The primary goal of our study was to investigate the antiviral potential of natural extract of unique aboriginal Antarctic plant Colobanthus quitensis. The aqueous-ethanolic extract was assessed in vitro using MD & Scy;K (Madin-Darby Canine Kidney) and PEK The observed antiviral properties were juxtaposed with those of synthetic flavonoid compounds, namely apigenin and luteolin. Ultimately, the data show that C. quitensis extracts exhibit in vitro potent antiviral activity against TGEV coronavirus. The composition of natural C. quitensis extracts was investigated using MALDI mass spectrometry method.

The extracts from various types of Camelina sativa plant biomass (camelina seedcake, in situ and in vitro plants) and seedcake-derived lignin solution were prepared. Their composition was characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and matrix-free or matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI/MALDI MS). The antioxidant/antiradical activity of the extracts was studied using Folin–Ciocalteu method and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The ability of the extracts to inhibit the biodiesel oxidation and to affect the processes of dichromate ions reduction was evaluated. HPLC and LDI/MALDI MS results suggest that all the extracts contain such phenolic compounds as flavonoids (mainly rutin and other quercetin glycosides), hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids. The total phenolic content in the extracts decreased in the following row: seedcake > in situ > in vitro > lignin solution, being in correlation with the DPPH radicals scavenging activity. The camelina seedcake extract, which contained the largest amount of phenols (795.5 mg L−1), was found to effectively decelerate the biodiesel oxidation. Despite the low phenolic content (47.0 mg L−1), the extract from camelina in vitro plant showed the highest hole scavenging capacity in dichromate ion photocatalytic reduction processes. Thus, camelina plant biomass is a promising source of phenolic compounds for various applications.

The aim of the study was to determine phenolic compounds in bio-waste of vegetable oil production and to test the antioxidant/reducing properties of the waste-derived extracts. Ethanol extracts from defatted seedcakes of camelina, milk thistle, hemp, mustard, pumpkin, and sunflower were prepared, the extract composition was characterized using HPLC and MALDI MS methods. Camelina, milk thistle, hemp, mustard, and sunflower seedcakes were found to contain significant amounts of phenolic compounds (6–17 mg/g), with the most abundant phenols being phenolic acids and flavonoids. For various seedcakes, phenolic profiles were shown to differ from each other significantly. For example, in pumpkin and sunflower seedcakes, > 90

Досліджено якісний склад та кількісний вміст вторинних метаболітів рослин Colobanthus quitensis (перлин- ниці антарктичної) з районів Південних Шетландських островів, Берега Греяма і Берега Данко. Порівняно склад і антиоксидантні властивості екстрактів, вилучених із рослин перлинниці, що зростали на різних локаціях у природному середовищі та в умовах in vitro. Також було зіставлено склад і властивості екстра- ктів перлинниці та екстракту іншої антарктичної рослини — щучнику антарктичного (Deschampsia antarctica). Біохімічний склад екстрактів вивчено методами високоефективної рідинної хроматографії та масспектрометрії з матрично-активованою лазерною десорбцією / іонізацією; антиоксидантні властивос- ті досліджено за допомогою DPPH-тесту. Встановлено, що всі екстракти перлинниці характеризуються високим вмістом фенольних сполук (до 38 мг/г сирої сировини) і виявляють значну антиоксидантну / ан- тирадикальну активність (інгібують до 90 % DPPH радикалів за 30 хв). Показано, що антирадикальна активність досліджених екстрактів корелює із загальним вмістом антиоксидантів у зразках. Екстракти з нативних рослин перлинниці містять в основному флавоноїди (глікозиди апігеніну, лютеоліну та мети- лових ефірів лютеоліну), частка яких становить ~90 % загального вмісту фенольних сполук; інші ~10 % фенольних антиоксидантів складають гідроксибензойні та гідроксикоричні кислоти. В екстракті з куль- тури in vitro, навпаки, переважають фенольні кислоти (~58 %). Біохімічний склад досліджених екстрактів перлинниці відрізняється від складу екстракту щучнику значно більшим відносним вмістом похідних апіге- ніну (16—43 % загального вмісту фенольних сполук проти 3 % у щучнику) та меншим вмістом похідних лю- теоліну (46—71 % проти 79 % у щучнику) і фенольних кислот (9—13 % проти 18 % у щучнику). Порівняно з екстрактом щучнику в досліджених екстрактах перлинниці загальний вміст фенольних сполук нижчий і, відповідно, здатність цих екстрактів інгібувати DPPH радикали менша. Незважаючи на це, Colobanthus quitensis, як і Deschampsia antarctica, також є ефективним продуцентом цінних природних антиоксидантів.

This review presents the results of multi-year efforts for the development and integral investigation of the collection of Deschampsia antarctica e. Desv. plants originated from the maritime Antarctic. To create the collection, we have optimized the procedures and conditions for germination of seeds and generation of aseptic plants in vitro together with their subsequent clonal propagation, long-term in vitro culture, and acclimatization of plants to pot culture, and finally produced fertile plants able to set viable seeds. The collection of plants cultivated in vitro and in pots is consisted of clones of 22 different genotypes originated from eight island populations from the Argentine Islands - Kyiv Peninsula region. Some of these clones have been successfully cultured for more than ten years and were found to be genetically stable over this period. The collection was shown to be heterogeneous in a number of variables. The morphological and anatomical characteristics of the plants, as well as the data of karyological, molecular cytogenetic, molecular genetics, and biochemical analysis are presented. The created collection of D. antarctica plants can provide a valuable plant material with well-studied characteristics grown under controlled conditions to perform experimental research on the mechanisms for plant adaptation and resistance to various abiotic factors of Antarctic environment. Furthermore, development of the collection and its comprehensive characterization form the basis for further biotechnological developments focused on the use of this Antarctic plant as a source of biologically active substances, which can potentially be used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes.

The photocatalytic conversion of lignin, obtained from camelina ( Camelina sativa ), over titania and iron titanate films has been studied with analysis of the products using laser desorptiopn/ionization and high-performance liquid chromatography. The photocatalytic reaction over titania films leads to the formation of the mixture of compounds, such as phenol, vanillic acid, resorcinol, and p -coumaryl alcohol. In the presence of iron titanate films, the predominant reaction products are vanillic acid and p -coumaryl. The highest antioxidant activity has been revealed in the case of lignin conversion products obtained over nitrogen-containing iron titanate films under visible light exposure.

The aim of this work was to synthesize cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2-NPs) using the Magnolia kobus leaves extract, to determine the composition of the extract and the participation of its components in the synthesis of NPs, to study the morphology and structure of the obtained NPs, to investigate their antibacterial activity. The composition of the plant extract and involving of its components in green synthesis of CeO2-NPs was studied by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and matrix-assisted laser/desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI MS). It has been shown that the extract contained phenolic compounds (derivatives of simple phenols, flavonols, hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, lignans, coumarins), as well as carotenoids, chlorophylls, terpenoids and sterols. The composition of the liquid phase from the reaction mixture (reaction liquid) after the NPs formation was studied to determine the components of the extract involved in the synthesis of CeO2-NPs. According to the results of HPLC and MALDI MS studies, significant differences were found in the composition of the plant extract and the reaction liquid: hydroxybenzoic acids, flavonoids and terpenoids disappeared or their concentration was significantly decreased, the content of lignans changed to a lesser extent, and it was observed the appearance of hydrophilic low-molecular compounds probably formed as a result of synthesis and stabilization of NPs. Synthesized CeO2-NPs were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). According to SEM and XRD, CeO2-NPs had a crystalline structure and were of spherical shape; the average size of the crystallites was ~ 20 nm, and the diameter of the primary particles was 50 ± 10 nm. It has been found that hydroxybenzoic acids, flavonoids and terpenoids are active participants in the green synthesis of CeO2-NPs in the presence of Magnolia kobus leaves extract, while lignans (fargesin/kobusin and eudesmin) are involved in less extend in the reduction/stabilization of CeO2-NPs. The synthesized particles possess antibacterial properties and can be used in the preparation of materials for medical and biological purposes.

The extracts from the leaves of Deschampsia antarctica É. Desv., Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz, and Camellia japonica L. plants, as well as from defatted Camelina sativa and Silybum marianum seedcakes were investigated as potential additives for improvement of biodiesel stability against oxidation. Composition of the extracts was studied by means of HPLC, and antioxidant properties were evaluated using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay and the DPPH test. The oxidation of biodiesel was monitored during the accelerated procedure at 43C, with the changes in the acid number of biodiesel samples being the criteria of this process. In spite of significant distinctions in the content of various phenolic compounds, all the extracts were found to possess high antioxidant activity and decelerate biodiesel oxidation by 9-26%. The data did not reveal a directly proportional relationship between the antioxidants content in the extract, on the one hand, and the enhancement in biodiesel stability, on the other hand; various extracts had different influence on the behaviour of biodiesel from rape and Camelina seed oils. The results obtained are consistent with the assumption that there is no universal stabilizer for different types of biodiesel and indicate the prospects on searching for novel antioxidants of natural origin to inhibit oxidative processes.

The effect of mixture of the metals' (Mn, Cu, Zn, Ag) colloidal nanoparticles of on the content of terpenoids, phenolic compounds, chlorophylls and carotenoids in three species of pleustophytes (Limnobium laevigatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.)), Pistia stratiotes L. and Salvinia natans (L.) All.), selected as potential phytoremediators of the aquatic environment was studied. The phenolic compounds and terpenoids content significantly (by 26 and 25%) decreased only in L. laevigatum, and the content of carotenoids and chlorophyll decreased only in S. natans (by 31 and 52%), indicating different metabolic pathways over the reparation processes. Resistance in terms of all considered indicators was found only in P. stratiotes, so it can be recommended as a remediator regarding colloidal solutions of metal nanoparticles.

The aim of this work was to study the polyphenolic composition of Deschampsia antarctica E. Desv. plants grown in natural conditions at different locations on the Galindez Island, Argentine Islands, the maritime Antarctic. The plants were collected during the summer season of the 26th Ukrainian Antarctic Expedition (2020-2022). The extracts of 21 plants were obtained and the composition of the extracts was analyzed by means of high-performance liquid chromatography and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. The antioxidant properties of the extracts were characterized using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) test. The extracts contained large amount of polyphenolic compounds, with flavonoids and phenolic acids, as well as their derivatives, being the most common classes of the phenols. Using the HPLC data the content of various phenols in the plants was systematic studied. It has been found that in all plants the most abundant phenols were flavonoids/flavonoid derivatives (on average about 75% of total mass of phenols). Among the flavonoids, luteolin derivatives predominated (86-94% of the total mass of flavonoids), and, among luteolin derivatives, the main compounds were orientin, orientin 2"-O-beta-arabinopyranoside and isoswertiajaponin 2"-O-beta-arabinopyranoside (67-83% of the total mass of luteolin derivatives). It has been also found that all the extracts had high activity in inhibition of DPPH radicals and that the antioxidant activity of the extracts correlated with total content of phenols in the samples. Thus, Deschampsia antarctica Desv. plants are a valuable source of natural phenolic antioxidants, and the most common antioxidants in the extracts are orientin, orientin 2"-O-beta-arabinopyranoside and isoswertia-japonin 2"-O-beta-arabinopyranoside.

Utilization of the second-most abundant biopolymer, lignin, in production of fine chemicals is considered as a strategy for environmental conservation and economic feasibility of technologies. Photocatalytic conversion of sodium lignosulfonate to low molecular weight compounds over eco-friendly semiconducting materials under simulated solar light is a perspective eco-innovative approach for “green technology” development. The more efficient depolymerization of lignosulfonate during photolytic reaction occurs at pH 2 as a result of sulfonic groups’ protonation, whereas the re-polymerization of hydrolyzed fragments to more complex structure in solutions at pH 5 and pH 9 is reported. Photo-sensibilization pathway toward polymer fragmentation is low effective process. It is shown that photocatalytic process is also more effective at pH 2 due to an electrostatic interaction of positively charge surface of metal oxides’ films and negatively charged NaLSA molecules. As shown by LDI MS investigation, the destruction of aromatic component of NaLSA molecule can be achieved in the presence of TiO2 film under simulated solar light due to the strong reductive power of superoxide radicals resulting in the benzoic ring-opening route. The mechanism of photocatalytic reaction over iron titanate films is governed by the presence of two semi-conductive crystalline phases, pseudobrookite and landauite, that are characterized by the anodically shifted energy positions of the conduction and valence bands compared to TiO2 providing an effective oxidation by HO• radicals. Nitrogen-doped iron titanate films are considered as a photocatalyst for the processes of low molecular weight aromatic compounds’ synthesis exhibiting activity under both simulated solar and visible light with the phenol yields of 0.96 μg mL−1 and 1.2 μg mL−1, respectively.

Досліджено склад і антиоксидантні властивості екстрактів, вилучених із рослин Deschampsia antarc tica É. Desv., зібраних у регіоні Аргентинських островів — півострова Київ (Морська Антарктика).. Склад екстрактів вивчено методами високоефективної рідинної хроматографії та мас-спектрометрії з матрично- активованою лазерною десорбцією/іонізацією; антиоксидантні властивості досліджено методом Фоліна— Чокальтеу та DPPH-тесту. Встановлено, що основними класами речовин, які містяться в екстрактах, є поліфенольні сполуки, зокрема флавоноїди, гідроксикоричні та гідроксибензойні кислоти. Підтверджено, що флавоноїди переважно представлені глікозидами лютеоліну; склад та кількість фенольних сполук залежить від генотипу рослини, місця походження та умов навколишнього середовища. Виявлено, що загальний вміст поліфенолів у досліджених екстрактах знаходиться в діапазоні 4, 33—10, 93 мг/г сирої сировини; найбільшу кількість активних речовин містять екстракти, вилучені з рослин острова Україна, а найменшу — з острова Дарбу. Результати антиоксидантних досліджень показали, що екстракти виявляють високу антирадикальну активність і здатні за 60 хв інгібувати понад 50 % DPPH радикалів. Одержані дані щодо складу поліфенолів у рослинах Deschampsia antarctica É. Desv. Можуть слугувати маркером для моніторингу кліматичних змін.

Biologically active extract was obtained from the leaves of Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata plants grown in vitro, and the composite was prepared by adsorption/precipitation of this extract components on the fumed silica surface under fluidized bed conditions. The composite was characterized by means of ultraviolet–visible and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis–derivative thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption method. Antioxidant properties of the extract and the composite were studied using Folin–Ciocalteu method and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test; nitric oxide radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of the extract and the composite were also evaluated. It was shown that adsorption/precipitation of phytochemicals does not significantly affect the texture of silica powder, while the presence of silica does not reduce the antioxidant ability of the extract components. At the same time, inclusion in the composite was found to provide bioactive substances with elongated effect and enhanced storage stability; caking resistance of silica particles was improved, as well.

З використанням двох різних процедур екстракції одержано вісім етанольних екстрактів із листя рослин Magnolia X soulangeana Soul.-Bod., Magnolia kobus та двох зразків Camellia japonica L. За допомогою високо- ефективної рідинної хроматографії, методу Фоліна—Чокальтеу і DPPH тесту вивчено склад та анти- оксидантні властивості одержаних екстрактів. Показано, що основними складовими екстрактів магнолій є глікозиди кверцетину та похідні оксикоричних кислот, тоді як у екстрактах камелій переважають катехі- ни і похідні оксибензойних кислот. Склад екстрактів залежить не тільки від виду рослини, а й від способу екстрагування; загалом, екстракти, одержані при температурі 60 °C та під дією ультразвуку, мають біль- ший вміст поліфенолів, ніж екстракти, отримані кип’ятінням рослинного матеріалу у 70 %-му етанолі при ~85 °C ; загальна кількість фенольних сполук у екстрактах змінювалась у діапазоні 50—150 мг/л. Виявлено, що, попри значну різницю у вмісті фенолів, всі екстракти мають дуже високу антиоксидантну актив- ність як у тесті Фоліна—Чокальтеу, так і в реакції з DPPH радикалами. Показано, що екстракти мають загальний фенольний індекс 1,5—7,5, а протягом 30 хв реакції сім з восьми екстрактів інгібують понад 50 % радикалів DPPH навіть після розведення у 10 разів. Екстракт камелії з найвищими антиоксидантними властивостями було протестовано як добавку до біодизелю, що має запобігти його окисненню під час збе- рігання. Стабільність біодизелю, одержаного з Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz, досліджували за прискореною процедурою при 43 °C протягом чотирьох тижнів, критерієм окиснення біопалива слугувало його кислотне число. Попередні результати показали, що екстракт камелії може бути ефективним антиоксидантним агентом — запобіжником окиснення біодизелю.

Aim. To obtain a plant tissue culture of S. baicalensis as a possible source of biologically active compounds (BAC) with a wide range of pharmacological action. Methods. Plant tissue culture, photocolorimetric method, reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Results. Two stably productive plant tissue culture strains (16SB3 and 20SB4) of S. baicalensis were obtained from fragments of roots seedling on a specially developed agar nutrient medium 5С01. The yield of dry biomass from 1 liter of this medium per passage (21st day of growth) for strain 16SB3 is 25–30 g, for strain 20SB4 – 30–40 g. The total content of flavonoids in dry biomass was in terms of routine for strains 16SB3 and 20SB4 – 0.6–0.9 and 0.7–0.9 mg/g, respectively, and the yield of flavonoids – 18–27 and 21–36 mg/l of nutrient medium, respectively. BAC typical for plants in nature, in particular, flavonoids vogonin, baikalein, neobaikalein, skulkapfavon and their derivatives, were found in the studied biomass of both strains. Conclusions. It was found that the biomass of the two strains of S. baicalensis plant tissue culture accumulated the same BAC, in particular, flavonoids, as do plants in natural conditions. The resulting plant tissue culture is promising as a possible source of Baikal skullcap BAC.

The research reveals results of the creation of sterile cultures and micropropagation of the species of three unique genera of Cactaceae: Astrophytum asterias (Zucc.) Lem. (І CITES); Blossfeldia liliputiana Werderm. (ІІ CITES); Strombocactus disciformis (DC.) Britton & Rose. (І CITES). The solutions for sterilization were selected, the time of sterilization, and the sterilization procedure of seeds was approbated. The expedience of usage of stems of juvenile plants grown in vitro for propagation of these species of cacti was proved. The possibility of an obtaining of the necessary quantity of plant material by the way of indirect organogenesis is shown. The proper content of nutrient media and favourable conditions of the cultivation for all stages of the micropropagation were approved.

Introduction. Plant extracts and bioactive substances (BAS) of natural origin possess a high biological activity and a low toxicity, therefore they are widely used in cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Problem Statement. Nowadays, about 50% of all medical drugs, dietary supplements, and herbal medicines is produced from natural sources, so the search for plants with a high content of BAS, the development of biotechnologies for BAS production, and the design of composites providing the most effective use of BAS are of great importance. Purpose. The purpose is to study tropical orchid collection for identification of plants with a high BAS content; to develop a procedure for growing promising species in vitro; to design drug prototypes on the basis of plants extracts, nanosized silica, and gelatin biopolymer. Materials and Methods. The extracts prepared from orchids leaves, silica, and gelatin have been used as auxiliary components for composites synthesis. Spectrophotometric, chromatographic, quantum-chemical, anatomo-morphological, physiological-biochemical, and biotechnological methods have been used in the research. Results. The species of orchids, which contain a significant amount of BAS with high antioxidant properties have been identified, the main components of orchids extracts have been distinguished. Sterile cultures of selected species have been obtained; protocols for their cultivation in vitro have been developed. Two types of bioactive composites have been prepared; the interaction of extracts components with silica surface and gelatin molecules has been studied. It has been shown that the materials composed of silica and orchid extracts possess a high storage stability and a prolonged desorption of several BAS, while the materials based on extracts, silica, and gelatin ensure gradual release of all the extracts components. Conclusions. The orchids are valuable sources of natural antioxidants. The designed composites are promising in terms of producing drug formulations for prolonged release of antioxidants.

The work was aimed at studying the phytochemicals available in D. antarctica plants from various sites on Antarctic Islands, introducing the plants into in vitro culture and comparing the extracts from the plants grown in situ and in vitro. All the extracts were found to contain high amount of phenols, with luteolin and hydroxybenzoic acids derivatives being the main phytochemicals in the extracts from the plants grown in situ and in vitro. Being diluted by 10 times, the extracts scavenged 50÷90% of DPPH• radicals, 20÷40% of NO• radicals and 40÷60% of OH• radicals. Despite the differences in composition, extracts from the plants grown in situ and in vitro showed similar radical scavenging activity.

Guarianthe bowringiana is one of the oldest samples cultivated at NBG’s orchid unit glasshouses since 1970s. An efficient protocol for asymbiotic in vitro seed germination of G. bowringiana has previously been established. Given that acclimatization is a crucial step in micropropagation, this study assesses the structural adaptation and antioxidant response of G. bowringiana seedlings during ex vitro acclimatization to ex vitro conditions. The leaf surface micromorphology of the G. bowringiana juvenile plants propagated in vitro from seeds as well as the leaves of adult plants cultivated in glasshouse were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The levels of lipid peroxidation (TBARS level), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and the photosynthetic activity were monitored for seven days from the transfer of seedlings from the in vitro cultivation vessels as they are markers indicating the response of the leaves of in vitro propagated G. bowringiana plants to oxidative stress during the early stages of acclimatization to ex vitro conditions. During the initial 2 days of the monitored acclimatization period (0–7 days), the level of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoid content) increased, followed by an insignificant increase during the successive period (by the seventh day) of acclimatization. At the same time, the level of the tested antioxidant enzyme (SOD) exhibited an increasing trend throughout the acclimatization period. The SOD activities in the leaves of G. bowringiana seedlings were significantly affected when they were transferred from in vitro to ex vitro conditions due to drought stress. Thus, it was revealed that in the early stages of acclimatizing to the altered environments, G. bowringiana seedlings exhibited a rapid increase in photosynthetic pigments, superoxide dismutase activity, and lipid peroxidation levels after being transferred to ex vitro conditions. Comparison of the leaf micromorphologies of G. bowringiana plants grown under in vitro and those grown under ex vitro conditions revealed that leaf development had undergone significant changes during acclimatization to the altered conditions. In vitro to ex vitro transfer leads to a transient decrease in photosynthetic parameters.