[目的]对比分析扁穗雀麦(Bromus catharticus)不同种质资源萌发期和苗期抗旱性差异,为贵州扁穗雀麦抗旱种质的筛选和品种选育奠定理论基础.[方法]采用PEG-6000溶液不同浓度(0、5％、10％、20％)模拟干旱处理,研究41份扁穗雀麦在不同干旱胁迫下种子的发芽率、发芽指数和幼苗的成活率、株高、水分率及干物质量等指标,在此基础上综合评价不同种质萌发期和苗期的抗旱性.[结果]随着处理浓度增加,大部分材料幼苗的成活率均为100％,与蒸馏水(对照)处理没有变化,发芽率、株高和水分率呈下降趋势,但其中部分材料的株高和水分率呈先升高后降低趋势;随着发芽天数的增加发芽率呈增加趋势,处理13d时4个浓度的种子发芽率达80％以上的分别有36份、25份、17份和1份;No.10、No.12、No.16和No.23在20％ PEG-6000溶液处理下13d时的发芽率达43.33％～81.67％;随着处理浓度的增加,有17份材料的株高呈下降趋势,23份材料株高在10％ PEG-6000溶液胁迫下达最大,全部处理中No.39在10％PEG-6000溶液胁迫下的株高最高,No.19在20％ PEG-6000溶液胁迫下株高最矮;33份材料的水分率呈下降趋势,其中,28份显著降低,8份材料的水分率在10％ PEG-6000溶液胁迫下达最大;20％ PEG-6000溶液处理后,13d发芽率、株高的抗旱系数和抗旱指数越大材料抗旱性越强,而敏感指数则相反,地上干物质量的抗旱系数、抗旱指数、敏感指数则趋势相同,扁穗雀麦的13 d发芽率、株高、地上干物质量的抗旱系数、抗旱指数、敏感指数在20％ PEG-6000溶液处理下变异较大;41份材料被聚类谱系图分成4个等级,其中,第Ⅰ类为高度抗旱型,共16份,占总数的39.02％,第Ⅱ类为抗旱型,共10份,占总数的24.39％,第Ⅲ类为敏感型,共6份,占总数的14.63％,第Ⅳ类为高度敏感型,共9份,占总数的21.95％.[结论]41份材料的隶属函数值排序1～6的是No.10、No.16、No.12、No.33、No.24和No.2,排序36～41的材料分别是No.22、No.38、No.27、No.36、No.7和No.37,No.10的萌发期、苗期综合抗旱性最强,No.37的最弱.

试验在贵阳、独山、威宁、兴仁4个不同区域对威宁地八角与野生地八角的物候期、生长情况、产量性状进行为期2年的综合评比观测.结果:威宁地八角在4个试验点的年均鲜草产量和种子产量分别为3197、23.20 kg/667 m2,分别比野生地八角增产12.49％、24.46％,差异显著(P<0.05),且具有较好的生产性能和适应性,可在贵州省内类似地区作为改良草地的适宜牧草新品种推广利用.

贵州草地主要是天然草山草坡,草地植被类型为暖性灌草丛和山地草甸,草地植被以禾本科植物为主,豆科植物比重小.据全省1252个样方资料统计,禾本科占样方牧草重量的78.5%,豆科牧草重量只占0.93%.在1252个样方中,只有295个样方出现豆科牧草,豆科牧草出现频率为23.56%.贵州天然草地的牧草产量低、质量差,饲养肉牛增重慢,育肥期长,改良天然草地是发展贵州肉牛产业所面临的首要任务.贵州从1980年开展草地改良以来,紫花苜蓿、红三叶、白三叶是补播改良天然草地的主要豆科牧草品种,这些草种在贵州结实率低或不结实,不能持续更新草地.威宁地八角种子产量高,抗逆性强,可以持续为天然草地更新提供大量的种子库.因此,本文采用直播(不处理地面)、翻耕、带垦、蹄耕(牛)、烧荒等方式,补播威宁地八角或撒播威宁地八角与多年生黑麦草和鸭茅组合草种.以期为威宁地八角改良天然草地提供技术支撑.

In order to provide references for popularization and application of Triticale in Guizhou,three Triticale varieties,Jisi 311,Zhongxin 830 and Qiansi 1,were employed to make silage and green hay at three different growth stages,earing stage,filling stage and milk stage,respectively.The nutritional components were evaluated 90 d after silage and green hay were made.Results:The nutrient loss of making silage was less than that of making green hay for Triticale,with 1.6％,0.53％ and 1.48％higher in crude protein,ether extract and crude ash respectively.Growth stage and variety made great effects on the contents of nutrition components and the silage quality.Contents of nutrition components was significantly higher for silage made at earing stage if taking no account of the variety factor,while the silage quality was much better for silage made at milk stage.The content of nutrition components and the silage quality was equally good in competition between Jisi 311 and Qiansi 1,irrespective of the effects of growth stage.To sum up,milk stage was more suitable for making silage in Triticale,high in crude protein (11.07％) and ether extract content (4.81％) but low in crude fiber (22.69％),and was easy to get a better silage quality.

为了探索不同青贮方式对玉米青贮料营养品质的影响,试验采用裹包、青贮袋、桶装、青贮窖四种方式进行青贮.结果表明,密封与压缩程度较好的裹包青贮、青贮袋青贮、桶装青贮,其青贮料的感官品质与营养品质较好;压实程度低的小型青贮窖与自制塑料袋,其感官品质与营养品质一般.

为了选育高产、优质且适宜性较好的扁穗雀麦新品系,对贵州不同生态区域的9份种质材料的物候期、株高、草产量与品质、种子产量进行了比较研究.结果表明:扁穗雀麦不同种质材料在贵州独山都能完成其生育期,不同种质材料间株高、草产量和种子产量等生长性能与粗蛋白、粗纤维等品质存在显著差异,其中,采集于独山县6号和普定县19号扁穗雀麦种质材料的鲜干草产量和种子产量较高且草品质好,适宜作为扁穗雀麦新品种培育和应用的种质材料.

采用盆栽法对20份扁穗雀麦种质材料苗期进行干旱处理,通过隶属函数与变异系数赋予权重法对其抗旱性进行综合评价.结果表明:抗旱性最强的是采集于福泉市20号,抗旱性最弱的是采集于大方县黄泥塘7号.

为了探索地方玉米适宜的青贮收获期,以贵州地方玉米种质:息烽白包谷、普安白包谷、瓮安黄包谷为材料,研究不同收获期青贮前后的养分变化规律.结果表明:随着收获期延后,干物质逐渐增加,粗蛋白、粗纤维青贮前后都呈下降趋势;粗脂肪青贮前呈上升趋势,青贮后有升有降;粗灰分青贮前呈下降趋势,青贮后有升有降,变化幅度较小;青贮显著增加了粗脂肪含量,降低了粗纤维含量,有效保存了粗蛋白含量.息烽白包谷与瓮安黄包谷的适宜收获期为种植后的122～128天,普安白包谷为128～131天.

为扁穗雀麦种子生产与新品种培育提供理论依据,在土壤肥力不同的2块地(以第二次全国土壤普查养分含量分级标准,分为高肥区和低肥区),研究肥力对9份扁穗雀麦种质材料生殖枝高(x1)、单株平均穗长(x2)、小穗数(x3)、小穗小花数(x4)、种子数(x5)、每穗节数(x6)、小穗长(x7)、小穗宽(x8)、分蘖数(x9)、生殖枝数(x10)、百粒重(x11)和单株种子产量(y)的影响.结果表明:扁穗雀麦种质间的种子产量存在显著差异(P＜0.05),在高肥区,最高为9号(来源于福泉市),单株种子产量达8.39 g;在低肥区,最高为4号(来源于平坝县天龙镇),产量达5.98g.土壤肥力是影响扁穗雀麦种子产量的主要因素,肥力低降低种子产量及其构成因素的发挥.在高肥区,分蘖数、生殖枝高和小穗宽是影响扁穗雀麦产量的主要因素;在低肥区,主要影响因素是百粒重、种子数、生殖枝数与小穗小花数.其高肥区(y1)与低肥区(y2)的回归方程分别为y1 =-4.436+0.078x1-4.089x8+0.597x9,y2=-2.658-0.538x4 +0.014x5-0.443x10 +4.790x11.在肥力较好地块进行扁穗雀麦种子生产时,其增产的技术关键是增加植株分蘖数与生殖枝高;在肥力较差或土壤贫瘠的地块,要增加种子的饱满度和成熟种子数,同时应保障生殖枝完成生育期和增加小穗小花的结实率.

为研究光叶紫花苕和南苜蓿青贮效果,开展了不同青贮方式试验,通过青贮料的感官评定和品质测定,结果表明:混合青贮的效果比单独青贮好,并且提出了光叶紫花苕和南苜蓿的具体青贮方法.

对甜高粱、苏丹草、青贮玉米等15个饲草品种进行夏季品比试验,通过株高、茎粗、产量、营养品质指标的综合评定,筛选出适宜普安县夏季种植的饲草品种有大力士甜高粱、息烽白玉米、普安白玉米、玉草3号.

2012--2014年进行了黔金养麦1号种子丰产栽培试验,以期为黔金荞麦l号种子规模化生产提供理论及技术支撑.采用4因素3水平的正交设计设计方法,把影响种子生产较大的氮肥、磷肥、钾肥、密度作为试验因素,确定其施肥水平,利用DPS对试验数据进行统计分析.结果表明,在氮肥60 kg/hm2、磷肥90 kg/hm2、钾肥110 kg/hm2,栽培密度控制株距×行距为60 cm×70 cm时,黔金荞麦l号粒多、籽粒饱满、种子产量为598.42 kg/hm2.

为探明毛苕子、箭舌豌豆、光叶紫花苕、紫云英和南苜蓿5种一年生豆科牧草苗期的抗旱性,在干旱胁迫下测定了叶片相对水含量、电导率、脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖含量,以筛选出适应秋冬季节性干旱以及适宜与玉米、水稻轮作的一年生豆科牧草.结果表明:在干旱胁迫下叶片相对水含量毛苕子下降最慢,南苜蓿下降最快;电导率均升高,毛苕子的电导率变化幅度最小,南苜蓿的变化幅度最大;毛苕子的脯氨酸积累最多,其他4个材料基本相当;紫云英的可溶性糖积累最多,毛苕子次之,箭舌豌豆第三,光叶紫花苕和南苜蓿积累少.5种一年生豆科牧草苗期的抗旱性表现为毛苕子＞箭舌豌豆＞光叶紫花苕＞紫云英＞南苜蓿.

2012～2013年对黔育1号菊苣等菊苣品种在道真、独山、毕节等地作区域性试验,测定其产草量、再生性,方差分析结果表明,各试点不同品种间差异达极显著水平,以黔育1号菊苣为最好,将军菊苣次之.相同品种不同试点间的差异也达极显著水平,均以道真试点为最好,独山试点居中,试点毕节较差.参试品种在各试点适应性较强,可作为在贵州不同生境条件下推广的优良饲草品种.

The growth performance and immunity of Xingyi bantam fed with daily ration plus 5%A.bhotanensis powder were studied by measuring body weight,shinbone length,immune organ indexes and antibody titer of chicken against Newcastle disease to provide the theoretical basis for application of A.bhotanensis in cultivation of Xingyi bantam.The results showed that A.bhotanensis powder has the significant positive effects on body weight of Xingyi bantam with 8~20weeks age and growth of shinbone length of Xingyi bantam with 4~20weeks age,improves immune response,enhances immune efficacy of Newcastle disease vaccine and promotes growth of thymus,bursa fabricius and spleen.A.bhotanensis with the similar function to Astragalus membranaceus in cultivation of Xingyi bantam should be used as a Chinese herbal medicine feed additive for popularization and application.

The dynamical studies on the biomass,plant height and interspecific competition of Weining A.bhotanensis and Nipton perennial ryegrass in monoculture and mixture were conducted to provide a reference for generalization and application of Weining A.bhotanensis in manpower mixed sowing grassland.The results showed that the optimal mixture combination was 75 % perennial ryegrass + 25 % A.bhotanensis.The perennial ryegrass supported A.bhotanensis,made it stand and easy to cut.The nitrogen fixation of A.bhotanensis promoted growth of perennial ryegrass.They have favorable symbiotic relationship and similar competitiveness.

The major nutrient content,in vitro gas production,in vitro dry matter digestibility and metabolizable energy of nine kinds of shrubs in Guizhou province were tested using conventional chemical analysis and in vitro gas production technique(GP).The correlation of nutrients,tannin content,crude ash,in vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDMD) and metabolizable energy(ME) also was analyzed,the feeding value of nine kinds of shrubs was evaluated using vague index evaluation.The results showed that the mean protein content was 19.84%,the crude fiber content was 11.41% ～ 29.02%,and the total soluble sugar was above 4.6%.The crude protein was significant negative correlation to the crude ash,crude fiber and tannin content,and positive correlation to the fat content,and significant positive correlation to the IVDMD and ME.Nine kinds of shrubs had high crude protein content,crude fat content.IVDMD and ME,moderate crude fiber content,and low tannin content.These shrubs had a high potential feeding value for goats and other ruminants,and had a great promotional value.

The photosynthetic properties of three chicory(Cichorium intybus) lines were investigated under water stress through pot experiment.The lines which included space-mutagenesis-bred lines(PA-82 and PA-43),and their initial strain(Puna chicory) were studied using Li-6400 portable photosynthesis system.The results showed that,diurnal net photosynthetic rate(Pn),transpiration rate(Tr),and stomatal conductance(Cond) presented as double-peak curves.There was an obvious mid-day Pn depression,which was caused by nonstomatal factors.The highest Pn,Tr and Cond values were observed in PA-82,and the lowest corresponding values were observed in PA-43(P0.05).Intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci) of three lines showed an opposite course to that of Pn,which reached its valley at 10:00-12:00.PA-82 had the highest water use efficiency(WUE),followed by Puna chicory,then PA-43.Both of them indicated a good adaptation to changes of light intensity.Pn,Tr,Cond,maximal photochemical efficiency of PS II in dark adaptation(Fv/Fm),potential photochemical efficiency(Fv/F0),and coefficient of photochemical quenching(qP) decreased with the aggravation of water deficit.Among the three lines,the parameters of PA-43 dropped to a greater extent at the highest speed,followed by Puna chicory,then PA-82.With the aggravation of water deficit,Ci and co-efficient of nonphotochemical quenching(qN) increased to a greater extent at the highest speed in PA-43.The results suggest that PA-82 and Puna chicory have higher resistance against severe water deficit in comparison with PA-43.

By using PKO culture media,inorganic phosphate dissolving bacteria was isolated from rhizosphere of Astragalus bhotanensis.Some strains with higher capacity of dissolving phosphate were identified by means of phosphorus hole,Further study on phosphorus dissolving capability of the strains with the molybdenum blue spectrophotometer indicated that there were little differences in phosphate-dissolving microorganisms capability,phosphate dissolving capacity was 123.37~135.23μg/mL.There were no obvious relationship between the phosphate dissolving capacity and pH,organic acid.Most of the strains had the ability to produce IAA.Seven stains were selected for morphological characteristics study,and most bacterial colony was pale yellow or milk-white,irregular,opaque,flat,non-pigment,In addition to a bacteria showing neutral,the others produced alkaline;all strains grew well in carbon source medium of mannitol,sucrose,1/2 mannitol +1/2 sucrose,glucose,xylose,maltose replaced peptone,strain DBR2 was identified as Enterobacter by 16S rDNA sequence analysis.

The photosynthetic properties and photosynthetic responses to drought stress in the pot experiment of three chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) strains with different drought resistance, space-mutagenesis-bred strains PA-82 and PA-43 and their initial strain PA-57 were studied using Li-6400 portable photosynthesis system. The results showed that diurnal time courses of net Photosynthetic rate (Pn), Transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal Conductance (Cond) presented as double-peak curves. There was an obvious midday Pn depression, which was caused by nonstomatal factors. Highest Pn, Tr and Cond values were observed in PA-82 and lowest corresponding values in. PA-43 (p<0.05). Intercellular CO2 Concentration (Ci) of three strains showed an opposite course to that of Pn which reached its valley at 10:00-1 2:00. PA-82 had the highest Water Use Efficiency (WUE), followed by PA-57, then PA-43. Light Saturation Points (LSP) of three strains were between 1207-1264 mu mol/m(2)/sec and Light Compensation Points (LCP) were between 14.55-14.85 mu mol/m(2)/sec, both indicating good adaptation to changes of light intensity. Pn, Tr, Cond, maximal photochemical efficiency of PS II in dark adaptation (Fv/Fm), potential photochemical efficiency (Fv/F0) and coefficient of Photochemical quenching (qP) decreased with the aggravation of water deficit. Among the three strains, the parameters of PA-43 dropped to a greater extent at a highest speed, followed by PA-57 then PA-82. With the aggravation of water deficit, Ci and co-efficient of nonphotochemical quenching (qN) increased to a greater extent at a highest speed in. PA-43. The results suggest that PA-82 and PA-57 have higher resistance against severe water deficit in comparison with PA-43.