Glasgow Climate Conference concluded the negotiation on implementing rules for Paris Agreement and adopted the Glasgow Climate Pact. Based on practices under the UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement enhanced global climate change governance. Paris Agreement established a system centered around 'nationally determined contributions' (NDCs) of Parties, with a transparency framework to ensure information flow running the system, meanwhile facilitating implementation by Parties through the mechanism on facilitation and compliance, as well as urging Parties to enhance ambition both at individual level and aggregate level through the mechanism on Global Stocktake. By doing so, it is logical that the system would lead to the achievement of the goal set by Paris Agreement. However, the system still faces significant deficiency, such as lack of information timeliness, intransparency of some necessary information, hypothesis-based but not solution-based decision-making, and lack of effective assurance for developing countries to get finance and technology support. It is concluded that this system is beneficial to long-term climate change policy decision and tracking progress of actions, while for short-term decision-making, more comprehensive consideration is needed than only based on the mechanisms of and outcomes from the system. International society should pay more attention to the progress of implementation, as well as ambition of various support provided to developing countries, than only the ambition of mitigation target numbers.

气候变化损失损害问题一直是小岛国、最不发达国家和非洲国家等发展中国家最关注的气候谈判议题.损失损害是指超出适应极限的气候变化不利影响.在过去三十年的谈判中,在小岛屿国家联盟(AOSIS)的持续推动下,损失损害发展成为独立的谈判议题,后续也建立了损失损害的治理机制.但是,各方对如何深化现有机制存在分歧,重点反映在圣地亚哥网络模式与架构设计方案、损失损害的国际法地位及其赔偿责任、资金机制的出资使用及管理方法、参与全球盘点模式以及缓发事件和非经济损失五个方面.中国面临着严重的气候变化损失损害,也是高排放的新兴发展中国家,需坚持在"共同但有区别的责任"原则下进行谈判,以促进的方式推进治理,同时要求发达国家承担相应责任,反对将议题变相泛化至责任和赔偿领域.

China's coal-fired power industry urgently needs deep decarbonization to meet the challenge of climate change. Regional air quality improvement and the health benefits can motivate efforts to achieve low-carbon goals. However, the health cobenefit per amount of carbon reduction may vary drastically across power plant units. The strategy of targeting more health cobenefits has been considered in designing an efficient carbon mitigation pathway, whereas this issue has not been analyzed at the unit level. In this study, an indicator called health benefit by carbon reduction (H/C) was constructed for each power unit to assess the relative potential of obtaining health cobenefits. The results reveal that the distribution of H/C values among units is extremely uneven: the first 1, 5, and 20% of the total carbon emission contributed to nearly 20, 40, and 70%, respectively, of the total health effects. The additional health benefits from H/C optimization were evaluated, and the decommissioning pathway of China's coal-fired power industry for achieving more health benefits was explored.