Apolygus lucorum, a cosmopolitan Hemiptera insect, poses a significant threat to Ziziphus jujuba (jujube), causing symptoms such as mottled chlorosis. However, the mechanisms through which A. lucorum affects chlorophyll biosynthesis and degradation remain unclear. This study investigates the effects of A. lucorum infestation on chlorophyll metabolism and photosynthetic performance in winter jujube leaves. Results revealed a substantial reduction in chlorophyll a and b content, which was strongly correlated with decreases in key photosynthetic parameters, such as the Photochemical Performance Index (PIABS) and electron transport efficiency (ψ(Eo)). Infestation downregulated genes critical for chlorophyll biosynthesis, such as HEMA, HEMB, and chlG, leading to a bottleneck in chlorophyll production. Concurrently, chlorophyll degradation pathways were upregulated, with genes like PAO and RCCR driving increased chlorophyll catabolism. This imbalance between reduced synthesis and accelerated degradation exacerbated chlorophyll loss, impairing photosynthetic capacity. Furthermore, the application of exogenous H2O2 intensified chlorophyll degradation, particularly in A. lucorum-infested leaves. The accelerated degradation of chlorophyll, coupled with reduced light-harvesting efficiency, contributed to oxidative stress and further impaired the photosynthetic machinery, despite an increase in antioxidant enzyme activity. These findings underline the critical role of chlorophyll metabolism in maintaining photosynthetic efficiency in winter jujube under A. lucorum infestation. It underscores the need for targeted strategies to protect chlorophyll synthesis and limit its degradation in order to mitigate the detrimental effects of A. lucorum-induced stress.

Infection of plum bark necrosis stem pitting associated virus (PBNSPaV) has been reported in many Prunus species in several countries, causing significant economic losses. The very small proteins encoded by plant viruses are often overlooked due to their short sequences and uncertain significance. However, numerous studies have indi-cated that they might play important roles in the pathogenesis of virus infection. The role of small hydrophobic protein P6, encoded by the open reading frame 2 of PBNSPaV, has not been well explored. In this study, we amplified the P6 fragment from a PBNSPaV isolate by RT-PCR using specific primers and found that it is 174 bp long and encodes a protein of approximately 6.3 kD with a transmembrane domain. Subcellular localiza-tion analysis of P6 proteins in tobacco leaves showed that P6 localizes to the cytomembrane and nuclear mem-brane. To further clarify the pathogenicity of P6 proteins, we constructed a PVX-P6 expression vector by inserting the p6 fragment into a potato virus X (PVX)-based vector and transformed it into Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101. Infiltration of Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) with the PVX vector-transformed A. tumefa-ciens led to slight mosaic symptoms at 14 days of post-inoculation. Meanwhile, infiltration with the PVX-P6 vec-tor-transformed A. tumefaciens resulted in no significant symptoms. These results demonstrated that heterologous expression of P6 in N. benthamiana could not enhance the pathogenicity of PVX. Our study indi-cates that P6 may not be a potential pathogenic factor associate with the causing of symptoms, and the mode of action of PBNSPaV-P6 protein remains to be further studied.

Apolygus lucorum (Hemiptera, Insecta), cosmopolitan true bug, is a major pest of the Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba). To propose control measures of A. lucorum, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of resistance in two varieties of jujube (wild jujube and winter jujube) with different sensitivities to this pest. We monitored changes of two species of jujube in the transcriptome, jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) content, and the expression of genes involved in signaling pathways. The preference of A. lucorum for jujube with exogenous SA and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) were also examined. The results showed that wild jujube leaves infested by A. lucorum showed stronger resistance and non-selectivity to A. lucorum than winter jujube. By comparing data from the A. lucorum infested plants with the control, A total of 438 and 796 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in winter and wild jujube leaves, respectively. GO analysis revealed that biological process termed "plant-pathogen interactions", "plant hormone transduction" and "phenylpropanoid biosynthesis". Most of DEGs enriched in JA pathways were upregulated, while most DEGs of SA pathways were downregulated. A. lucorum increased the JA content but decreased the SA content in jujube. Consistently, the JA and SA contents in winter jujube were lower than those in wild jujube leaves. The key genes ZjFAD3, ZjLOX, ZjAOS, ZjAOC3 and ZjAOC4 involved in JA synthesis of jujube leaves were significantly up-regulated after A. lucorum infestation, especially the expression and up-regulation ratio of ZjFAD3, ZjLOX and ZjAOS in wild jujube were significantly higher than those in winter jujube. MeJA-treated jujube showed an obvious repellent effect on A. lucorum. Based on these findings, we conclude that A. lucorum infestation of jujube induced the JA pathway and suppressed the SA pathway. In jujube leaves the ZjFAD3, ZjLOX and ZjAOS played important roles in increasing of JA content in jujube leaves. Thus, JA played an important role in repelling and resisting against A. lucorum in jujube.

目的 采用抗生素饮水饲喂小鼠,观察抗生素对肠道菌群的影响.方法 高通量测序,分析肠道菌群的共有和特有OTUs、多样性和复杂度;PCA、NMDS、PCoA和UPGMA聚类树作多样本比较分析;聚类热图和柱状图分析小鼠肠道菌群相对丰度并预测肠道菌群功能的改变.结果 饮水摄入抗生素能够显著降低肠道菌群的物种丰富度、多样性、复杂度,升高优势菌群的总体占比,变形菌门的肠道细菌对抗生素的拮抗能力更强,并可能影响其功能.结论 抗生素具备改变肠道菌群的作用,需做好食品特别是饮用水受其污染的防控工作.

Brown planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens Stal. Homoptera, Delphacidae) is a pest of rice ( Oryza sativa L. Cyperales, Poaceae), whose feeding significantly reduced photosynthesis. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) activase (RCA) is a key photosynthetic enzyme. The aim of this study was to examine whether RCA gene of O. sativa (OsRCA) affects photosynthetic efficiency and thereby growth performance of rice infested by brown planthoppers. For this, we conducted experiments in which we overexpressed OsRCA large and small isoforms (oeRCA L and oeRCA S , respectively) and silenced OsRCA (irRCA) in rice. After infestation by brown planthoppers, the photosynthetic rate, plant height and dry weight of overexpressed OsRCA lines were significantly higher than those of wild-type (WT) and irRCA. Initial RuBisCO activity in oeRCA L and oeRCA S was also higher than in WT and irRCA. Overexpression OsRCA alleviated the adverse response of the decrease in the chlorophyll content, maximum photochemical efficiency ( Fv/Fm ) and photochemical performance index ( PI ABS ). The increase in energy dissipation and quantum yield of energy dissipation in oeRCA L and oeRCA S after infestation by brown planthoppers werer much lower than in WT and irRCA. Thus, we concluded that overexpression of OsRCA , particularly OsRCA S , can alleviate chlorophyll degradation and reduce heat dissipation of photosystem, thereby reducing the degree of photosynthesis damage caused by brown planthoppers infestation.

以感染樱桃绿环斑驳病毒(Cherry green ring mottle virus,CGRMV)的甜樱桃叶片为试材,采用RT-PCR和生物信息学分析的方法,研究了樱桃绿环斑驳病毒外壳蛋白(coat protein,CP)基因的核酸序列、进化关系以及蛋白性质和结构,以期为CGRMV的检测及外壳蛋白功能的研究提供参考依据.结果表明:克隆的CGRMV-CP(MW201963)全长807个核苷酸,编码由268个氨基酸残基组成的29.71 kD蛋白.其与17个已报道分离物CP的序列分析显示,核酸序列同源率为75.84％～96.28％,氨基酸一致率为81.72％～98.51％,与来自美国的李树(KC218931.1)进化关系最近.克隆的CGRMV-CP是等电点pI为8.25的疏水性非跨膜蛋白,二级结构由6个α-螺旋,7个β-片层和无规则卷曲构成.

Abstract Background A variety of cis-acting RNA elements with structures in the 5′- or 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of viral genomes play key roles in viral translation. Cherry virus A (CVA) is a member of the genus Capillovirus in the family Betaflexiviridae. It has a positive single-stranded RNA genome of ~ 7400 nucleotides (nt). The length of the CVA 5′-UTR is ~ 100 nt; however, the function of this long UTR has not yet been reported. Methods Molecular and phylogenetic analyses were performed on 75 CVA sequences, which could be divided into four groups, and the RNA secondary structure was predicted in four CVA 5′-UTR types. These four CVA 5′-UTR types were then inserted upstream of the firefly luciferase reporter gene FLuc (FLuc), and in vitro translation of the corresponding transcripts was evaluated using wheat germ extract (WGE). Then, in-line structure probing was performed to reveal the conserved RNA structures in CVA-5′UTR. Results The four CVA 5′-UTR types appeared to have a conserved RNA structure, and the FLuc construct containing these four CVA 5′-UTR types increased the translation of FLuc by 2–3 folds, suggesting weak translation enhancement activity. Mutations in CVA 5′-UTR suppressed translation, suggesting that the conserved RNA structure was important for function. Conclusion The conserved RNA secondary structure was identified by structural evolution analysis of different CVA isolates and was found to regulate translation.

本文以'蛇龙珠'、'美乐'、'赤霞珠'、'西拉'4个酿酒葡萄品种皮渣的皮为原料,在单因素试验基础上,通过正交试验优化了皮中花色苷的提取工艺.结果表明,最优工艺为磷酸浓度2.50％,料液比1:25(g/mL),超声时间25 min,超声温度50℃,在此条件下,提取的总花色苷含量为4.034 mg/g.4个酿酒葡萄品种,从'西拉'中提取的总花色苷含量最高.高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术分析表明,4个品种之间花色苷组分含量差异较大,'西拉'中花色苷单体有14种,'蛇龙珠'、'美乐'、'赤霞珠'有11种,其中二甲花翠素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、二甲花翠素-3-O-(6-O-香豆酰化)-葡萄糖苷、二甲花翠素-3-O-(6-O-乙酰化)-葡萄糖苷占总花色苷含量的32.26％～47.40％.提取的花色苷可作为食品着色剂或添加剂,为酿酒葡萄皮渣的综合开发利用提供理论依据.

核酸回收是生物化学实验课程中一项基础的实验技术,然而目前实验教学中普遍采取商品化试剂盒开展实验,且有关RNA的回收实验鲜有涉及.因此,枣庄学院生物化学教研室设计新型核酸回收实验,可直接用于DNA的回收;装置经去RNA酶处理后也可对RNA片段进行回收.该实验的具体操作为:首先制备融胶装置,利用离心机的高速离心力结合陶瓷纤维棉,实现核酸凝胶切割融化;然后通过酚仿抽提蛋白,去除杂质;最后用无水乙醇沉淀核酸.本实验装置制作简单,回收过程简便,回收产物可用于核酸的分子克隆等研究.该实验可增强教学内容设计的启发性和互动性,不仅可加强学生实践和创新能力、培养学生科研思维,也可以为生物化学实验教学中开设综合设计实验奠定基础.

Grape downy mildew is a major grape disease that typically occurs when grape leaves are subjected to high temperature. In this study, downy mildew incidence in ‘Red Globe’ grape was investigated. To clarify the effects of grape downy mildew on grape leaves under high-temperature stress. Grape downy mildew infestation and high-temperature treatment alone or combinations were applied to ‘Red Globe’ grape. The gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of grape leaves were measured. The results showed that logistic growth period of grape downy mildew in the Jinzhong, China was from July 20 to August 10. After the combined stress of high temperature and grape downy mildew, photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci), maximum photochemical efficiency(Fv/Fm), actual photochemical efficiency(ΦPSII), and performance index on absorption basis (PIABS) of grape leaves were all decreased more than the sum of those indexes under the two stresses individually. At 28°C, the damage of downy mildew had no significant effect on the degree of photosystem closure of leaves, but it was significantly increased with the combined stresses. The electron transfer efficiency from photosystem II to photosystem I was decreased significantly under the combined stresses. Under 38°C high-temperature stress, the energy dissipated per active reaction center of the leaves affected by grape downy mildew was significantly increased. High temperature aggravated adverse effects of downy mildew on the structure and function of photosystem II (PSII) of grape leaves and then further exacerbated reduction of photosynthesis caused by heat stress.

Abstract Apolygus lucorum is a polyphagous herbivore that has become a major pest in China. Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) is the main host of A. lucorum. However, better insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the jujube defense response to A. lucorum is needed. Here, we investigated the resistance of resistant (winter jujube) and sensitive varieties (wild jujube) to A. lucorum. Changes in the transcriptome, jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) contents and the expression of genes involved in signaling pathways in different jujube varieties were monitored. The preference of A. lucorum for jujube with exogenous SA and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) was examined. Wild jujube showed more resistance and nonselectivity to A. lucorum. RNA-seq analysis showed that 438 and 796 transcripts were differentially expressed in winter jujube and wild jujube leaves infested by A. lucorum. Enrichment analysis showed that more genes in JA pathways were upregulated and more genes in SA pathways were downregulated. A. lucorum increased the JA content and decreased the salicylic acid content. This was confirmed by the alterations of gene expression in the related signaling pathways. MeJA in jujube leaves showed an obvious repellent effect on A. lucorum. Consistently, the contents of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid in winter jujube were lower than those in wild jujube leaves. The present data indicated that A. lucorum infestation of jujube plants induced the JA pathway and suppressed the SA pathway. JA in jujube leaves played an important role in repelling and basic defense against A. lucorum.

对《中国葡萄志》及近年来报道的207个鲜食香味葡萄品种的果实重要性状指标进行统计分析.结果表明,鲜食香味葡萄品种果实性状具有丰富的遗传多样性.记载果穗形状的有205个品种,圆锥形的品种多,占78.5％;记载果粒紧密度有182个品种,中密的品种最多,占57.1％,紧密的次之,占35.2％;记载平均粒重的品种有202个,料重2～6 g的品种最多,占43.1％,6～10 g的次之,占39.1％;记载果粒形状的品种205个,椭圆形品种多,占56.1％;记载可溶性固形物含量的品种194个,14.4％ ～19.2％的品种多,占69.6％;记载可滴定酸含量的品种117个,0.4％～1％的多,占85.5％;记载果实出汁率的品种29个,出汁率在70％～85％的多,占75.8％;207个品种均记载了香味类型,玫瑰香味占48.3％,草莓香味占40.0％;记载香味程度的95个品种,浓香的多,占51.6％,淡香的次之,占36.8％;记载葡萄所属种群的品种195个,欧亚种45.6％、欧美种52.3％、美洲种1.5％、山美杂交种0.5％.

在工程教育专业认证背景下,高等教育必须实施教学改革,才能满足工程人才培养的需要.《食品生物化学》是食品专业学生的必修课,本文从理论课教学和实验教学两个方面探索了课程教学改革的主要措施.为深入贯彻OBE教学理念,理论课采用混合式教学模式,充分利用网络教学资源,提高教学效率,采用学习软件与学生进行互动,检测学习效果,采用问题引导式,激发学生学习兴趣,鼓励学生运用思维导图进行知识点总结;实验课优化实验内容设置,加大综合型、设计型实验比例,提高学生理论联系实际和创新能力,优化考核体系.通过教学改革,满足新时代食品工程专业人才的需要.

To understand the anthocyanin characteristics of wine grape varieties, the anthocyanin composition and content of 31 wine grape varieties were analyzed to explore the use of anthocyanins as chemical fingerprints to distinguish varieties. Results showed that a total of 21 anthocyanins were detected in the skins, including cyanidin, delphinidin, petunidin, peonidin and malvidin 3-monoglucosides (or 3,5-diglucosides) along with the corresponding acetyl and p-coumaroyl derivatives. The highest and lowest total amount of anthocyanins were detected in 'Ruby Cabernet' and 'Muscat Rouge' respectively. In the 21 Vitis vinifera grapes, there were 3 similar to 11 monoglucoside anthocyanins detected, however, there were 4 to 9 monoglucoside anthocyanins and 1 similar to 7 diglucoside anthocyanins detected in the 10 other species of grapes. Except for 'Zhesexiang' 'Seibel Noir, '44-6-7-1' and 'Beibinghong', the contents of diglucoside anthocyanins in the other six varieties accounted for more than 52% of the total anthocyanins. Except for 'Zhesexiang, 'Muscat Rouge' and 'Beibinghong, the content of methylated anthocyanins accounted for more than 75% of total anthocyanins. There were significant differences in the anthocyanin types and contents in the skins among V. vinifera and other grapes. The results of the principal component analysis and the cluster classification of 31 grape varieties (lines) were nearly consistent, which suggested that anthocyanins can be used as chemical fingerprints to distinguish wine grape varieties.

2020年初新冠肺炎疫情导致全国高校延期开学.在教育部"停课不停教、停课不停学"的号召下,各高校积极开展了"互联网"线上教学的探索和实践.本文以枣庄学院食品科学与制药工程学院《有机化学》的线上教学为例,从课程概述、线上教学平台资源的整合、教学方案设计及效果等多个方面对线上教学模式进行了剖析,并进行了反思,为"后疫情时代"《有机化学》线上线下混合式教学模式提供了借鉴.

生物制品生产技术课程是近年来我国部分高等院校生物类专业的重点核心课程之一.为了促进学生掌握生物制品生产技术所必需的理论知识和专业实践技能,结合自身专业优势和区域特色,培养出适合区域地方经济社会发展所需要的应用型高素质生物技术专业人才,文章从课程教学团队建设、教学内容优化、教学方式方法创新、产学研合作与开展、网络教学平台搭建、课程评价制度建立六方面对生物制品生产技术课程进行了改革与探索,逐步形成了科学合理的课程体系,也对应用型本科院校的其他课程改革提供了借鉴和参考.

枣庄学院生物科学专业发展历史悠久,2018年被山东省教育厅确定为山东省公费师范招生专业,2019年被教育部列为山东省师范专业认证试点专业.为了响应国家号召,贯彻教育部规定,同时为培养"四有"生物科学师范专业优秀毕业生,枣庄学院生命科学学院通过综合分析内部质量监控和外部评价的结果,以追求卓越的质量文化建设,推动师范生培养质量持续改进.