The effects of different heat treatments (80 ℃/LH, 100 ℃/MH, 120 ℃/HH) on the flavor of gonggan (Citrus reticulata Blanco var. gonggan) juice were evaluated using sensory evaluation, E-nose and HS-SPME-GC-MS. Significant volatile differences were observed. D-limonene, linalool, and decanal (high OAVs) were well preserved in control and LH. MH slightly reduced major alcohols/aldehydes, introduced mild sour/herbal flavors, and generated new compounds. HH markedly altered volatiles, producing 24 off-flavor compounds (e.g., p-vinylguaiacol) and sharply decreasing linalool OAV (514.04). Sensory aroma scores: LH highest (83.85 ± 9.16), followed by MH (74.23 ± 13.99) and control (69.23 ± 18.15), HH lowest (24.38 ± 18.91). LH preserved/enhanced citrus-floral aroma, while HH promoted off-flavors. These results guide thermal processing to improve sensory acceptance of heat-treated gonggan juice.

The application of tea polyphenols (TP) is constrained by their inherent chemical instability. In this study, a nanocarrier delivery system for TP was fabricated via electrostatic self-assembly between a natural pomelo peel extract (PP) and quaternary ammonium chitosan (QAC). PP was characterized as a protein-pectin complex, containing 60.1% protein and 23.2% polysaccharides, of which 75.6% was galacturonic acid. PP formed stable complexes with QAC at pH ∼4, achieving a TP encapsulation efficiency of 39.6%. The QAC-PP nanocarrier significantly improved TP stability under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, retaining 96.3% of TP after 1 h of gastric digestion and 59.5% after a subsequent 2 h of intestinal digestion. Furthermore, after 12 h of UV irradiation, 58.9% of encapsulated TP remained, substantially higher than the 43.0% retention observed for free TP. This work successfully valorizes pomelo peel waste into an effective nanocarrier, presenting a viable strategy to enhance the stability of TP.

Two kinds of dietary fiber, designated acid-soluble dietary fiber (ADF) and alkali-soluble dietary fiber (ASF), were sequentially extracted from pitaya peel. The galacturonic acid contents of ADF and ASF were 79.79% and 80.40%, respectively. The droplet size of ADF-stabilized emulsion (1.24 μm) was higher than that of ASF-stabilized emulsion (0.88 μm). After 7 days of storage, the astaxanthin (AST) retention rate in ADF-stabilized emulsion (66.4%) and ASF-stabilized emulsion (62.8%) were both higher than that of free AST (30.6%). Following 8 h of UV irradiation, the AST retention rate in ADF-stabilized emulsions (56.4%) was significantly higher than that in ASF-stabilized emulsions (41.4%). During simulated gastrointestinal digestion, the bioaccessibility of AST in ADF-stabilized emulsions reached 55.4%, compared with 46.5% for ASF-stabilized emulsions and 22.8% for free AST. In conclusion, both ADF and ASF provide effective protection for AST during storage, UV exposure, and digestion, highlighting their potential as food-grade emulsifiers.

High-pressure homogenization (HPH) is a promising non-thermal technology for improving fruit juice quality, but its impact on the complex flavor of Gonggan cloudy juice remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of HPH using E-nose, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-olfactometrymass spectrometry (GC-O-MS). While HPH did not alter basic physicochemical properties including total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA) and reducing sugar content, it reduced vitamin C (Vc) content. At 400 and 600 bar, HPH significantly increased total phenol content by up to 23.1% and soluble pectin content by 94.26% via cell wall disruption. HPH simplified the aroma profile, increasing the terpene proportion to 85% while reducing aldehydes by over 85%, and the dominant aroma compound changed from linalool to (+)-limonene. GC-O-MS and ROAV analysis identified decanal, decanol, beta-myrcene, and (+)-limonene as key markers and showed a reduction in key odorants (from 17 to 13-15). Treatment at 400 bar enhanced desirable citrus terpenoids, whereas 600 bar increased off-flavor compounds (e.g., D-carvone). Overall, HPH simplifies and intensifies the citrus character, with 400 bar identified as optimal for flavor enhancement, providing a scientific basis for targeted quality improvement in premium cloudy juices.

This study aimed to investigate the bioactive compounds and evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of juice prepared from whole pomelo fruits (WPJ). Methods: Total flavonoid content, naringin levels, and nutrient composition of WPJ were quantified over the storage period. Flavonoid profiling was conducted using LC–MS. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed in vitro using LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, where dose–response effects on nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured. An in vivo phenol red–induced mouse model was used to evaluate the effects of WPJ on respiratory secretion and pulmonary inflammation, with analysis of MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways. Results: WPJ exhibited a high total flavonoid content (950.68 ± 7.65 mg/100 g), dominated by hesperidin, tribuloside, baicalin, apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside, hesperetin, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, naringenin, naringin, jaceosidin, and pinocembrin. In vitro, WPJ pretreatment significantly reduced NO, IL-6, and TNF-α production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo, WPJ promoted phenol red secretion in the respiratory tract and attenuated pulmonary inflammatory responses, partly through inhibition of MAPK/NF-κB signaling. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that WPJ is rich in diverse flavonoids and possesses potent anti-inflammatory activity both in vitro and in vivo. Its ability to suppress key inflammatory mediators and modulate respiratory tract responses suggests potential benefits for pulmonary health. These findings support the potential application of WPJ as a functional food for preventing or alleviating cough- and phlegm-related conditions.

In this study, the structural characterization and hypolipidemic activity in vivo of finger citron polysaccharide (FCP) were investigated. The FCP consisted of [-> t)-Ara(f)-(1 ->], [-> 5)-Ara(f)-(1 ->], and [-> 4)-Gal(p)-UA-(1 ->] with the molecular weight of 46.35 KDa. FCP significantly decreased the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density cholesterol (LDL-C), phenylpropionate aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and increased the level of high density cholesterol (HDL-C) in the serum of mice (P < 0.05). Besides, FCP could significantly improve the antioxidant enzymes activities and decreased the liver lipid metabolism indexes (P < 0.05). AMPK/ACC and PPAR alpha/LXR alpha were used to investigate the hypolipidemic mechanism of FCP, which indicated that FCP could up-regulate the protein and gene levels of AMPK, acetyl-CoA carboxylase(ACC), PPAR alpha and LXR alpha. This study provides an important basis of FCP for inhibiting the occurrence of metabolic disorders such as hyperlipemia and complications.

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a widely farmed freshwater fish. Feeding with faba bean (Vicia faba L.) for 90-120 days can improve the muscle quality of tilapia. However, the underlying mechanism remain unclear. In the present study, tilapia were fed a faba bean-based diet for 120 days to induce muscle crisped, and ordinary tilapia fed a conventional diet were used as controls. Muscle histological characteristics were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin staining, and transcriptome sequencing was conducted to explore molecular changes associated with the crisped muscle phenotype. The results showed that, as compared to ordinary tilapia, the fiber diameter and area were significantly reduced in crisped tilapia (p < 0.05), while the muscle fiber density was significantly increased (p < 0.05). In total, 576 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified (FDR < 0.05), of which 211 were significantly up-regulated and 365 significantly down-regulated. Further analysis showed that DEGs associated with myofibroblast proliferation were up-regulated in crisped tilapia, while the glycolytic pathway was inhibited. The expression levels of muscle-related genes (i.e., actc1, myo7a, cib2, abcf2, and pfkfb2) were significantly higher in crisped tilapia than ordinary tilapia (p < 0.05), whereas the expression levels of gapdh, pgam2, eno3, and g6pi were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Several DEGs and signaling pathways were identified. These findings provide transcriptomic evidence linking dietary faba bean feeding to muscle fiber remodeling and metabolic modulation in tilapia, offering a molecular basis for improving fillet quality through nutritional strategies.

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) has garnered interest from the aquatic feed industry as a plant-based ingredient that may enhance muscle hardness and crispness in tilapia. However, faba beans contain numerous anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) that could affect animal growth and health through their metabolic products. Germination effectively reduces the content of ANFs in faba beans; however, the effects of germinated faba beans on tilapia growth and non-specific immunity remain unclear. In this study, the growth parameters, antioxidant activity, carbon metabolic enzyme activity and immune-related gene expression profiles of tilapia fed with germinated faba beans (FB1 and FB5 groups) and non-germinated faba beans (FB0 group) were compared. The FB1 and FB5 groups exhibited heavier body weight (514.39 ± 111.66 g and 546.87 ± 98.16 g) compared to the FB0 group (392.53 ± 78.34 g) on day 80 (p < 0.05). A reduction in oxidative damage to the hepatopancreas was observed in the FB1 and FB5 groups compared to the FB0 group; FB5 showed significant lower levels of malondialdehyde (FB5: 5.84 ± 0.28 nmol/mg protein, FB0: 10.88 ± 0.72 nmol/mg protein), catalase (FB5: 45.51 ± 7.13 U/mg protein, FB0: 178.71 ± 4.53 U/mg protein), superoxide dismutase (FB5: 38.42 ± 1.42 U/mg protein, FB0: 38.42 ± 1.42 U/mg protein) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (FB5: 16.78 ± 1.93 nmol/mg protein, FB0:6.31 ± 1.01 nmol/mg protein) activities in serum on day 80. Lower carbon metabolic enzyme activities were observed in the FB1 and FB5 groups than in the FB0 group. The immune-related gene expression levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), C-C motif chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were downregulated initially and then gradually upregulated by day 80. Expression of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) upregulated in the FB1 and FB5 groups relative to that in normal tilapia (control). These findings suggest that incorporating faba beans into tilapia feed may reduce oxidative stress and modulate immune responses in tilapia cultures.

A cold-adapted protease (Chprotease) from Colwellia hornerae, identified through genomic screening, was cloned, heterologously expressed and purified. The purified Chprotease had a molecular weight of 53.3 kDa and showed maximum specific activity (35.36 U/mL) at 20 °C, with casein as substrate. It was stable and active between the temperature range of 15-25 °C and pH 6.0-8.0, with an optimum temperature of 20 °C at pH 7.0, and it present a good hydrolytic activity to hemoglobin and gluten protein. Moreover, it displayed better tolerance to organic solvents, surfactants, metal ions and reducing agents. Notably, the enzyme exhibited increased activity in the presence of surfactants, showing enhancements of 38 % with 1 % Tween-20 and 13 % with 5 % Tween-80, respectively. Furthermore, it retained over 70 % of its activity in the presence of 5 % SDS, EDTA, β-mercaptoethanol (β-ME), and PMSF. Because of these properties, the Chprotease shows potential for applications in food processing and the production of laundry products.

AREB/ABF (ABA response element binding) proteins in plants are essential for stress responses, while our understanding of AREB/ABFs from orchid species, important traditional medicinal and ornamental plants, is limited. Here, twelve AREB/ABF genes were identified within three orchids’ complete genomes and classified into three groups through phylogenetic analysis, which was further supported with a combined analysis of their conserved motifs and gene structures. The cis-element analysis revealed that hormone response elements as well as light and stress response elements were widely rich in the AREB/ABFs. A prediction analysis of the orchid ABRE/ABF-mediated regulatory network was further constructed through cis-regulatory element (CRE) analysis of their promoter regions. And it revealed that several dominant transcriptional factor (TF) gene families were abundant as potential regulators of these orchid AREB/ABFs. Expression profile analysis using public transcriptomic data suggested that most AREB/ABF genes have distinct tissue-specific expression patterns in orchid plants. Additionally, DcaABI5 as a homolog of ABA INSENSITIVE 5 (ABI5) from Arabidopsis was selected for further analysis. The results showed that transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing DcaABI5 could rescue the ABA-insensitive phenotype in the mutant abi5. Collectively, these findings will provide valuable information on AREB/ABF genes in orchids.

Phoenix barb (Spinibarbus denticulatus denticulatus) is a notable fish species in South China and is valued for its ecological and economic importance. To elucidate the molecular basis underlying its growth, we collected transcriptome profiles from the brains and livers of individual fish with different growth rates and compared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 3 and 9 months after hatching (MAH). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that the pathways associated with growth were predominantly enriched in fatty acid biosynthesis, AMPK signaling, PI3K-Akt signaling, estrogen signaling, and protein metabolism. Notably, a greater number of DEGs from the fast-growing group were associated with these pathways at the early growth stage (3 MAH) than at the later stage (9 MAH). Real-time quantitative PCR results further validated that the genes involved in these pathways exhibited higher expression levels in fast-growing samples. This study enhances our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying growth rate differences and provides valuable genetic resources for future growth-related molecular breeding programs of phoenix barbs.

Crisp Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a valuable fish product with high muscle firmness and chewiness generated by dietary faba beans (Vicia faba L.). However, the overconsumption of faba bean could induce intestinal inflammation in Nile tilapia due to its endogenous anti-nutritional factors (ANFs). Germination has been cited as an effective method for reducing ANFs in faba beans. But, the effects of germinated faba beans on the tilapia remain unclear. In this report, Nile tilapia were fed a diet supplemented with dry faba beans (FB0), or germinated faba beans (FB5), or a basal diet (control) for 75 days. Thereafter, samples of the fish were examined for textural quality, digestive enzyme activity, histology of the inner intestinal wall, expression of related genes, and composition of intestinal microbes. The hardest fillets were obtained from the FB5 (406.17 ± 42.51 gf) group, followed by the FB0 (301.17 ± 24.70 gf) and control (117.50 ± 8.19 gf) groups. The amylase levels were lower in the FB0 and FB5 groups, whereas the trypsin activities were up to 1.9-fold higher than in the control group. The gene expressions of IL-1β, CCL3, and TNF-α were significantly up-regulated in both the FB0 and FB5 groups, whereas metallothionein expression was down-regulated in the intestine relative to control group. Moreover, expression of IFN-γ and Hsp70 decreased in FB5, but increased in FB0. In particular, the diversity of intestinal microbiota was higher in the FB5 group than in the FB0 group (Fusobacteria abundance significantly decreased from 79.18% to 55.87%, while Proteobacteria abundance decreased from 8.12% to 7.02%), indicating that the intestinal microbiota structure was affected by altered diets. These results indicate that germinated faba bean could be a good substitute for dry faba beans in tilapia culture.

Oats (Avena sativa L.) are one of the worldwide cereal crops. Avenanthramides (AVNs), the unique plant alkaloids of secondary metabolites found in oats, are nutritionally important for humans and animals. Numerous bioactivities of AVNs have been investigated and demonstrated in vivo and in vitro. Despite all these, researchers from all over the world are taking efforts to learn more knowledge about AVNs. In this work, we highlighted the recent updated findings that have increased our understanding of AVNs bioactivity, distribution, and especially the AVNs biosynthesis. Since the limits content of AVNs in oats strictly hinders the demand, understanding the mechanisms underlying AVN biosynthesis is important not only for developing a renewable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly source in both plants and microorganisms but also for designing effective strategies for enhancing their production via induction and metabolic engineering. Future directions for improving AVN production in native producers and heterologous systems for food and feed use are also discussed. This summary will provide a broad view of these specific natural products from oats.

Aquatic foods are nutritious, enjoyable, and highly favored by consumers. In recent years, young consumers have shown a preference for prefabricated food due to its convenience, nutritional value, safety, and increasing market share. However, aquatic foods are prone to microbial spoilage due to their high moisture content, protein content, and unsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, traditional processing methods of aquatic foods can lead to issues such as protein denaturation, lipid peroxidation, and other food safety and nutritional health problems. Therefore, there is a growing interest in exploring new technologies that can achieve a balance between antimicrobial efficiency and food quality. This review examines the mechanisms of cold plasma, high-pressure processing, photodynamic inactivation, pulsed electric field treatment, and ultraviolet irradiation. It also summarizes the research progress in nonthermal physical field technologies and their application combined with other technologies in prefabricated aquatic food. Additionally, the review discusses the current trends and developments in the field of prefabricated aquatic foods. The aim of this paper is to provide a theoretical basis for the development of new technologies and their implementation in the industrial production of prefabricated aquatic food.

In this study, we investigated the flavor compounds in pomelos with different maturity by headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS). In addition, ultra-fine grinding technology was applied to produce uniform particulates and the effects of particle sizes on volatile compound profile were evaluated. A total of 44 volatile compounds were identified including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, alkenes, and alcohol oxides. An opposite trend of changes in the volatile substance of pomelo powder at two different growth stages were observed. Hierarchical cluster analysis results showed that there were two clusters of key volatile compounds correlated with particle size, one cluster of most tarpenes, aldehydes, ketone and heterocyclic substance with characteristic aromas were easily released at smaller particle sizes, while another cluster of Pentanal D, Nonanal, beta-Pinene D was the opposite. In addition, volatilization of aroma substances in pomelo fruitlets was inversely proportional to the powder’s particle size.

广东梅州金柚因地理位置、自然环境条件优越,富有"金柚之乡"的美称,目前柚子种植面积占广东省的90％[1].柚子果皮中富含类黄酮化合物,具有抗氧化抗衰老的作用,同时能减少血栓风险、防止心血脑疾病、抑制炎症、降低血糖等作用[2].目前,市场上的柚加工产品种类丰富,如果皮精油[3]、天然色素[5]等,以及发酵型产品如甘草柚子复合果酒[6]、复合型果醋饮料[7]等.

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a kind of worldwide farmed fish that is commercially cultured in more than a hundred nations. The tilapia dietary faba bean (Vicia faba L.) for 90- 120 d improves muscle quality such as higher muscle hardness and crispiness. However, faba bean contain a wide variety of antinutritional factors such as phenolics, tannins, trypsin inhibitor activity, and phytic acid. Antinutritional factors through themselves or their metabolic products affect the health of fish. This study was compared growth, antioxidant activity, carbon metabolic enzyme activity and immune-related gene expression profiles between the ordinary and crisp tilapia. The results indicated that crisp tilapia (888.00 +/- 200.83 g) had a significantly lower body weight compared with ordinary tilapia (1078.67 +/- 162.56 g) (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) between crisp and ordinary tilapia in both serum and liver. The crisp tilapia recorded significantly lower acid phosphatase (ACP), and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in contrast to the ordinary tilapia in serum (P < 0.05), but not significant in liver. The crisp tilapia (serum: 8.05 +/- 1.23 U/mL, liver: 7.59 +/- 1.09 U/mL) exposure could significantly inhibit glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activities compared with ordinary tilapia (serum: 5.07 +/- 0.91 U/mL, liver: 4.10 +/- 1.18 U/mL) (P < 0.05). The lysozyme (LZM) and triglyceride (TG) of ordinary and crisp tilapia were similar. The heat shock protein70 (Hsp70) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) expression of crisp tilapia demonstrated significant upregulation when compared with ordinary tilapia in the haemocytes and liver, whereas the interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), metallothionein (MT), and chemokine C-C-Motif Ligand 3 (CCL) expression of crisp tilapia were significantly deregulated in the liver. In conclusion, the crisp tilapia can decrease growth, ACP, AKP, and G6PDH activity, whereas Hsp70 and TNF-alpha expression of crisps demonstrated significant upregulation. The results would contribute to comprehend the physiological parameters during tilapia crisping process and exploring the mechanism of tilapia brittleness.

As a new generation of genetically engineered antibodies, recombinant antibodies are widely used in immunodetection of food hazards due to their simple structure as well as easy expression and modification. However, due to the non-directionality and imprecision of recombinant antibody preparation technology, the affinity of recombinant antibodies is low, which affects their practical application. Therefore, it is necessary to study how to improve the affinity of recombinant antibodies. This article summarizes the preparation technologies for recombinant antibodies against food hazards, describes the affinity enhancement strategies for recombinant antibodies such as mutation and evolution of recombinant antibodies, screening of mutation library, preparation of conventional multivalent antibodies, and self-assembly of antibody fusion proteins, and finally discusses the technical bottlenecks and future development directions in this field.

Growth rate is a commercial trait in aquaculture that is influenced by multiple factors, among which genetic composition plays a fundamental role in the growth rate of species. The phoenix barb (Spinibarbus denticulatus denticulatus) is a widely distributed freshwater fish species in South China. Although S. d. denticulatus is reared in South China, the molecular mechanisms underlying the growth rate of the species remain unclear. Here, the authors performed transcriptome analysis of muscle tissues from fast-growing (FG) and slow-growing (SG) S. d. denticulatus at 90, 150, and 300 days after hatch (DAH) to elucidate its growth mechanism. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two groups were enriched in pathways related to muscle growth, glycolysis, and energy and lipid metabolism. Nonetheless, a higher number of DEGs were identified in the FG vs. SG groups at 90 and 300 DAH compared with 150 DAH. DEGs identified at 90 DAH were mainly enriched in the GH/IGF axis, PI3K-Akt signalling pathway, AMPK signalling pathway and lipid metabolism highly expressed in FG individuals. DEGs identified at 300 DAH were mainly enriched in PI3K-Akt signalling pathway, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, gene translation and lipid metabolism. In addition, some genes were expressed during the early growth stage in FG individuals but expressed during the late stage in SG individuals, indicating considerable variations in the expression profiles of growth-related genes at different developmental stages. Overall, these findings contribute to the understanding of the growth mechanism of S. d. denticulatus, which would be useful for the propagation of fast-growing breeds.