为了研究沥青混合料的强度参数和断裂性能,在边界效应理论基础上,预制切口偏中距离的影响,引入等效峰值载荷换算公式,得到了 一种改进边界效应模型.在5℃的条件下开展了不同偏中距离的三点弯曲试件AC-13级配沥青混合料断裂试验,采用扩展有限元法对同样尺寸的三点弯曲试件进行了模拟,通过载荷位移曲线验证了数值模型的可靠性.将试验与数值模拟获得的峰值载荷代入到改进模型推导了沥青混合料的抗拉强度和断裂韧度,最后利用模型结果反演拟合得到偏中距离对峰值载荷的影响曲线.结果表明,本研究模型推导和反演结果均与试验结果接近,证明改进边界效应模型不仅克服了原有模型无法应用在复合型断裂试件的局限性,还为沥青混合料的弹脆性断裂性能确定提供了 一种预测方法.

In order to study the factors affecting cutting efficiency of shield tunneling in sandy cobble formation, relying on the tunnel project of Shenyang Metro Line 9, numerical simulation analysis is carried out on the combination of advance knife and scraper knife for sand cobble formation, the effects of penetration, cutter head speed and tool height difference on cutting efficiency of combined tool were studied. The analysis shows that: penetration degree, cutter head speed and combined tool height difference have significant effects on cutting efficiency. For sandy cobblestone formation, in order to improve the speed of shield tunneling, the penetration degree of 40 ～ 50mm/r can be adopted, in the process of constr uction, the speed of cutter head should be controlled below 2r/min, the height difference design value of the cutter head combination tool should be selected between 35～ 50mm.

为揭示岩石节理特征下滚刀滚压速度变化对破岩效率的影响,明确滚刀滚压速度与岩石节理特征共同变化下的岩石比能变化规律,采用ABAQUS有限元软件,选择花岗岩为研究对象,建立破岩模型,模拟滚刀滚压速度变化下的破岩过程,分析不同滚压速度与节理特征下滚动力的大小,以及比能变化趋势和破碎效果.试验结果表明:岩石节理间距一定时,滚压速度越大,滚刀所受平均滚动力越大,破岩比能越大;在滚压速度一定时,节理间距从120 mm增至200 mm时,破岩比能增大;岩石节理间距为120 mm时,比能变化平稳;固定岩石节理间距下,节理倾角变大,破岩比能呈现先增大后减小的趋势;当岩石节理间距与节理倾角一定时,滚压速度增大,滚刀平均滚动力增大,比能增大,破岩效率降低.滚刀滚压速度对节理岩石破碎效率有重要影响;节理特征对破碎效率有较大影响.

In Arabidopsis, phytochrome (phy) A, phyB, and cryptochrome 1 (cry1) are representative far-red, red, and blue light photoreceptors, respectively. Members of the SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA-105 (SPA) protein family (SPA1-SPA4) form E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes with CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1), which mediates the degradation of photomorphogenesis-promoting factors to desensitize light signaling. SPA2 has been reported to promote seedling etiolation in the dark. However, the unique roles of SPA2 and its three functional domains in suppressing photomorphogenesis under different light conditions are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that overexpression of the full-length or the central coiled-coil and C-terminal WD-repeat domains of SPA2 cause hyper-etiolation phenotypes under several light conditions. The SPA2 central coiled-coil and C-terminal WD-repeat domains are necessary and sufficient for repressing seedling de-etiolation, cotyledon unfolding, and promoting hypocotyl negative gravitropism under several light conditions. Furthermore, phyA, phyB, cry1, and COP1 repress protein accumulation or nuclear translocation of SPA2 through direct interactions with its kinase-like and coiled-coil domains located in the N-terminus in response to far-red, red, and blue light treatments, respectively. Taken together, our results demonstrate that SPA2 functions under multiple light conditions; moreover, light-activated photoreceptors rapidly suppress SPA2 activity via direct interactions in response to different light treatments.

目前,装配式建筑发展良好,但与传统现浇混凝土工法比较而言装配式混凝土建筑成本仍高居不下,降低其成本才是重中之重.本文从装配式混凝土建筑政策与决策阶段、设计阶段、施工生产阶段等进行分析,总结出政策决策支持不足、产业标准化程度低、PC构件设计缺陷等问题,并根据问题产生的原因提出控制建设成本具体措施,旨在降低控制装配式建筑成本,在全国各个城市推行装配式建筑方法.

为了研究钢渣沥青混合料非线性粘弹塑性变形特性,提出Schapery模型与改进Swchartz模型组合的积分型粘弹塑本构模型.采用钢渣替换AC-13级配中粒径2.36 mm以上的石灰石粗骨料,制作得到钢渣沥青混合料试件.设计并开展一系列的单轴压缩蠕变实验,通过应力递增蠕变回复实验,获得不同应力条件下材料的弹性、粘弹性应变和粘塑性应变,进而拟合确定本构模型参数.利用0.4 MPa、1.0 MPa下的蠕变回复实验验证模型有效性.结果表明,模型不仅能准确刻画钢渣沥青混合料蠕变过程中的弹性、粘弹性与粘塑性变形,还可用于预测不同应力水平下钢渣沥青混合料蠕变变形规律.

目的 研究混凝土布料机螺旋输送量影响因素,为人工神经网络输送量智能预报模型的输入量确定提供合理依据.方法从混凝土布料机的布料机理出发,推导布料机输送量的计算公式;采用单一变量分析方法,使用MATLAB以及离散元软件进行数值仿真,研究螺旋输送量影响因素对输送量的影响效果.结果随着螺旋叶片直径、填充系数的增加,布料机输送量增加;随着螺旋叶片的摩擦系数、螺旋轴直径增加,布料机输送量减小;螺旋升角与螺旋转速都存在一个最佳值,使得输送量最大;影响因素对输送量的影响灵敏度从大到小为螺旋升角1.32 t/h、螺旋转速1.1 t/h、螺旋叶片直径0.99 t/h、填充系数0.91 t/h、摩擦系数0.59 t/h,螺旋轴直径0.382 t/h.结论影响因素中的螺旋叶片直径、螺旋升角、螺旋转速、填充系数及摩擦系数更适合作为神经网络输送量智能预报模型的输入量.

In order to express Toxoplasma gondii protein phosphatase 1(TgPP1) gene,determine the location of TgPP1 in T.gondii tachyzoites,TgPPl gene was redesigned based on the bacteria favor,artificially synthesized and inserted into expression vector pET-30a(+).The positive recombinant plasmid pET30a-TgPP1 was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and induced with IPTG.The recombinant TgPP1(rTgPP1) protein was detected by SDS-PAGE and Western-blot,and purified by affinity chromatography.By immunizing Kunming mice with the purified recombinant protein,the antiserum for rTgPP1 was prepared and its titer was detected by indirect ELISA.The localization of TgPP1 in T.gondii tachyzoites was detected with the antiserum by immunofluorescence.The results showed that the recombinant vector pET30a-TgPP1 was constructed and expressed in Kcoli BL21(DE3) successfully.The recombinant protein was about 36 ku in molecular weight.Western-blot analysis showed that the target protein could react with sera from mice infected with T.gondii.Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the TgPP1 protein was mainly located at the top of T.gondii tachyzoites.This study laid the foundation for the further studies on functions of TgPP1 in the invasion and survival of T.gondii in host cells and their mechanisms.

Chronic inflammation has become an integral part of man's suffering. Although the etiology of inflammatory diseases is still unclear, evidence shows that it is multifactorial involving several proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, free radicals, and other regulators of the immune system. Environmental, genetic and epigenetic factors have also been shown to play key roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Conventional drugs such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), glucocorticoids and biological agents are used to manage the symptoms but are unable to deal with the underlying causes. Also, they have many serious adverse reactions. To deal with this, many alternatives have been suggested and among them, plant-based secondary metabolites (SM) stands out. The aim of this review therefore, is to make an inventory of secondary metabolites of plants from Africa and China that are used to treat inflammatory diseases focusing on rheumatoid arthritis (RA), asthma and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Also, the possible mechanisms of these SM will be highlighted. Finally, active compounds isolated from these plants that regulate specific inflammatory mediators will be summarized. Keywords: Asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, traditional medicine.

Tarenflurbil (R-flurbiprofen) was acknowledged as a promising candidate in Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapy. However, the Phase III study of tarenflurbil was extremely restricted by its poor delivery efficiency to the brain. To tackle this problem, the novel carriers for tarenflurbil, racemic flurbiprofen (FLU) derivatives (FLU-D1 and FLU-D2) modified by N,N-dimethylethanolamine-related structures were synthesized and characterized. These derivatives showed good safety level in vitro and they possessed much higher cellular uptake efficiency in brain endothelial cells than FLU did. More importantly, the uptake experiments suggested that they were internalized via active transport mechanisms. Biodistribution studies in rats also illustrated a remarkably enhanced accumulation of these derivatives in the brain. FLU-D2, the ester linkage form of these derivatives, achieved a higher brain-targeting efficiency. Its C-max and AUC(0-t) were enhanced by 12.09-fold and 4.61-fold, respectively compared with those of FLU. Additionally, it could be hydrolyzed by esterase in the brain to release the parent FLU, which might facilitate its therapeutic effect. These in vitro and in vivo results highlighted the improvement of the brain-targeted delivery of FLU by making use of N,N-dimethylethanolamine ligand, with which an active transport mechanism was involved.

BACKGROUND:Rhoptries are unique secretory/excretory organelles that are found exclusively in the Apicomplexa, and their contents are discharged at the time of invasion and are critical in the establishment of productive infection. Several rhoptry proteins have been identified in Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium falciparum and Neospora caninum and have been linked not only with the parasites' adhesion and invasion processes but also with their intracellular pathways. To date, only one Cryptosporidium parvum rhoptry protein candidate related to TgRON1 of T. gondii and PfASP of P. falciparum has been reported.METHODS:Subcellular fractionation of sporozoites was performed to obtain highly purified organelles. One-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was applied for fraction analysis, and 22 potential novel rhoptry proteins were detected by protein domain analysis using online softwares.RESULTS:Twenty-two potential novel rhoptry proteins were detected. A protein with T. gondii and N. caninum rhoptry protein homologs and some proteins with domains similar to that of T. gondii rhoptry proteins were identified.CONCLUSION:These novel candidate proteins may be considered targets for researching the invasion pathway of C. parvum and the pathogenic mechanisms of rhoptry proteins. The present work provides a starting point towards the elucidation of the repertoire and function of C. parvum rhoptry proteins.

[目的]构建FMDV乳酸杆菌穿梭表达载体.[方法]从A型FMDV中克隆出VP1基因后,根据乳酸杆菌密码子偏好性对VP1进行优化,与表达载体pSIP411进行连接,并将连接产物转化到DH5α中筛选出阳性克隆菌,重组质粒酶切和PCR鉴定成功后再转化到BL21中,采用杆菌肽进行诱导表达.[结果]表达产物经SDS-PAGE和Western blottmy检测在24 kD处有明显的条带,证明VPl-pSIP411重组表达载体构建成功并在BL21中成功表达.[结论]为后续乳酸杆菌表达VP1蛋白研究奠定了基础.

采用2对附红细胞体种特异性引物,对上海地区2个屠宰场采集的736份猪血液基因组DNA进行PCR检测,将小附红细胞体特异性引物扩增产物克隆到pMD18-T载体,进行序列测定和生物信息学分析.将小附红细胞体阳性血液分离物肌肉注射给5头切除脾的断奶广西巴马小型猪仔猪,感染后定期采血,进行显微镜检,并提取基因组DNA进行PCR检测.另设3头猪作为不感染对照组,进行相同的检测.结果显示,共有101份样品检测出附红细胞体阳性,阳性率为13.72％,其中54份为小附红细胞体单独感染,占7.34％.5头巴马小型猪在接种小附红细胞体后第13～16天起,至第34天试验结束,出现明显的临床症状;血液显微镜检和PCR检测均发现存在小附红细胞体感染;其序列测定显示,16S rRNA基因的部分序列与接种的小附红细胞体的相应序列完全一致.上述结果表明,本研究成功筛选出小附红细胞体阳性血液,并成功实现了小附红细胞体对巴马小型猪的人工感染试验.

Traditional DEA models have never considered the dynamics of the productive process and undesirable output simultaneously. This paper discovers a new network DEA model considering undesirable output and evaluates the efficiency of the Chinese 28 different manufacturing industries. Meanwhile, Malmquist TFP index is also applied to analyze the productive process. The empirical results indicate that: (a) Efficiency figures evaluated by new network DEA model are more accurate. (b) Low efficiency of industrial pollution solutions should be responsible for overall efficiency. (c) The general China’s industrial TFP gradually rises. However, it is just an alternative growth instead of a continuous one.

The present study was designed to illustrate variation of RNase P RNA (rnpB) gene of Mycoplasma spp. origin of swine. Partial rnpB gene of Mycoplasmasuis and M.parvum was amplified in PCR from 53 genomic DNAs extracted from pig blood samples, which had been identified as Mycoplasma spp. positive by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The amplified products were cloned into pMD18-T vector for sequencing. The obtained sequences were compared with the sequence of rnpB gene of M. suis German isolate in GenBank (Accession number: EF523602). The phylogenetic tree was constructed based on nucleotide sequence of rnpB gene of different species using MEGA 5.0 software and the results of Mycoplasma species identification were compared with those of 16S rRNA assessment. Total 42 rnpB genes of different M. suis isolates and 11 rnpB genes of different M. parvum isolates were cloned and sequenced. Homology analysis showed that the nucleotide sequence identities were 98.1%-100.0% between M. suis rnpB gene of Shanghai isolates and German isolate, 91.0%between rnpB gene of M. parvum Shanghai isolates and German isolate and 90.0%-91.0%between M.parvum and M.suis Shanghai isolates. The rnpB genes of M.suis and M.parvum distributed in different clusters of phylogenetic tree, which was consistent with 16S rRNA gene assessment.

In order to clone Cryptopain-1 gene of different Cryptosporidium species for analysis of genetic variation, a pair of specific primers were designed based on the sequence of C. parvum Cryptopain-1 gene published on GenBank. The Cryptopain-1 genes of different Cryptosporidium species were amplified from their genomes using PCR technique and then cloned into pZeroBack/blunt vectors. The cloned genes from the positive recombinant plasmids were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. Cryptopain-1 gene of C.parvum shared nucleotide identities at 98.67%, 94.53%and 98.34%with C.tyzzeri,C.meleagridis and C.cuniculus. The information obtained from the present study will be useful for research on metabolism, pathogenecity of Cryptosporieium.

为探讨以V代C的可能性及V、N对冷拉过程中渗碳体的影响规律,对传统70级帘线钢进行了V、N微合金化.测量了不同冷拉应变量试样的拉伸及扭转性能;用透射电镜及能谱仪(TEM +EDS)分析了V、N相的析出;通过振动样品磁强仪(VSM)测量饱和磁化强度,预测了渗碳体溶解变化规律.结果表明:加V导致冷拉试样抗拉强度总体上呈升高趋势,延伸率稍微降低,扭转次数降低.加N导致冷拉试样抗拉强度总体上先升高后降低,延伸率升高,扭转次数降低.V音部分溶于铁素体,部分溶于渗碳体.N含量较低时,N固溶于铁素体;N含量增加到0.0082％,开始有V析出相在铁素体中析出.随V、N的增加,冷拉过程渗碳体趋于稳定.(70级+0.086％V)可代替80级帘线钢.

为了构建微小隐孢子虫类钙调蛋白(calmodulin-like protein,CML)基因的真核表达质粒,并在Hela细胞中实现表达,以微小隐孢子虫卵囊cDNA为模板,通过PCR扩增CML基因,插入到克隆载体pMD18-T中.对经鉴定的pMD-CML重组质粒进行双酶切,将目的基因连接到经同样内切酶双酶切的真核表达载体pVAX1上.重组质粒经双酶切分析和测序鉴定后,用FuGENE HD转染试剂介导的方法,将重组表达质粒转染Hela细胞,用Western-blot技术和间接免疫荧光法检测外源基因的表达.结果显示,成功构建了微小隐孢子虫CML基因的真核表达质粒pVAX-CML,重组质粒在Hela细胞中实现了表达,表达产物具有良好的反应原性,为研究CML的特性和功能、寻找新的防控技术奠定了基础.

This study assessed the prevalence, species and subtypes of Cryptosporidium in goats from Guangdong Province, Hubei Province, Shandong Province, and Shanghai City of China. Six hundred and four fecal samples were collected from twelve goat farms, and the overall infection rate was 11.4% (69/604). Goats infected with Cryptosporidium were found in eleven farms across four provincial areas, and the infection rate ranged from 2.9% (1/35) to 25.0% (9/36). Three Cryptosporidium species were identified. Cryptosporidium xiaoi (45/69, 65.2%) was the dominant species, followed by C. parvum (14/69, 20.3%) and C. ubiquitum (10/69, 14.5%). The infection rate of Cryptosporidium spp. was varied with host age and goat kids were more susceptible to be infected than adult goats. Subtyping C. parvum and C. ubiquitum positive samples revealed C. parvum subtype IIdA19G1 and C. ubiquitum subtype XIIa were the most common subtypes. Other C. parvum subtypes were detected as well, such as IIaA14G2R1, IIaA15G1R1, IIaA15G2R1 and IIaA17G2R1. All of these subtypes have also been detected in humans, suggesting goats may be a potential source of zoonotic cryptosporidiosis. This was the first report of C. parvum subtypes IIaA14G2R1, IIaA15G1R1 and IIaA17G2R1 infecting in goats and the first molecular identification of C. parvum and its subtypes in Chinese goats.

Kidney-targeted drug delivery systems represent a promising technology to improve drug efficacy and safety in the treatment of renal diseases. In this review, we summarize the strategies that have been employed to develop kidney-targeted drug delivery systems. We also describe how macromolecular carriers and prodrugs play crucial roles in targeting drugs to particular target cells in the kidney. New technologies render it possible to create renal targeting conjugates and other delivery systems including nanoparticles and liposomes present promising strategies to achieve the goal of targeting drugs to the kidney.