rates of E. nuttallii fragments was large as 0.69 d-1, and long-time high turbidity lead to a very fast run-out of the only reproduction tissue (fragments) of this alien species in the river, which resulted in the slowing of its recovery. Inspired by this study, we further proposed a cost-effective methodology to control the invasive species E. nuttallii, i.e., the combination of propagule bank of native macrophytes in the sediment and artificially manipulated pulse flooding.

Climate change can exert a considerable influence on the geographic distribution of many taxa, including coastal plants and populations of some plant species closely related to those used as agricultural crops. East Asian wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus, is an annual coastal plant that is a wild relative of the cultivated radish (R. sativus). It has served as source of genetic material that has been helpful to develop and improve the quality and yield of radish crops. To assess the impact of climate change on wild radish in East Asia, we analyzed its distribution at different periods using the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt). The results indicated that the precipitation of the driest month (bio14) and precipitation seasonality (bio15) were the two most dominant environmental factors that affected the geographical distribution of wild radish in East Asia. The total potential area suitable for wild radish is 102.5574 × 104 km2, mainly located along the seacoasts of southern China, Korea, and the Japanese archipelago. Compared with its current distribution regions, the potentially suitable areas for wild radish in the 2070s will further increase and expand northwards in Japan, especially on the sand beach habitats of Hokkaido. This research reveals the spatiotemporal changes for the coastal plant wild radish under global warming and simultaneously provides a vital scientific basis for effective utilization and germplasm innovation for radish cultivars to achieve sustainable agriculture development.

Rohdea medogensis, a new species from Tibet, China, is described and illustrated. This species is similar to R. verruculosa in sharing characters of the perianth with ringed, fleshy appendage in throat and lobes abaxially with verruculose, but differs mainly by bracts 3 per flower, with several sterile bracts apically; outer bract ca. 4.5 cm long, ca. 3 mm broad; perianth globular; lobes shorter ca. 2.0 mm long, margin lacerated, apical subacut; the top of annular appendage margin lacerated, 2 mm above the top of perianth tube; stigma bend, without lobed; style conspicuous; ovary globose or subglobose, askew; berry and seed ellipsoid, askew.

Rohdea grandiflora, a new species from Gansu, China, is described and illustrated. It is most similar to R. pachynema in sharing a long slender subterranean stolon, but differs mainly by the longer inner bracts, larger flowers, and columnar filaments adnate to the middle or basal portion of perianth lobes and not connate to adjacent ones.

为提供完整和客观的有关线上教学研究的热点和前沿,运用文献知识图谱方法,应用CiteSpace软件,对中国知网(CNKI)的5345篇线上教学研究的文献进行可视化分析,追踪本领域的研究过程及研究热点变化趋势,为线上教学的进一步深入研究提供参考,以期为推动有关线上教学研究的改革提供科学依据.

该文以中国知网数据库中2012—2020年我国慕课教学研究论文为样本,运用CiteSpace文献计量软件提供的知识图谱,通过共词分析、聚类分析和突现词分析,对国内研究的热点和趋势进行梳理,结果表明,我国慕课研究领域的主题丰富、内容多样.慕课、翻转课堂和混合式教学是慕课领域研究的热点.同时也发现近些年MOOC研究的文献数量下滑明显、作者合作与机构合作相对较少等问题.

Rohdea wangiana is described as a new species from SW Sichuan, China. It is somewhat similar to R. pachynema in based on spikes without a marked terminal tuft of sterile bracts and deltoid filaments, but differs based on a combination of the following characters: leaf blades marginally serrulate; peduncle ebracteate; one bract per flower; perianth externally angulate, perianth segments distally denticulate or three-lobed, small lobe present between adjacent filaments, filaments inserted to base of perianth segments; stigma obviously lower than stamens; lack of slender stolons.

Abstract Flowering is an important step in the life cycle of plants and indicates adaptability to external climatic cues such as temperature and photoperiod. We investigated the expression patterns of core genes related to flowering-time regulation in Japanese wild radish (Raphanus sativus var. raphanistroides) with different vernalization requirements (obligate and facultative) and further identified climatic cues that may act as natural selective forces. Specifically, we analysed flowering-time variation under different cold and photoperiod treatments in Japanese wild radish collected from the Hokkaido (northern lineage) and Okinawa (southern lineage) islands, which experience contrasting climatic cues. The cultivation experiment verified the obligate and facultative vernalization requirements of the northern and southern wild radish accessions, respectively. The expression of major genes involved in flowering time indicated that RsFLC and RsCOL5 (A&B) may interact to regulate flowering time. Notably, floral initiation in the northern lineage was strongly correlated with RsFLC expression, whereas flowering in the southern linage was correlated with induction of RsCOL5-A expression, despite high RsFLC transcript levels. These results suggested that the northern accessions are more sensitive to prolonged cold exposure, whereas the southern accessions are more sensitive to photoperiod. These different mechanisms ultimately confer an optimal flowering time in natural populations in response to locally contrasting climatic cues. This study provides new insights into the variant mechanisms underlying floral pathways in Japanese wild radish from different geographic locations.

水源地沉积物重金属对生态环境和供水具有极大的潜在危害,一直是水资源保护研究中的热点科学问题.本研究选取临沂市3个水源地水库开展8种重金属(Cr、Cu、Cd、Ni、Pb、Zn、As和T1)的监测和研究,分析其污染及空间分布特征,利用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法开展污染状况评价,并利用主成分分析法(PCA)和相关分析法对沉积物重金属进行源解析.结果 表明:3个水库沉积物重金属Cr、Zn和Pb均严重超过山东省土壤环境背景值;云蒙湖Cd轻度超标;许家崖水库沉积物重金属Cu严重超标.地积累指数法与内梅罗综合指数法评估结果显示,3大水库Zn为中度污染,云蒙湖Pb为偏中度污染,其余重金属无污染或污染较轻.生态风险指数法(RI)评估结果显示,跋山水库、云蒙湖、许家崖水库总体的RI平均值分别为52.05、59.75、61.92,三大水库均处于低度风险水平.统计分析表明研究区域沉积物中重金属主要来自自然源(36.5％)、农业生产(26.1％)、水产养殖(13.7％).

枣庄学院生物科学专业发展历史悠久,2018年被山东省教育厅确定为山东省公费师范招生专业,2019年被教育部列为山东省师范专业认证试点专业.为了响应国家号召,贯彻教育部规定,同时为培养"四有"生物科学师范专业优秀毕业生,枣庄学院生命科学学院通过综合分析内部质量监控和外部评价的结果,以追求卓越的质量文化建设,推动师范生培养质量持续改进.

调水工程引起的多环境因子关联变化对沉水植物群落的影响机制有待深入探讨。以南水北调东线工程调蓄河湖群中菹草种群为研究对象,分析了京杭运河（YH）、高邮湖（GY）、洪泽湖（HZ）、骆马湖（LM）、南四湖上级湖（NS1）、南四湖下级湖（NS2）和东平湖（DP）7个调蓄河湖中菹草个体功能性状特征及其与环境因子间的关系。结果表明:（1）除高锰酸盐指数(COD Mn )、浊度（Tur）和底泥有机质含量（S o ）外,总氮（TN）、硝氮（NO 3 -N）、氨氮（NH 4 -N）、总磷（TP）、正磷酸盐（PO 4 -P）、硅酸盐（SiO 4 -Si）、叶绿素a（Chla）、总溶解性固体（TDS）、透明度（SD）、消光系数（K）、水温（T）、电导率（Cond）、酸碱度（pH）、溶解氧（DO）和底泥含水率（S w ）在河湖间差异达到了极显著水平;（2）菹草株高、茎分支数、茎节数、茎节长、茎直径、相对茎长、叶片数、叶厚、叶长、叶宽、叶面积、比叶面积、株重、茎重、叶重、茎叶比、茎干物质比、叶干物质比在河湖间差异极显著;（3）河湖群内菹草种群18个功能性状中,按变异系数从小到大依次为:叶宽、茎直径、叶长、茎干物质比、叶干物质比、叶面积、株高、茎节长、相对茎长、茎叶比、叶厚、茎节数、茎重、叶片数、株重、比叶面积、叶重、茎分支数;7个调蓄河湖间,按照所有性状变异系数平均值从大到小排序依次为:南四湖下级湖、洪泽湖和京杭运河、高邮湖、东平湖、南四湖上级湖、骆马湖;（4）环境因子共解释了功能性状方差变异的49.43%;叶性状主要受营养因子（TN、NO 3 -N、SiO 4 -Si）影响;茎性状与光照因子（Chla和SD）密切相关;底泥因子（S o ）对茎叶生物量分配起主要作用。

指出了为研究解决云蒙湖水环境问题,必须探明云蒙湖的水文水动力过程.对云蒙湖年均水位、滞留时间、流量等因子进行了分析.结果表明:云蒙湖水位、入库流量和水体滞留时间均受降雨量的影响,根据水体滞留时间,云蒙湖大多数年份属于湖泊型水体,已经具有形成水体稳定分层的特征.

Reproductive allocation is a key process in the plant life cycle and aquatic plants exhibit great diversity in their reproductive systems. In the present study, we conduct a field investigation of three aquatic macrophytes: Stuckenia pectinata, Myriophyllum spicatum, and Potamogeton perfoliatus. Our results showed that widespread species, including S. pectinata and M. spicatum had greater plasticity in their allocation patterns in the form of increased sexual and asexual reproduction, and greater potential to set seeds and increase fitness in more eutrophic environments. P. perfoliatus also exhibited a capacity to adopt varied sexual reproductive strategies such as setting more offspring for the future, although only in clear conditions with low nutrient levels. Our results establish strategies and mechanisms of some species for tolerating and surviving in varied eutrophic lake conditions.

The respective role and relative importance of natural selection and gene flow in the process of population divergence has been a central theme in the speciation literature. A previous study presented conclusive evidence that wild radish on Japanese islands comprises two genetically isolated lineages: the southern and northern groups. However, a general understanding of the lineage isolation with frequent seed flow of the coastal plant species is still unclear. We surveyed nucleotide polymorphisms over 14 nuclear loci in 72 individuals across the Japan–Ryukyu Islands Arc to address the demographic history of wild radish utilising the isolation-with-migration (IM) model. In addition, we investigated the flowering times of individuals in different wild radish lineages, with and without cold exposure, to assess their respective vernalisation responses.

Coastal plants with simple linear distribution ranges along coastlines provide a suitable system for improving our understanding of patterns of intra-specific distributional history and genetic variation. Due to the combination of high seed longevity and high dispersibility of seeds via seawater, we hypothesized that wild radish would poorly represent phylogeographic structure at the local scale. On the other hand, we also hypothesized that wild radish populations might be geographically differentiated, as has been exhibited by their considerable phenotypic variations along the islands of Japan. We conducted nuclear DNA microsatellite loci and chloroplast DNA haplotype analyses for 486 samples and 144 samples, respectively, from 18 populations to investigate the phylogeographic structure of wild radish in Japan. Cluster analysis supported the existence of differential genetic structures between the Ryukyu Islands and mainland Japan populations. A significant strong pattern of isolation by distance and significant evidence of a recent bottleneck were detected. The chloroplast marker analysis resulted in the generation of eight haplotypes, of which two haplotypes (A and B) were broadly distributed in most wild radish populations. High levels of variation in microsatellite loci were identified, whereas cpDNA displayed low levels of genetic diversity within populations. Our results indicate that the Kuroshio Current would have contributed to the sculpting of the phylogeographic structure by shaping genetic gaps between isolated populations. In addition, the Tokara Strait would have created a geographic barrier between the Ryukyu Islands and mainland Japan. Finally, extant habitat disturbances (coastal erosion), migration patterns (linear expansion), and geographic characteristics (small islands and sea currents) have influenced the expansion and historical population dynamics of wild radish. Our study is the first to record the robust phylogeographic structure in wild radish between the Ryukyu Islands and mainland Japan, and might provide new insight into the genetic differentiation of coastal plants across islands.