Relevance. Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a valuable and demanded vegetable crop, which occupies one of the leading places in terms of sown areas and gross yields among other vegetable crops of the genus Allium L. Onion is popular in folk and evidence-based medicine, widely used for the prevention and treatment of many diseases due to its rich biochemical composition and useful properties. As part of import substitution and achieving food security of the country, scientists of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Federal Scientific Vegetable Center» (FSBSI FSVC) are working intensively to create new generation varieties and hybrids.Methodology. Various resources on the topic were selected, publications in scientific and industry journals and databases were studied, a review of works on onion selection (yield, species diversity in shape and color, maturity, shelf life, biochemical parameters, commercial and seed productivity, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses), as well as useful properties for humans and use in medicine was made.Results. The analysis of works shows that the wide distribution in the Russian Federation have such varieties of selection of FSBSI FSVC, such as Myachkovskij 300, Cherni prince, Al'ba, Atas, Ampeks and others. In recent years, created a medium-maturing hybrid onion onion F1 Drakon with brown dry scales and a maximum yield of 391.0 c/ha, as well as transferred to the State variety trial winter variety Novator with brown dry scales. Propagation of demanded varieties and hybrids for both production cultivation and for use in household farms is underway.Conclusion. In order to conveyor onion production, it is necessary to create varieties and hybrids of different maturity groups, as well as to work on improving marketability, seed productivity and resistance to various stresses.

Relevance and methods. Losses of agricultural crops are associated not only with the development of diseases during the growing season, but also during post-harvest storage. Garlic is a popular vegetable and aromatic crop in world. Significant losses in garlic yield during cultivation and storage are associated with fungal pathogens, the most harmful of which are representatives of the genus Fusarium. In the Moscow region, the defeat of garlic by Fusarium occurs annually, but with varying intensity. At the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center (FSVC), it was shown that rot and wilting of garlic plants is caused by a complex of pathogenic fungi, including mainly different species of Fusarium. At the same time, the ratio of Fusarium species in the pathogenic complex changes from year to year, new Fusarium species and their races are registered. The aim of this study was to identify fungal phytopathogens causing dry rot of garlic cloves during post-harvest storage. To carry out the work, garlic bulbs of cultivars Dubkovsky and Strelets were taken from the FSVC storage.Results. As a result of visual examination, cloves with symptoms of dry rot were identified. The diseased cloves tissues were plated on potato dextrose agar to obtain fungal colonies. Analysis of the morphological and cultural characteristics of fungal isolates, as well as the nucleotide sequences of four DNA regions (ITS spacers, genes EF1α, RPB1, and RPB2) showed that the causative agent of dry rot of garlic cloves is the pathogenic fungus Fusarium proliferatum. In addition, in the field, identification was carried out based on the analysis of the sequences of spacers ITS and the EF1αgene of phytopathogenic fungi inhabiting the root zone of garlic plants. As a result, two species of fungi of the genus Fusarium (F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae), as well as the species Rhizoctonia solani, Volutella rosea, and Ceratobasidium sp. were found in the root zone of garlic cultivars.

the article summarizes the long-term research on the selection and seed production of onion crops of the Federal Scientific Center of Vegetable Growing. The prospects of using new varieties to obtain high-quality products for different zones are shown.

In four leek (Allium porrum L.) cultivars, VTC2 homologues cDNAs encoding GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase, a key enzyme of the L-galactose pathway of ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthesis, were determined. VTC2 cDNA and encoded protein variability in the analyzed cultivars was evaluated. VTC2 expression patterns were defined in the roots, basal plate, pseudostem and leaves of each leek cultivar at three time points: during active growth (August), harvest (October), and after two months of storage (December). It was found that in the roots, VTC2 is expressed in a similar way in all studied cultivars, with the maximum level in October. After two months of storage, a decrease in VTC2 transcription level was observed in the analyzed leek tissues. The AsA content in the cultivars was determined, which positively correlated with the VTC2 expression level in green leaves (r = 0.34), while in white pseudostem, the correlation was negative (r = –0.58). In response to cold stress (+4°C), the VTC2 transcription level in green leaves changed only after 6 h of incubation. After 24 h, in green leaves, VTC2 expression levels and AsA contents were similar to the initial (0 hour) values both ​​under normal conditions and in response to cold stress.

Relevance. It is possible to significantly increase the multiplication factor of varieties of winter garlic by growing from air bulbs (bulbs). For successful culture using air bulbs, it is very important to correctly determine the most productive fraction for each variety and calibrate it for sowing.Material and methodology. In our collection, there are more than 70 samples of winter garlic collected from different regions of Russia and two CIS countries. The air bulbs were calibrated using a set of round sieves with apertures of 3, 5, 7, 10 mm.Results. On average, the samples of the collection have a high percentage of ripening of air bulbs - 75- 83%. The number of underdeveloped flowers on average for samples of different origins varies slightly – 37-48 pcs. in the inflorescence. The mass of inflorescence on average in specimens of local origin (Sverdlovsk region) is 4.2 g, of different origin (Ukraine, Uzbekistan, 5 regions of Russia) – 4.9 g, of southern origin (Dagestan) – 5.6 g. In specimens of local origin air bulbs of medium (5-7 mm) and small fraction (3-5 mm), different origin – large (7-10 mm) and medium fraction, southern origin – large, medium and small fraction. For reproduction by air bulbs, samples 9/5-1. 9/5-2 of local origin were allocated (Sverdlovsk region); 9/4 (Ukraine), 8/15, 10/5, 10/10 (Moscow), 9/3-1, 9/3-2 and grade Shadeyka (Perm); sample-5, 10/11, 10/13 (Dagestan).

The article presents information about the research directions, the results of work and achievements in the selection of onion crops in the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Scientific Vegetable Center". Brief historical information is given about the work of the outstanding scientists who headed the laboratory – V.V. Ordynsky, A.D. Plinka, I. I. Yershov, A.F. Agafonov. At present, new varieties and hybrids of onion crops of domestic selection that meet all the requirements are required for industrial production.The FSBSI FSVC is working on studying the breeding material of onion crops and identifying promising ones with a complex of economically valuable characteristics for creating fundamentally new, competitive varieties and hybrids for various zones of the Russian Federation. Selection of individual types of bows is carried out: onions – for early maturation, consistently high yield, high dry matter content (17-22%), keeping quality, resistance to peronosporosis, cervical and bacterial rot, with a different rate of reaction to the length of the day, for winter and spring crops, in sowing culture – with a cold method of storing sowing, good keeping quality; perennial onions – winter hardiness, high productivity of green mass, high content of biologically active substances and high resistance to diseases; winter garlic – winter hardiness, yield, resistance to fusarium and bacteriosis, keeping quality during storage; spring garlic – high yield of large cloves, high shelf life; shallots –ultra-fast ripeness, high productivity, keeping quality during storage. The results of the long-term work of the FSVC were 140 varieties of 16 types of onion crops of various uses. Modern varieties of onion for industrial cultivation were created and submitted to the State Variety Testing in 2020: F1 Drakon, AFBAK.

Onion crops and their beneficial properties have been known for centuries. The biological characteristics of onion crops allow using their fresh green mass and bulbs almost all year round. Onion crops overwinter well, grow in early spring and are used at a time when no other crop yet pro-duces from open ground. One of the most common onion species today is the shallot (Allium ascalonicumL.). Varie-ties are needed for the successful introduction of the shal-lot into the production process or for cultivation in the gar-den. At present, 65 shallot varieties have been entered into the State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for use. Taking into account that the crop is diverse in its mor-phological structure, response to growing conditions and the ability to realize its biological potential, the plant breed-ers do a lot of work on selecting promising material and development of varieties for specific cultivation regions. The goal of this research was to study the shallot collection nursery regarding the main economically valuable traits under the conditions of the Moscow Region, to identify promising forms and develop new varieties on their basis. The study was conducted from 2017 through 2019 in the Moscow Region at the Federal Scientific Center of Vegeta-ble Crop Productionon the experimental plot of the Labora-tory of Onion Crop Breeding and Seed Production. The research targets were 80 shallot candidate varieties of var-ious ecological and geographical origins. In our study, the response of the candidate varieties to growing conditions varied significantly. The shallot is cultivated to obtain green onion and bulbs. Of all the varieties under the study, 10 varieties significantly out-yielded the standard variety Yashma (16.6 t ha) in terms of bulbs. The maximum yield of bulbs was obtained from the Zolotaya Zvezda variety -21.3 t ha; this variety exceeded the value of the standard by 46.4%. The findings obtained by studying the shallot collection material regarding the main economically valua-ble traits made it possible to identify the promising forms that may be used in further breeding work as genetic sources for developing new varieties.

Almost all species of Allium L. come from the main center of species diversity of Allium L., which extends from the Mediterranean basin to Central Asia and beyond. Allium species are rich sources of biologically active compounds such as flavonoids, organosulfur compounds and saponins with beneficial effects on human health. Allium's genetic resources in Russia are a potential source of genes for expanding the genetic base of crops. The purpose of the work was to collect information on the diversity of food Allium L., their natural habitat, information on the biochemical composition and biological activity, traditional methods of use in food by different peoples and the prospect of introducing them into the culture. The review focuses on the most characteristic facts and important modern scientific information about representatives of the Allium L. food industry, which may even acquire pharmacological significance in the future. The review included databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, SciFinder, WoS, RSCI, etc. Other online sources were used (Research Gate, National Center for Biotechnological Information (NCBI), Springer Nature Open Access, Wiley Online Library, etc.). The list of studied Allium species is presented according to the standards adopted in the International Plant Names Index (IPNI) or The Plant List. This study presents the natural habitat of edible onions, provides information on the biochemical composition and biological activity, traditional methods of food use by different peoples and the prospect of introducing them into the culture. For future activities in the field ofgenetic resources, serious efforts must be made to conserve Allium L., as part of the genus is at risk.

Лук порей (Allium porrum L.) – ценная овощная культура, богатая органическими кислотами, минеральными солями, особенно калием и кальцием, витаминами, широко используется в диетическом питании. Лук порей имеет специфический запах, придающий аромат различным блюдам. Эфирные масла также обуславливают бактерицидное, фитонцидное и антибактериальное действие. Свежий лук порей является хорошим источником флавоноидов, полисахаридов и глюкозинолятов, а также целого ряда органических соединений серы, в частности, S-алкенил- цистеин-сульфоксидов, определяющих богатый аромат растения, мощные антиоксидантные свойства и высокую биологическую активность растения. В настоящих исследованиях приведены данные по содержанию эссенциальных элементов, которые содержатся в отбеленной части стебля лука порея. Исследования проводили на опытных полях Федерального научного центра овощеводства (Московская область, Одинцовский район). В работе исследованы межсортовые различия в аккумулировании основных макро- и микроэлементов тремя сортами лука порея, отечественной и зарубежной селекции. Установлено, что лук порей является хорошим источником не только калия и железа для человека, но также и бора. Элементы, в среднем, по сортам лука порея распределились следующим образом в порядке убывания: >Ca>Р>Мg>Na>Fe>Al>Sr>В>Zn>Si>Mn>Cu>Ni>Pb>V>Li>Sn>Cd>Co>I>As. Одинаковые условия выращивания растений лука порея указывают на то, что межсортовые различия по накоплению микроэлементов связаны с генетическими особенностями исследуемых сортов. Сорт Голиаф по сравнению с сортом Казимир накапливает достоверно больше калия, что делает первый сорт особенно значимым для восполнения потребности человека в калии.

Work on studying and creation of new grades of onions cultures was carried out in the Moscow region, the Odintsovo district, FGBNU «Federal scientific center of vegetable growing». As a result of long-term researches, and in particular, for the last five years in laboratory of selection and seed farming of onions cultures more than ten grades were created. From them one grade of garlic winter Lyudmila, one grade of the onion reddening the Charodey, one grade of shallot onion the Dachnaya sonata. Of onions the reddening Charodey was entered in the State register of selection achievements of the Russian Federation in 2018, garlic winter Lyudmila in 2019. In selection work with garlic winter and and shallot onion used a method of clonal selection. In collection nursery of garlic winter 200 exemplars of various eko-geographical origin were used. In 2016 the perspective exemplar of garlic winter at No. 78 which was registered further as a grade Lyudmila was allocated, its bulbs can be used for receiving powder and paste. The collection nursery of an shallot onion for years of researches was presented by 45 high-quality exemplars of various eko-geographical origin. Also in 2018 the perspective exemplar of an shallot onion at No. 39 was allocated and transferred to the State commission on grades the same year under the name the Dachnaya sonata. Now a shallot onion grade the Dachnaya sonata passes test in State commission on grades. It should be noted that in collection nursery of laboratory of selection and seed farming of onions cultures exemplars were allocated: garlic winter, onions many-tier, garlic onions (rockamball), Welsh onion on the main economic and valuable signs: high winter hardiness, high food qualities, resistance to diseases and wreckers, good ability of bulbs to be stored up to ten months (garlic winter, garlic onions). Now further selection work on creation of new grades and maintaining of the grades created earlier is conducted.

Цель исследований: изучение коллекционного питомника лука репчатого по основным хозяйственно ценным признакам в условиях Астраханской области. Исследования проводились в условиях вегетации 20172018 годов в Черноярском районе, на опытном участке Прикаспийского НИИ аридного земледелия, расположенном в северо-западной части Астраханской области. Почвы на участках изучаемой зоны светло-каштановые, разной степени солонцеватости, занимают доминирующее положение в почвенном покрове рассматриваемой территории. В целом, погодные условия были неблагоприятными для выращивания лука репчатого. Опыты были заложены в соответствии с общепринятыми методиками согласно агротехнике лука репчатого в условиях Астраханской области. Для проведения исследований в 20172018 годах были использованы образцы из генетической коллекции ВНИИГР имени Н.И. Вавилова, а также образцы, отобранные в предыдущие годы. Коллекционный питомник лука репчатого был представлен 50 образцами, 26 из них выделились в годы исследований. Посев семян коллекционного питомника лука репчатого проводили в один срок: 3 мая (во все годы исследований). Получены результаты по выделившимся образцам коллекционного питомника лука репчатого по фенологическим фазам. Массовые всходы были отмечены на 1222 сутки от посева. Фенологическая фаза начало формирования луковиц была отмечена на 6168 сутки от посева. К раннеспелым образцам лука репчатого в коллекционном питомнике можно отнести: Сорокозубку, Suttons improved, Red mom, Nothern. Среднеспелыми образцами за годы изучения себя показали: Red Extra, Марковский, Vertus, Selfed, Jetset, Sillani Sargo. По основным хозяйственно ценным признакам выделились 15 коллекционных образцов. По выделившимся образцам лука репчатого средняя урожайность отмечена у пяти образцов: Maravanka, Алмадон, Southport, Selfed, Местный (Грузия), средняя масса товарной луковицы составила 151,6 г. По товарной урожайности выделилось три коллекционных образца: Zillani, Suttons improved, Encore. У сортообразца Марковский было отмечено 70 товарных вызревших луковиц. Максимальная масса товарной луковицы 206,0 г была отмечена у коллекционного образца Cebola.The purpose of the present research was: to study the collection nursery of bulb onions on the main economic valuable features in the conditions of the Astrakhan region. The research was carried out in the conditions of the 20172018 vegetation in the Chernoyar district, on the experimental section of the Caspian research Institute of Arid agriculture, located in the north-western part of the Astrakhan region. Soils on the areas of the studied zone light chestnut, different degree of salt content, occupy a dominant position in the soil cover of the considered territory. On the whole, weather conditions were unfavourable for the cultivation of bulb onions. The experiments were laid down in accordance with the generally accepted methodologies according to bulb onions agricultural machinery in the Astrakhan region. For research in 20172018 samples from the genetic collection VIR named after N.I. Vavilov were used, as well as samples taken in previous years. The collection nursery of bulb onions was represented by 50 samples, 26 of them stood out during the years of research. Sowing of seeds of collector nursery of bulb onions was carried out in one term: on May 3 (in all years of research). Results were obtained for selected samples of the collection nursery of onion by phenological phases. Mass shoots were observed on 1222 days from sowing. The phenological phase the beginning of the formation of the follicles was noted in 61 to 68 days from sowing. Early-maturing examples of onions in the collection nursery include: Sorokozubka, Suttons improved, Red mom, Northern. During the years of study, red Extra, Markovsky, Vertus, Selfed, Jetset, and Sillani Sargo showed themselves to be the middle-aged samples. According to the main economically valuable features, 15 collection samples were distinguished. According to the selected samples of onion, the average yield was noted in five samples: Maravanka, Almadon, Southport, Selfed, Local (Georgia), the average weight of the commodity bulb was 151.6 g. Аccording to the commodity yield, three collection samples were distinguished: Zillani, Suttons improved, Encore. In the Markovsky variety, 70 of commercially Mature bulbs were observed. The maximum mass of a commodity bulb of 206.0 g was noted in the collection sample of Cebola.

An assessment was made, and varietal differences in the levels of accumulation of five macro - and eight microelements of ten varieties of winter garlic were established. It was found that in addition to the high content of potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus and sodium, garlic is also an active accumulator of zinc, iron and silicon, which is a good source of minerals for the human body. It is demonstrated that the Podnebesniy variety is able to accumulate relatively high concentrations of magnesium. Based on our research on 13 elements in ecosystems with normal anthropogenic and technical impact, it was established that the level of accumulation of elements in plants depends on the element and has varietal characteristics. Basically, the varieties are distinguished by the level of accumulation of 1-5 elements. There are Dubkovskiy and Strelets varieties with a low level of accumulation of ten and seven chemical elements, respectively, and the Odintsovo Yubileyniy variety with the maximum accumulation of valuable elements: potassium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, silicon, manganese, aluminum and boron. On average, the elements for winter garlic varieties were distributed as follows in descending order: K>Mg>Ca>P>Na>Fe>Si>Z n>Mn>B>Cu>Al>Ni. The identified varietal features of the Allium sativum L. species can be taken into account when selecting an assortment to improve the mineral composition of the human vegetable diet.

The yield of leaves of collection samples of shallots in the conditions of the Moscow region was studied. Based on the results of research, shallot varieties were identified that are suitable for forcing on greens.

The requirements for garlic powder enriched with selenium, dried by convective drying and homogenized, are established. Selenium-enriched vegetables have special healing properties and are of interest as a source of selenium. Garlic enriched with selenium is grown in a number of countries (including the USA, Sabinsa) and produced in the form of capsules, tablets and granules (BAA), as drugs that can protect against cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The technical conditions of dried garlic with a high content of selenium were studied and identified. Based on these indicators, a standard has been developed «Dried garlic with high content of selenium. Technical conditions». The standard was developed for the first time for the Russian Federation. Sodium selenate was applied to the soil with a total dose of 75 mg / m 2 For drying, garlic bulbs in biological ripeness, standard and non-standard, without damage by diseases and pests were used. Cloves were peeled, ground, and dried in a drying cabinet at a temperature of 70°C to constant weight. The resulting material was homogenized, the powder was stored in tightly sealed plastic bags.

The genus Allium L. (Amaryllidaceae), the most numerous among monocotyledonous plants, includes such economically important vegetable crops as onion (A. cepa), garlic (A. sativum) and leek (A. porrum). Leek has a high taste and proven valuable dietary properties and is one of the most popular vegetable crops in Western Europe. Despite a high importance of leek as a vegetable, this species is rarely the subject of molecular genetic studies. The genetic diversity of leeks has never been studied before. Therefore, in this work, we studied the nuclear variability (AFLP) and the chloroplast (nucleotide sequence analysis) genomes using a broad sample. For this work, 65 leek accessions were selected from the collection of the Scientific Center of Vegetable Crops, which included varieties of domestic and foreign breeding. As a result of an AFLP analysis and processing of the DNA spectra obtained, 760 fragments were identified, of which 716 were polymorphic for the leek accessions being analyzed. The calculated genetic distances between the leek samples varied from 0.4 to 0.76, which is comparable to the intraspecific polymorphism of related Allium species (onions, garlic). Analysis of the genomic structure with STRUCTURE 2.3.4 divided the leek samples into seven groups, which generally coincides with the clustering of these samples. To assess the variability of the chloroplast genome, nine sites of the chloroplast genome were sequenced in the leek samples, both non-coding (intergenic spacers rpl32-trnL, ndhJ-trnL, and intron rps16 gene), and protein coding genes (psaA, psaB, psbA, psbB, psbE, petB). The analysis of the sites of the leek chloroplast genome revealed an extremely low level of their polymorphism, only six SNPs were detected in the studied sequences with a total length of about 10,500 bp. Thus, as a result of this work, a high level of polymorphism of the leek nuclear genome was revealed, while the polymorphism of the chloroplast genome was extremely low.

Представлены результаты работы лаборатории селекции и семеноводства луковых культур ФГБНУ Федеральный научный центр овощеводства по культуре чеснока озимого. Выделен и создан зимостойкий, лежкий, устойчивый к болезням и вредителям сорт чеснока озимого. В 2017 году под 78 передан на испытания в Госсорткомиссию, в 2019 году внесен в Госреестр РФ как сорт Людмила. Работа по созданию сорта чеснока озимого Людмила была начата в 2014 году. Был заложен коллекционный питомник (100 образцов из различных экологогеографических зон). В 2017 году был выделен перспективный образец под 78, с высокой зимостойкостью, способностью к длительному хранению, устойчивостью к болезням и вредителям. Цель исследований: выделение из коллекционного питомника чеснока озимого наиболее урожайных, зимостойких, устойчивых к болезням и вредителям сортообразцов, адаптированных к условиям выращивания. Зубки высаживали в первой декаде октября, на грядах (трехстрочная схема) 3035 растений/м2, с нормой высадки 900 кг/га. За стандарт в исследованиях был взят районирований сорт чеснока озимого Одинцовский Юбилейный. Листья чеснока озимого сорта Людмила расположены на растении со средней плотностью, длинные, средней ширины, слабо вогнутые, со средней степенью выраженности воскового налета. Стрелка длинная, без изгиба. Луковица крупная, округлоплоская. Продолжительность вегетационного периода растений составляет 98 суток, общая урожайность за три года 21,1 т/га, товарная 20,5 т/га. Средняя масса товарной луковицы 72 г. Число зубков 57 шт., масса одного зубка 12 г. Зимостойкость 97. Вкус острый. Новый сорт чеснока озимого Людмила относится к рано отрастающим, среднеспелым формам, пригодным к механизированной уборке. Общая урожайность у нового сорта в среднем на 7 больше чем у стандартного сорта Одинцовский Юбилейный, также и товарная на 6 выше, чем у последнего.The results of the work of the laboratory of breeding and seed production of onion crops of the Federal State Scientific Institution of the Federal Scientific Centre of Vegetable Growing on winter garlic are presented. Winterhardy, wintergarlic variety, resistant to diseases and pest is selected and bred. In 2017, under No. 78, it was given for testing to the State Commission on Cultivars in 2019, it was introduced to the State Register of the Russian Federation as a Lyudmila variety. The breeding of winter garlic cultivar Lyudmila was started in 2014. A collection nursery was laid (100 samples from various ecologicalgeographical zones). In 2017, the prospective model No. 78 was allocated, with high winter hardiness, longterm storage, resistance to diseases and pests. The purpose of the research: the selection from the winter collection of garlic nursery most productive, winterhardy, resistant to diseases and pests varietal samples adapted to growing conditions. Garlic gloves were planted in the first decade of October, on the ridges (three line) 3035 plants / m2, with a planting rate of 900 kg/ha. The standard was taken zoned winter garlic variety Odintsovsky Yubileiny. Leaves of the new cultivar are located on a plant with an average density, long, medium width, slightly concave, with an average degree of expression of a wax bloom. The spear is long, without bending. Bulb large, rounded flat. The length of the growing season is 98 days, the total yield for three years is 21.1 t/ha, and the commodity yield is 20.5 t/ha. The average mass of the commodity bulb is 72 g. The number of the cloves is 57, the mass of one clove is 12 g. Winter hardiness is 97. The taste is spicy. The new cultivar of winter garlic Lyudmila refers to the early growing, midseason forms suitable for mechanized harvesting. The overall yield of the new variety is on average 7 higher than that of the standard variety Odintsovsky Yubileiny, and the product is also 6 higher than the latter.