In proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE), catalysts for acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) that demonstrate high current density and stability are essential. Herein, we synthesized La-doped RuO 2 (La-RuO 2 @TM) nanorod composite catalysts in situ on titanium mesh (TM) using a one-step low-temperature pyrolysis method. La-RuO 2 @TM displays excellent catalytic performance (1.533 V at 100 mA cm −2 ) and remarkable stability, showing no significant degradation in performance over 450 hours of operation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the formation of the La-O−Ru local structure modulates the adsorption strength of reaction intermediates, alleviates metal (Ru) leaching, and reduces oxygen loss, significantly enhancing the material‘s durability in acidic OER. The PEM electrolyzer utilizing La-RuO 2 @TM operates at 1.815 V with a current density of 1.0 A cm −2 , maintaining stable performance for 120 h at 60 °C. This study offers valuable insights for designing efficient and durable acidic OER catalysts.

The worldwide proliferation of portable electronics has resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, traditional recycling methods still have limitations because of such huge amounts of spent LIBs. Therefore, we proposed an ecofriendly and sustainable double recycling strategy to concurrently reuse the cathode (LiCoO2) and anode (graphite) materials of spent LIBs and recycled LiCoPO4/graphite (RLCPG) in Li+/PF 6 − co-de/intercalation dual-ion batteries. The recycle-derived dual-ion batteries of Li/RLCPG show impressive electrochemical performance, with an appropriate discharge capacity of 86.2 mAh·g−1 at 25 mA·g−1 and 69

The iron-based fluorophosphate Na2FePO4F (NFPF) is considered as a potential cathode for sodium-ion batteries due to the low-cost, non-toxicity and appropriate working voltage. However, the inferior intrinsic electronic conductivity and the restrained active Na sites bring the limits for full realization of electrochemical properties. Herein, Mg2+ with d0 orbital was introduced in FeO4F2 structure, aimed at activating the Na+ at Na1 site and enhancing the electronic conductivity. Different from the 3d transition metal (TM) elements that form 3d-O2p orbital interactions in the FeO4F2 structure, the Mg with d° contributes p and s orbitals mainly in Mg-O bonds, which corresponds to more stable orbital interaction and lattice structure. The electron distribution of bridge O due to the Mg-doping leads to the wooden barrel effect near the Mg site, thus activating Na+ at Na1 site by lowering the energy barrier of Na+ migration from Na1 to Na2 site. Hence, the obtained NFMPF electrode delivers high specific capacity (121.4 vs. 108.7 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C) and better cycling stability (73.8% vs. 54.2% after 1000 cycles at 20 C). Overall, regulating the electronic structure and activating Na+ at inactive site is the key to break the bottleneck of low activity, which can be an effective strategy to design cathode materials with excellent electrochemical performance.

The demand for large-scale energy storage is increasing due to the decreasing non-renewable resources and deteriorating environmental pollution. Developing rechargeable batteries with high energy density and long cycle performance is an ideal choice to meet the demand of energy storage system. The development of excellent electrode particles is of great significance in the commercialization of next-generation batteries. The ideal electrode particles should balance raw material reserves, electrochemical performance, price and environmental protection. Among them, the development of electrode particulate materials with excellent electrochemical properties is the top priority at present. In this review, the typical researches of electrode materials are summarized in terms of crystal structure, morphology, pore structure, surface and interface regulation. Firstly, the structural characteristics and improvement methods of transition metal oxides, polyanionic compounds, Prussian blue and their analogues are introduced. Then, the different effects of particulate morphology, pore, surface and interface structure on the performance of electrode materials are discussed. For designing high-performance electrode materials, preparation route should be set according to the particle properties of the materials and the synergistic effect of various optimization methods should be adopted. At the same time, in addition to the electrode materials, other components of the rechargeable batteries, such as current collector, separator and electrolytes, should be optimized to improve the overall performance of the batteries. This review would provide important guiding principle for designing high-performance electrode particulate materials.

KFeSO4F 4 F (KFSF) is considered a potential cathode due to the large capacity and low cost. However, the inferior electronic conductivity leads to poor electrochemical performance. Defect engineering can facilitate the electron/ion transfer by tuning electronic structure, thus providing favorable electrochemical performance. Herein, through the regulation of surface defect engineering in reduced graphene oxide (rGO), the Fe-C bonds were formed between KFSF and rGO. The Fe-C bonds formed work in regulating the Fe-3d orbital as well as promoting the migration ability of K ions and increasing the electronic conductivity of KFSF. Thus, the KFSF@rGO delivers a high capacity of 119.6 mAh g-1.- 1 . When matched with a graphite@pitch-derived S-doped carbon anode, the full cell delivers an energy density of 250.5 Wh kg- 1 and a capacity retention of 81.5% after 400 cycles. This work offers a simple and valid method to develop high-performance cathodes by tuning defect sites. (c) 2023 Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Interlayer intercalation engineering shows great feasibility to improve the structure stability of the layered oxides. Although high Zn-storage capability has been attained based on the pillar effect of multifarious intercalants, an in-depth understanding the synergistic effect of intercalated multiple metal ions is still in deficiency. Herein, alkali metal ion K+, alkaline earth metal ion Mg2+ and trivalent metal ion Al3+ are introduced into the VO interlayer of V2O5. Due to the different electronegativity and hydrated ion radius of K+, Mg2+ and Al3+, adjusting the relative proportions of these metal ions can achieve an appropriate interlayer spacing, stable layer structure and regular morphology, which facilitates the transport kinetics of Zn2+. Under the synergistic effect of pre-intercalated multi-metal ion, the optimal tri-metal ion intercalated hydrated V2O5 cathode exhibits a high specific capacity of 382.4 mAh g-1 at 0.5 A g-1, and long-term cycling stability with capacity retention of 86 % after 2000 cycles at the high current density of 10 A g-1. Ex-situ and kinetic characterizations reveal the fast charge transfer and reversible Zn2+ intercalation mechanism. The multi-ion engineering strategy provides an effective way to design desirable layered cathode materials for aqueous zinc-ion batteries.

With the continuous advancement of industrialization, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) need to operate in various challenging circumstances, particularly in extremely cold conditions. However, at ultra-low temperatures, the reduced ionic conductivity and sluggish Na + migration of commonly carbonate-based electrolytes will inevitably lead to a sharp decrease in the capacity of SIBs. Herein, we design a carboxylate ester-based electrolyte with excellent ultra-low temperature performance by straightforward cosolvent strategy. Due to the low viscosity, melting point, and sufficient ionic conductivity of the designed electrolyte, the resulting Na||Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 O 2 F can achieve the capacity retention of 96% (100 cycles at 0.1 C) at -40 degrees C and can also operate stably even at -50 degrees C. Besides, galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT), ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) tests are employed to analyze and confirm that the carboxylate ester-based electrolyte promotes robust and uniform cathode/electrolyte interface layer formation and accelerates ion diffusion kinetics, which collectively facilitates the better low-temperature performance. In addition, the assembled hard carbon||NVPOF full cells further prove the practicability of the carboxylate ester-based electrolyte at low-temperature, which delivers high discharge capacity of 108.4 and 73.0 mAh g -1 at -25 and -40 degrees C. This work affords a new avenue for designing advanced low-temperature electrolytes for SIBs. (c) 2023 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science & Technology.

The direct reuse of retired lithium-ion batteries（LIBs） cathode materials is one of the optimum choices for "waste-to-wealth" by virtue of sustainable and high economic efficiency.Considering the harmfulness of retired LIBs and the serious shortage of lithium resources,in this work,the spent oxide cathode materials after simple treatment are directly applied to the sodium-ion batteries（SIBs） and exhibit promising application possibilities in advanced SIBs.The spent oxide cathode shows an appropriate initial discharge capacity of 109 mAh·g -1 and exhibits transition and activation processes at a current density of 25 mA·g -1 .Further,it demonstrates decent cycle performance and comparatively good electrode kinetics performance(the apparent ion diffusion coefficient at steady state is about 1×10 -12 cm 2 ·s -1 ).The "waste-towealth" concept of this work provides an economical and sustainable strategy for directly reusing the retired LIBs and supplies a large amount of raw material for the largescale application of SIBs.

KFeSO4F (KFSF) is considered a potential cathode due to the large capacity and low cost. However, the inferior electronic conductivity leads to poor electrochemical performance. Defect engineering can facilitate the electron/ion transfer by tuning electronic structure, thus providing favorable electrochemical performance. Herein, through the regulation of surface defect engineering in reduced graphene oxide (rGO), the Fe-C bonds were formed between KFSF and rGO. The Fe-C bonds formed work in regulating the Fe-3d orbital as well as promoting the migration ability of K ions and increasing the electronic conductivity of KFSF. Thus, the KFSF@rGO delivers a high capacity of 119.6 mAh g-1. When matched with a graphite@pitch-derived S-doped carbon anode, the full cell delivers an energy density of 250.5 Wh kg-1 and a capacity retention of 81.5% after 400 cycles. This work offers a simple and valid method to develop high-performance cathodes by tuning defect sites.

Anthraquinone (AQ) and its derivatives have been attracting more attention as promising electrode materials for lithium storage because of their high specific capacity, structural diversity, and environmental friendliness. The dissolution and poor electrical conductivity of AQ, however, limit its practical application. Here, a novel metal-organic coordination polymer with a one-dimensional (1D) chain ([C14H6O4Cu]n denoted as Cu-DHAQ; DHAQ, 1,5-dihydroxyl anthraquinone) and its composite with graphene (Cu-DHAQ/G; G, graphene) are developed by the introduction of graphene and copper ion into DHAQ. The fabricated polymer with a 1D chain not only well inhibits the dissolution of DHAQ in organic electrolytes but also facilitates lithium-ion insertion/extraction on carbonyl groups and shortens the migration path of lithium ions. Furthermore, the addition of the conductive network of graphene provides fast transfer rates of electrons. As a result, Cu-DHAQ/G delivers a high discharge capacity, long cycle life, and excellent rate capability. The lithium storage mechanism shows lithium ion insertion/extraction on two carbonyl groups of Cu-DHAQ in the range of 1.6-2.0 V and the redox reaction of Cu+/Cu2+ between 2.8 and 3.0 V, and Cu2+ and Cu+ coexist in the Cu-DHAQ/G electrode during the charge/discharge process. This study provides meaningful guidance to develop metal-organic coordination polymer electrodes for high-performance Li-ion batteries.

Polyanion-type cathode materials have grown in leaps and bounds and become one of the promising candidates for metal-ion batteries since the successful case of LiFePO4 in lithium-ion batteries, which own stable crystal structure, high thermal stability, good ionic conductivity, adjustable voltage and chemical composition. However, further exploration is requisite, such as, the change of crystal/electronic structure, reaction mechanism, and structure evolution during charge/discharge processes, which results from variety of crystal types and redox centers, anion and cationic doping/substitution, as well as transition metal ion migration in polyanion-type materials. In this review, we focus on the advanced characterization techniques referred in polyanion-type cathode materials of sodium-ion batteries, mainly consist of the structure-related, morphology-related, composition-related techniques and in-situ/operando techniques during charge/discharge processes. The respective detection mechanisms, scope of application, information available and limitations of each technique are discussed in detail, and the latest developments of these characterization techniques used in polyanion-type materials are summarized. Advanced characterization techniques play a crucial role in understanding the reaction mechanisms of electrode materials, and can provide an important guiding principle for designing high-performance polyanion-type cathode materials and further optimizing the battery systems of sodium-ion batteries.

Hybrid magnesium-lithium ion batteries (HMLBs) merge Li+ faster kinetics with dentrite-free and low-cost Mg anode and are arousing widespread concern. It is regrettable that its development is limited by the lack of advanced electrode materials. Herein, LiCrTiO4 nanoparticles with/without carbon layer (LCTOC/LCTON) are successfully prepared by sol-gel method and used as cathodes for HMLBs. Compared with LCTON, LCTOC not only exhibits a high reversible capacity (139.3 mAh/g at 100 mA/g after 100 cycles), but also possesses an excellent rate performance (123.1 mAh/g at 500 mA/g). Notably, a reversible capacity of 114.3 mAh/g at 1 A/g has been achieved over 2500 cycles, indicating an ultrastable cycling stability. The enhanced electrochemical performance of LCTOC is attributed to the improved conductivity and ion diffusion rate, and decreased polarization value induced by the carbon coating layer with a higher surface area. In addition, the ion storage mechanism of LCTOC is explored by ex-situ tests. The morphology and structure of LCTOC have been maintained perfectly during the long-term charge-discharge process, indicating a highly structural stability and reversibility. This study exhibits a promising application of LCTOC in the fabrication of advanced HMLBs.

With the rapid development of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), it is urgent to exploit the cathode materials with good rate capability, attractive high energy density and considerable long cycle performance. Na3V2(PO4)3(NVP), as a NASICON-type electrode material, is one of the cathode materials with great potential for application because of its good thermal stability and stable. However, NVP has the inherent problem of low electronic conductivity, and various strategies are proposed to improve it, moreover, nanotechnology or nanostructure are involved in these strategies, the construction of nanostructured active particles and nanocomposites with conductive carbon networks have been shown to be effective in improving the electrical conductivity of NVP. Herein, we review the research progress of NVP performance improvement strategies from the perspective of nanostructures and classifies the prepared nanomaterials according to their different nano-dimension. In addition, NVP nanocomposites are reviewed in terms of both preparation methods and promotion effects, and examples of NVP nanocomposites at different nano-dimension are given. Finally, some personal views are presented to provide reasonable guidance for the research and design of high-performance polyanionic cathode materials of SIBs.

Due to the serious imbalance between demand and supply of lithium, lithium extraction from brine has become a research hotspot. With the demand for power lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) increased rapidly, a large number of spent LiFePO4 power batteries have been scrapped and entered the recycling stage. Herein, a novel and efficient strategy is proposed to extract lithium from brine by directly reusing spent LiFePO4 powder without any treatment. Various electrochemical test results show that spent LiFePO4 electrode has appropriate lithium capacity (14.62 mgLi/gLiFePO4), excellent separation performance (αLi-Na = 210.5) and low energy consumption (0.768 Wh/gLi) in electrochemical lithium extraction from simulated brine. This work not only provides a novel idea for lithium extraction from brine, but also develops an effective strategy for recycling spent LIBs. The concept of from waste to wealth is of great significance to the development of recycling the spent batteries.

面向国家“双碳战略”需求，结合科技前沿和高校学生科研实践，设计了以低成本和高安全性为主要优势的锌-二氧化锰（Zn-MnO 2 ）二次电池，并形成了一个标准化的物理化学综合实验。本实验首先通过水热法制备了α-MnO 2 ，采用X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜对制得α-MnO 2 的结构与形貌进行了表征，随后使用电池测试仪对锌片负极与α-MnO 2 正极组装成的Zn-MnO 2 锌离子电池进行了循环伏安、倍率和循环稳定性等电化学性能测试。该实验将科研热点转化为综合教学实验，从实验室走进日常生活，集化学材料合成、表征与电池电化学性能测试于一体，实验的不同模块可满足多种教学需求。此外，探究式学习与综合性操作相结合有助于提高学生的实验兴趣及化学实验操作水平；在教学过程中融入思政元素，渗透绿色理念，引导学生形成安全无污染的化学实验意识和可持续发展思想。

峥嵘岁月奥运梦,华夏复兴双奥城.本文将"2008年北京夏季奥运会"与"2022年北京冬奥会"中的建筑材料拟人化,以座谈会的形式,通过第一人称的视角向读者介绍了夏、冬两届中国奥运会中"水立方""鸟巢"和"冰丝带"等经典奥运建筑中所运用的ETFE、PTFE和PVB三类有机化学材料,并讨论了它们的分子结构组成、性质以及在奥运建筑中所发挥的重要作用.

In this study, Sb0.7Bi0.3PS4 exhibits enhanced Na-storage performance through Bi3+ substitution. This ion substitution provides a strategy for advanced thiophosphate anodes in sodium-ion batteries.

In recent years, with the vigorous development and gradual deployment of new energy vehicles, more attention has been paid to the research on lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Compared with the booming LIBs, lithium primary batteries (LPBs) own superiority in specific energy and self-discharge rate and are usually applied in special fields such as medical implantation, aerospace, and military. Widespread application in special fields also means more stringent requirements for LPBs in terms of energy density, working temperature range and shelf life. Therefore, how to obtain LPBs with high energy density, wide operational temperature range and long storage life is of great importance in future development. In view of the above, this paper reviews the latest research on LPBs in cathode, anode and electrolyte over the years, and puts forward relevant insights for LPBs, along with the intention to explore avenues for the design of LPBs components in the coming decades and promote further development in this field.

As promising cathode for sodium‐ion batteries, Na + Superionic Conductor (NASICON)‐type materials have attracted attention owing to their excellent structural stability, superior ionic conductivity, and small volume expansion. However, the vanadium‐based NASICON‐type cathode with the biotoxicity and exorbitant price of V element and the iron‐based cathode with low mean working voltage as well as the intrinsic poor electronic conductivity of polyanionic compounds hinder their practical applications. Herein, a double‐carbon‐layer decorated heterogeneous composite, Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 ‐Na 3 Fe 2 (PO 4 )(P 2 O 7 ) (NVFPP/C/G), is successfully prepared for addressing these limitations. Due to their synergistic effect, NVFPP/C/G exhibits excellent electrochemical performance in half‐cell system and superior full‐cell performance when matched with hard carbon anode. Furthermore, the phase composition, electrode kinetics, and phase transition are confirmed by combined analyses of slow scanning power X‐ray diffraction, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry with various scan rates, galvanostatic intermittent titration technique, ex situ X‐ray photoelectron spectra, and in situ X‐ray diffraction. This study portends a promising strategy to utilize composite structure engineering for developing advanced polyanionic cathodes.