This study developed a novel fruit wine via the co-fermentation of mulberry and grape to enhance flavour and nutritional value. Headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), combined with multivariate statistical analyses (PCA, PLS-DA, OPLS-DA), were employed to investigate volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and sensory properties of five wines: GW (grape wine, 100% Cabernet Sauvignon), GMH (grape + Heizhenzhu mulberry), GML (grape + Longsang mulberry), GMB (grape + Beijing No.1 mulberry), and GMM (grape + Mengjian mulberry). GC-MS identified 55, 49, 47, 50, and 49 VOCs in GW, GMH, GML, GMB, and GMM, respectively, while GC-IMS detected 66 signals across all samples. VOCs were predominantly esters, alcohols, and acids. Multivariate analyses effectively differentiated the wines, revealing distinct volatile profiles. Ethyl hexanoate, isoamyl acetate, and 2-phenylethyl acetate were primary contributors to fruity aromas, while phenylethyl alcohol and benzyl alcohol contributed floral notes. Ethyl hexanoate showed the strongest positive correlation with sensory scores (r = 0.93, p < 0.01). These results demonstrate that the selection of raw materials and co-fermentation significantly shape the volatile and sensory characteristics of fruit wine. The complementary use of GC-MS and GC-IMS, integrated with sensory analysis and multivariate statistics, provides a comprehensive framework for evaluating and optimizing novel fermented fruit beverages.

This study employed an integrated approach of metagenomics and metabolomics to investigate microbial community dynamics during mulberry wine fermentation under varying temperatures (17-29 °C) and pH levels (3.0-4.5). Twenty treatment combinations, spanning 27 days, captured the temporal dynamics of microbial communities and metabolic activity. Environmental stress significantly shaped community assembly, with Saccharomyces cerevisiae acting as the dominant fermentation organism and Lactobacillus spp. associated with organic acids. Core population analysis revealed specialized functions in ethanol production, acid resistance, and flavor biosynthesis. An optimal fermentation efficiency of 82 % and an ethanol content of 9.1 % vol. were achieved with the response surface method, resulting in optimal fermentation conditions of 23 ± 1 °C with a pH of 3.5 ± 0.1. Multi-omics correlation network analysis revealed coordinated associations among gene expression, enzymatic activities, and metabolite profiles, including coordinated expression patterns of flavor compound biosynthesis pathways. This research provides evidence-based optimization strategies for industrial mulberry wine production, enhancing understanding of stress-responsive microbial adaptation mechanisms.

Selecting optimal cultivars is essential for steaming, an emerging consumption method. This study evaluated 52 cultivars to examine the effects of steaming on physicochemical and sensory properties. Multivariate analysis identified WD, X13YZ, and JXMZ as the most suitable for industrial processing. Steaming significantly altered color parameters and texture, with hardness decreasing by 91.86 %. Heat-sensitive nutrients declined markedly, including vitamin C (-29.18%), flavonoids (-30.04 %), and total phenols (-35.86 %). Sugar composition shifted, with substantial increases in fructose (+47.95 %) and glucose (+70.96 %), while sucrose changes were cultivar-specific (e.g., +244.37 % in NJDMZ). Antioxidant activity decreased overall, though cultivars such as FMG and MLC retained over 75 % hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity. Hierarchical clustering grouped cultivars into four classes, enabling targeted applications. These findings provide a basis for cultivar selection to balance nutritional value and sensory quality in steamed products.

In this study, three kinds of wines separately made from mulberry (MW), grape (GW), or mulberry/grape (MGW) were developed and their enological parameters, sensory scores, volatile components, and microbiota were investigated and compared. Contrary to the order of residual sugar and acidity of the three kinds of wines, the order of alcohol content from high to low is GW, MW, and MGW. A total of 60 volatile components (VCs), including esters (17), alcohols (12), acids (6), aldehydes (7), ketones (3), alkenes (3), amines (3), alkanes (4), pyrazines (2), benzene (1), sulfide (1), and thiazole (1), were identified by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometer (GC-IMS). The fingerprint of VCs and principal component analysis revealed that the volatile profiles of MGW and GW were more similar in comparison to that of MW and were significantly correlated with the mass ratio of mulberry to grape. Lactobacillus, Weissella, Pantoea, Leuconostoc, Lactococcus, Paenibacillus, Pediococcus, and Saccharomyces were identified as the main microflora at the genus level shared by the MW, MGW, and GW, suggesting that the heterolactic bacteria may contribute more to the high content of volatile acids in MW and MGW. The heatmap of core microbiota and main VCs of MW, MGW, and GW suggested the complicated and significant correlation between them. The above data implied that the volatile profiles were more closely related to the raw materials of winemaking and markedly affected by the fermentation microorganisms. This study provides references for evaluation and characterization of MGW and MW and improvement of MGW and MW winemaking process. KEY POINTS: • Fruit wine enological parameters, volatile profile, and microbiota were compared. • Sixty volatile compounds were identified by GC-IMS in three types of fruit wines. • Winemaking materials and microbiota affect volatile profiles of the fruit wines.

In order to comprehensively analyze the antioxidant substances in sour jujube, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoids contents (TFC) in different organs, including stem, leaf, flower, fruit pulp, and seed were analyzed for their contents and antioxidant activities. The results showed that leaves possessed significantly higher TPC and TFC (20.4 and 20.5 mg/g, respectively) than the other organs and have the highest antioxidant activity, which were also higher than the wild blueberry (A well-known for its high TPC). Subsequently, the variations in the antioxidant content and antioxidant activity of leaves were analyzed during leaf development. TPC in leaves sampled in may and august were significantly higher than that in other months, while the highest one was found in may. The n -hexane, ethyl acetate, n -butanol, and water fractions obtained from the main methanol extract of sour jujube leaves were evaluated for TPC and TFC and their antioxidant activity and it was found that ethyl acetate fraction displayed the highest TPC and TFC (184.5 and 193.3 mg/g, respectively), as well as the best antioxidant activity. In addition, using LC-MS and HPLC, ethyl acetate fraction was analyzed from qualitative and quantitative aspects; 31-one phenolic compounds, including catechin (33.0 mg/g), epigallocatechin (15.3 mg/g), quercetin 3- O -glucoside (11.4 mg/g), naringenin (6.7 mg/g), esculetin (4.8 mg/g), and chlorogenic acid (4.6 mg/g) were identified. Catechin, esculetin, epigallocatechin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin 3- O -glucoside, and naringenin exhibited high antioxidant activity. These results provide a theoretical basis for further study and utilization of flavonoid and polyphenols in sour jujube.

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of oak chips on the quality of persimmon brandy. The brandy was prepared from Mopan persimmons through fermentation and distillation, and aged for 30-210 days with 0, 5, 10, and 15 g/L of oak chips. The brandy was analyzed for total phenols, oxidation resistance, color, volatile compounds, and non-volatile compounds. Results showed that the addition of oak chips increased the total phenolic content and DPPH scavenging capacity of the brandy. The brandy achieved a better golden yellow color when aged with 10 and 15 g/L of oak chips. HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis revealed 14, 22, 26, and 21 compounds in the four brandy samples with different amounts of oak chips. The brandy aged with 10 g/L of oak chips had the highest total content of volatile compounds. LC-MS-based metabolomics identified a total of 618 non-volatile metabolites, with 20 having the highest relative expression when aged with 10 g/L of oak chips. These findings suggest that persimmon brandy achieves better quality and flavor when aged with 10 g/L of oak chips for 210 days.

Due to the high sugar content of Mopan persimmon, which has an annual output of more than 0.5 million tons in China, it can be processed to make fruit wine. In this study, a strain of yeast screened from different persimmon samples was used for persimmon wine fermentation. The optimal conditions of persimmon wine fermentation were determined through single-factor experiments as follows: Yeast addition of 0.08 g/kg; a fermentation temperature of 28 °C; sucrose addition of 18%; and pectinase addition of 0.01%. Under these conditions, the alcohol content of persimmon wine reached 12.9%. The addition of pectinase during persimmon wine fermentation was found to decompose pectin at high speed, reduce the viscosity of the fermentation liquid, increase the dissolved oxygen content in the fermentation liquid, promote the growth and reproduction of yeast, and effectively convert the sugars into alcohol. After fermentation, alcohol, residual sugars, and total phenolic content with or without pectinase treatment were 12.9 and 4.4%, 2.2 and 13.4 g/L, and 738.7 and 302 µg/mL, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that compared with the mash without pectinase treatment, the mash with pectinase had a larger network structure and more pores and yeasts.

课程思政是高等学校落实立德树人根本任务的重要举措.通识教育课程面向全校学生开设,修课人数多、涉及专业范围广,在通识课"营养与健康"教学过程中开展课程思政对学生的成长成才非常重要.通过提升教师课程思政教育能力、确立课程思政教学目标、挖掘课程思政教育元素并融入教学、创新教学方法,实现知识传授、能力培养、价值塑造三者紧密融合,培养学生的家国情怀、爱国主义精神、文化自信,强化学生的"强农兴农"使命担当和社会责任感,培养科学精神、工匠精神和法治意识,达到良好的课程育人成效.

探讨在小麦粉中添加不同比例柿粉(0％、5％、10％、15％)并醒发后面团的粉质拉伸特性以及加工成馒头后质构及总酚含量的变化,并对柿粉馒头的风味物质组成,抗氧化效果、膳食纤维、矿质元素含量等方面进行分析.结果表明:随着柿粉添加比例的增大,面团吸水率逐渐降低,醒发后面团拉伸能量、最大拉伸阻力呈下降趋势;馒头硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性降低,内聚性、弹性无较为明显变化;添加柿粉后的馒头风味物质如醇类和酯类物质含量明显增加.柿粉添加量为0％、5％、10％、15％时馒头的总酚含量分别为34.73±0.65、27.93±0.34、12.59±0.27、6.88±0.18 mg/L;柿粉、10％柿粉+小麦粉、10％柿粉馒头、0％柿粉馒头的DPPH自由基清除率分别为(42.69±1.03)％、(31.14±0.87)％、(23.20±0.62)％、(5.70±0.13)％,ABTS自由基清除率分别为(21.38±0.87)％、(18.74±0.54)％、(16.07±0.33)％、(9.27±0.25)％;10％柿粉馒头的膳食纤维含量和Ca、Fe、Zn三种矿质元素的含量均显著高于普通馒头.综合分析,柿粉添加量10％有利于维持馒头的加工及食用品质,并具有较好的营养价值.

Storage temperature plays a very important role in the flavor development of fermented beverages. In this study, fermented persimmon beverage was stored for one year to study the changes in flavor-related compounds during storage at different temperatures. Fresh persimmon beverage and fermented beverages stored at 10, 20, and 30 ??& nbsp;had different tastes, distinguished by electronic tongue (ET). The fermented beverage was sweet when stored at 10 ?& nbsp;and salty when stored at 20 ?& nbsp;or above. A total of 658 nonvolatile metabolites were identified, among which quercetin and epicatechin were detected by a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based metabolomics approach from four fermented beverage samples. The volatile compounds in the beverages were determined by headspace solid phase microextraction, combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) and gas phase-ion migration spectroscopy (GC-IMS), respectively showing totals of 47 and 69 compounds in the four beverage samples. As detected by both methods, ethyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, ethanol, and acetic acid were all found in beverages stored at different temperatures and the results showed that a higher storage temperature resulted an increase in the number of volatile compounds in the beverage. However, fermented persimmon beverage stored at low temperatures had a better taste and flavor characteristics.

研究红枣粉对面团特性及馒头品质的影响,确定适宜的红枣粉小麦粉配比.探讨了添加不同比例红枣粉(0、5％、10％、15％)对混合粉理化性质、色差、面团的微观结构和粉质拉伸特性,以及对馒头比容、色差、质构和感官品质等的影响.结果表明:随着红枣粉添加量的增加,混合粉中的水分、蛋白质和脂肪含量逐渐降低,灰分和还原糖的含量逐渐升高;混合粉及馒头的颜色逐渐变红变暗;面团吸水率逐渐降低,形成时间与稳定时间呈先上升后下降,弱化度呈先下降后上升的趋势;添加不同比例红枣粉面团随着醒发时间(45、90、135 min)的延长,面团拉伸能量、最大拉伸阻力和拉伸比等指标总体呈上升趋势;面团微观结构显示随红枣粉添加量的增加,面筋蛋白结构逐渐遭到破坏;红枣粉添加量在5％～10％范围内,馒头比容与对照组馒头相比显著增大(P＜0.05);馒头的弹性、回复性随红枣粉的添加逐渐降低;感官评定显示红枣粉添加量在5％～10％范围内,总体得分均比对照组馒头要高,且易被人们接受.综合分析红枣粉对面团特性、馒头质构及感官评价等的影响结果,确定红枣粉添加量不宜超过10％.

In this study, jujube polysaccharides (JP) were extracted from Jinsixiaozao, and carboxymethylated jujube polysaccharides (CMJP) were prepared. The optimum carboxymethylation conditions optimized by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were as follows: the reaction temperature was 60°C, the concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution was 2.8 mol/L, and the content of chloroacetic acid was 2.12% with a degree of substitution (DS) of 0.2275 ± 0.0108. Physicochemical characterizations and in vitro antioxidant and prebiotic activities of JP and CMJP were evaluated. Compared with unmodified JP, water solubility and viscosity were improved in CMJP. Chemical analysis revealed that CMJP was composed of Rha: Ara: Xyl: Glc: Gal = 0.18 : 9.09 : 0.45 : 0.36 : 0.98 with a molecular weight of 3.04 × 105 Da. The signals of carboxymethyl were observed at 1600, 1420, and 1328 cm−1 in FT-IR. In addition, CMJP showed obviously strong hydroxyl radical scavenging ability compared with JP and also exhibited stronger abilities than JP on the proliferation growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains. These results indicated that CMJP could be explored as a promising resource for the development of functional foods.

In this study, jujube polysaccharide (JP) was extracted from Ziziphus jujuba cv. Jinsixiaozao and sulfated JP (SJP) was prepared. The optimum preparation conditions were as follows: reaction temperature 75°C, reaction time 1 h, ratio of chlorosulfonic acid-to-pyridine ( VCSA/ VPyr) 1. The degree of substitution of SJP was 0.664 ± 0.014. JP and SJP were typical heteropolysaccharides, which were composed of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose, and galactose, but the molar ratio of monosaccharides was different. Fourier transform infrared spectra showed that JP was sulfated successfully. Compared with JP, the molecular weight of SJP increased to 3.17 × 105 Da, its water solubility increased significantly, and its viscosity decreased significantly. When the microstructure of SJP was examined, it was found that the surface of the polysaccharides became loose and porous after sulfation. SJP had a higher hydroxyl radical scavenging activity than the unsulfated polysaccharide. Moreover, sulfation enhanced the antibacterial activity of the polysaccharides against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Therefore, sulfation is an effective way to improve the biological activity of the polysaccharide, and SJP can be used as a potential antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in the field of food and medicine.

As a traditional Chinese medicine and food, jujube is rich in minerals, dietary fiber, polysaccharides, vitamins and other healthy nutrients, which are the supplemental nutrition to wheat flour. This paper studied the bread quality with jujube powder and determined the appropriate ratio of jujube powder to wheat flour. The related characteristics of bread with jujube powder were analyzed by Electronic nose (E-nose), solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS), scanning electron microscope, texture analyzer, and Sensory Texture Evaluation Methodology, respectively. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the finished bread were evaluated. The results showed that with the increase of the addition of jujube powder, the specific volume, moisture content and elasticity of bread decreased gradually, while the softness and chewiness were increased progressively. The total phenol content and antioxidant activity of bread increased gradually with the adding of jujube powder content. The bread quality was the best when the addition of 4g of jujube powder/100g of wheat flour. While new volatile substances of jujube bread included hexane, 2, 3-dihydro-3, 5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-phyran-4-one, n-Hexadecane, and l- Caryophyllene, as well as alcohol. Microstructural analysis showed that the structure of stomata changed significantly with the adding of jujube powder. The size of stomata and density of bread are not significantly different from those of ordinary bread with less than 4% jujube powder.

以人工种植黑皮鸡枞菌为原料,分别对其和平菇、海鲜菇、白玉菇、香菇和金针菇的营养成分、色泽、抗氧化活性、质构特性进行分析和评价.结果表明:在设定25、50、75、100℃四个预煮温度下,黑皮鸡枞菌的相关物理特性与其它五种食用菌相比,硬度、弹性及咀嚼性更好.分析发现黑皮鸡枞菌子实体包含17 种氨基酸,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的33.98％,菌盖中的总氨基酸含量是菌柄的1.27倍.黑皮鸡枞菌中甜味氨基酸(甘氨酸和丙氨酸)和鲜味氨基酸(天冬氨酸和谷氨酸)含量相对较高,其中鲜味氨基酸总量为12045.97 mg/100 g,占氨基酸总含量百分比为76.73％,是海鲜菇的1.01 倍,阐明了黑皮鸡枞菌食用时口味鲜美的原因.黑皮鸡枞菌乙醇提取物中总酚含量4.86 mg/g(鲜重);在选定的6种食用菌中,黑皮鸡枞菌的抗氧化能力最高,其DPPH·、ABTS+·和·OH清除能力的IC50值分别为0.656、0.234、0.654 mL/mL.综合而言,人工黑皮鸡枞菌作为一种食用菌,具有良好的食用口感和较高的营养价值.

The purpose of this experiment was to study the differences of volatile flavor substances and fatty acid composition in different parts of Small-Tailed Han Lambs, and to preliminarily evaluate the nutritional value of fatty acids in four parts. The contents of fat, protein, volatile flavor substances and fatty acid in hind leg, tenderloin, upper brain and lamb chop of 4-month-old Small-Tailed Han Lambs were analyzed. The results showed that the main flavor compounds of Small-Tailed Han Lambs were octanal, nonanal, octanol, 1-octene-3-ol, caprylic acid and decanoic acid. The types and relative contents of aldehydes, alcohols and esters in the tenderloin were high, which played an important role in the formation of mutton flavor. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids in upper brain was significantly higher than that in other parts, the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids was more than 0.4, and the contents of monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were both high. Therefore, the composition of fatty acids in the upper brain is more consistent with the nutritional value of fatty acids.

In this study, aqueous methanol is a way to extract free tannins from Mopan which is the main variety of persimmons in the north of China. A considerable number of persimmon tannins bound to cell walls may remain insoluble in the residues after methanol extraction. The extraction conditions of bound tannins in residues were optimised and the quantity of bound tannins was up to 221.8 mg/g under the circumstances (pH 1, 120 °C for 30 min). Gallic acid, gallocatechin, and catechin were the main constituents of hydrolysates. The changes in free and bound tannins were investigated during fruit maturation. Free tannin content reached the highest at the end of August to mid-September in northern China and then constantly decreased. The bound tannin content was relatively stable from June to August and significantly increased after September. It then became the main ingredient at the end of October. As a result, the composition of the free and bound tannins in Mopan persimmon was determined qualitatively and quantitatively, and the change in the tannin content during maturation of Mopan persimmon was analysed.

In this study, jujube polysaccharide (JP) was extracted from Ziziphus jujuba cv. Jinsixiaozao and sulfated JP (SJP) was prepared. The optimum preparation conditions were as follows: reaction temperature 75°C, reaction time 1 h, ratio of chlorosulfonic acid-to-pyridine ( V CSA / V Pyr ) 1. The degree of substitution of SJP was 0.664 ± 0.014. JP and SJP were typical heteropolysaccharides, which were composed of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose, and galactose, but the molar ratio of monosaccharides was different. Fourier transform infrared spectra showed that JP was sulfated successfully. Compared with JP, the molecular weight of SJP increased to 3.17 × 10 5 Da, its water solubility increased significantly, and its viscosity decreased significantly. When the microstructure of SJP was examined, it was found that the surface of the polysaccharides became loose and porous after sulfation. SJP had a higher hydroxyl radical scavenging activity than the unsulfated polysaccharide. Moreover, sulfation enhanced the antibacterial activity of the polysaccharides against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Therefore, sulfation is an effective way to improve the biological activity of the polysaccharide, and SJP can be used as a potential antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in the field of food and medicine. Keywords cv. Jinsixiaozao , sulfated modification , characterization , polysaccharides , response surface analysis , antioxidant activity , antibacterial activity

Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), or Chinese date, is the most important species of Rhamnaceae, a large cosmopolitan family, and is one of the oldest cultivated fruit trees in the world. It originates from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, the 'mother river' of the Chinese people. It is distributed in at least 48 countries on all continents except Antarctica and is becoming increasingly important, especially in arid and semiarid marginal lands. Based on a systematic analysis of the unique characteristics of jujube, we suggest that it deserves to be recognized as a superfruit. We summarized historical research achievements from the past 3000 years and reviewed recent research advances since 1949 in seven fields, including genome sequencing and application, germplasm resources and systematic taxonomy, breeding and genetics, cultivation theory and techniques, pest control, postharvest physiology and techniques, and nutrition and processing. Based on the challenges facing the jujube industry, we discuss eight research aspects to be focused on in the future.