Coupling the principle of super-wetting with photocatalytic technology to obtain strong anti-fouling separation membrane is a promising strategy for sustainable treatment of oily wastewater. Herein, we designed a bimetallic MOF (Ti, Zr) composite by MOF-on-MOF growth strategy, and prepared a strong anti-fouling graphene oxide (GO)/MOF (Ti, Zr) composite membrane (GO/UIO@MIL). The hydrophilic MOF (Ti, Zr) with unique micro/nano-rough architecture endowed exceptional surface superhydrophilicity (WCA < 9.2 degrees) and underwater superoleophobicity (UWOCA >161.2 degrees) for the GO/UIO@MIL-4 membrane, which demonstrated remarkable anti-crude-oil adhesion properties. Meanwhile, The GO/UIO@MIL-4 membrane also achieved both high permeation flux (>2010 +/- 55.6 Lm(-2)h(-1)bar(-1)) and separation efficiency (>99.4 %) for six surfactant-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions by electrostatic demulsification and capillary interception effect. Notably, the composite membrane displayed excellent chemical and mechanical stability under corrosive environment (pH = 1-13, and salt solution) and physical destruction, which can achieve outstanding separation capability by GO nanosheet bonding the UIO@MIL. Furthermore, the bimetallic MOFs with Zr and Ti metals also increased the pathway for generating active free radicals under light radiation, which endowed the composite membrane surface with photocatalytic degradation performance of organic compounds. Importantly, the synergistic effect of photocatalysis and hydration layer strategies can effective removal of oil contaminants from the fouled membrane surface, the flux recovery rate (FFRir) reached 86.7 % under light radiation. Hence, this work establishes a feasible pathway for designing the anti-fouling membrane for sustainable wastewater treatment applications.

The mitigation of membrane fouling has consistently been a focal point in research aimed at achieving efficient treatment of oil-containing wastewater. In this work, a catalytic unit (Co-74@UiO) was successfully synthesized and combined with graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets and polyelectrolyte (PAA) via intermolecular hydrogen bonding and coulomb forces to develop a novel photocatalytic antifouling composite membrane (GO/Co-74@UiO) using a vacuum-assisted assembly method. Experimental findings reveal that the GO/Co-74@UiO membrane possesses a superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic surface. When treating various oily emulsions, the membrane exhibits high separation efficiency (> 2183 ± 156 L m⁻² h⁻¹, > 99.2 ± 0.2%) due to capillary repulsion. Moreover, the Co-74@UiO catalytic unit enabled the membrane to achieve excellent Fenton-like degradation of tetracycline (TC) by activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to generate reactive radicals (•O₂⁻, SO₄•⁻, and ¹O₂), achieving a degradation rate of > 94.6% within 5 min. Meanwhile, these active species promoted a flux recovery rate of up to 95.3% and a low irreversible fouling rate of 4.7% for the fouled membrane under visible light. Furthermore, owing to the presence of numerous hydrogen bonds and amide bonds among GO, PAA, and Co-74@UiO, the GO/Co-74@UiO membrane maintains excellent stability under a wide pH range (1−13), high salinity (up to 5 wt% NaCl), and various physical stresses. With its superior separation, photocatalytic degradation, and self-cleaning functions, the GO/Co-74@UiO membrane offers a promising strategy for efficient wastewater remediation.

Copper nanoclusters stand out as one of the most promising catalysts in the electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NITRR) for ammonia (NH3) synthesis, owing to their well-defined structures and high metal utilization. Herein, we report an interface coordination nucleation strategy for the uniform growth of copper nanoclusters (Cu NCs) on hydrazone-linked covalent organic frameworks (HL-COF). The periodically arranged hydrazone bonds in COF structure ensure uniform growth of copper nanoclusters, fully exposing active sites in electrocatalysis. Theoretical calculations reveal that the abundant low-coordinate Cu atoms within the Cu nanoclusters on HL-COF significantly enhance the adsorption of *NO3 intermediates. Moreover, these Cu nanoclusters effectively reduce the energy barrier for the rate-determining step (*NO→*NHO). The resulting 0.5-Cu NCs/HL-COF catalyst shows an impressive Faradaic efficiency (FENH3) of 98.6% at -1.0 V vs RHE, even with a very low nitrate concentration (0.01 M NO3-). In a flow cell test, it maintains an industrially applicable nitrate reduction current of 203.8 mA·cm-2 for a long duration. This study provides an interface coordination nucleation strategy that leverages the inherent periodic arranged active groups of COFs to controllably synthesize uniformly dispersed metal nanoclusters for various catalytic reactions.

Accurate quantification and monitoring of xanthine are vital for assessing human health. Herein, a novel dual-mode electrochemical-colorimetric cascade sensing platform based on a MnCu-decorated nitrogen-doped Ti3C2Tx nanosheet (MnCu@N-Ti3C2Tx, Tx = -OH, -F, and -O-) was developed for xanthine detection. In this cascade system, xanthine acts as the initiator, activating xanthine oxidase (XOD) to produce H2O2 (enzymatic reaction I), which subsequently triggers the peroxidase-like activity of MnCu@N-Ti3C2Tx to generate •OH (enzymatic reaction II), establishing an efficient enzymatic cascade. Furthermore, the MnCu@N-Ti3C2Tx provided a quick electron transfer pathway for the oxidation of xanthine. The dual-mode sensing platform integrating both electrochemical and colorimetric readouts achieved impressive detection limits of 37.6 nM (electrochemical) and 81.9 nM (colorimetric), with effectively eliminated interference from competing reactive pathways coupled with enhanced detection accuracy. Practical validation of sensor performance in real serum samples demonstrated excellent recovery rates (92.2-105.8%), confirming the precision and suitability for real-world applications. Overall, the accurate and ultrasensitive determination of xanthine by the proposed novel sensing method makes it promising for advanced sensing applications and personalized medicine.

Copper nanoclusters stand out as one of the most promising catalysts in the electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NITRR) for ammonia (NH3) synthesis, owing to their well-defined structures and high metal utilization. Herein, we report an interface coordination nucleation strategy for the uniform growth of copper nanoclusters (Cu NCs) on hydrazone-linked covalent organic frameworks (HL-COF). The periodically arranged hydrazone bonds in COF structure ensure uniform growth of copper nanoclusters, fully exposing active sites in electrocatalysis. Theoretical calculations reveal that the abundant low-coordinate Cu atoms within the Cu nanoclusters on HL-COF significantly enhance the adsorption of *NO3 intermediates. Moreover, these Cu nanoclusters effectively reduce the energy barrier for the rate-determining step (*NO ->*NHO). The resulting 0.5-Cu NCs/HL-COF catalyst shows an impressive Faradaic efficiency (FENH3) of 98.6% at -1.0 V vs RHE, even with a very low nitrate concentration (0.01 M NO3 -). In a flow cell test, it maintains an industrially applicable nitrate reduction current of 203.8 mA & centerdot;cm-2 for a long duration. This study provides an interface coordination nucleation strategy that leverages the inherent periodic arranged active groups of COFs to controllably synthesize uniformly dispersed metal nanoclusters for various catalytic reactions.

Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction (NITRR) serves as a green and promising strategy that combines eco-friendly ammonia (NH3) synthesis and nitrate wastewater remediation. Nevertheless, various nitrogenous side products together with the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) render the reaction pathways intricate, bringing about excess power loss and inferior product selectivity. Herein, mold-like CuO@Co3O4 nanocrystals with an abundance of metal oxide heterojunction on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were successfully synthesized through a straightforward one-pot solvothermal approach. Furthermore, the component proportion of CuO/Co3O4 in the catalyst can be accurately tuned via modulating the molar ratio between copper and cobalt precursors introduced in the synthetic procedure. Compared to the alone CuO interface, the formation of the CuO@Co3O4 heterojunction interface effectively modulates the catalyst's capacity to activate water molecules and generate reactive hydrogen species. This, in turn, substantially facilitates the further selective hydrogenation of reactive species adsorbed on the CuO interface to form NH3.The synthesized CuO@Co3O4/CNTs catalyst demonstrates an impressive Faradaic efficiency for NH3 production (FENH3) of 96.19 ± 0.71% at -0.8 V vs RHE, even under extremely low nitrate concentrations, significantly outperforming the CuO/CNTs counterpart. In addition, the assembled NITRR||ZnOR cell with CuO@Co3O4/CNTs as cathode and zinc foil as anode achieves a peak power density of 5.29 mW cm-2 when the discharge current density reaches 14 mA cm-2. The present research puts forward an innovative design route for high-efficiency metal oxide heterojunction electrocatalysts applied in nitrate electroreduction for ammonia synthesis.

The integration of knowledge from various chemical subdisciplines into postgraduate education is helpful for developing students' versatile problem-solving skills. This study demonstrates a practical experiment designed for postgraduates that successfully merges concepts and techniques from inorganic, analytical, and food chemistry. In this experiment, students first synthesized silver nanoparticles using the classical sol-gel method (inorganic chemistry). They then employed UV-vis absorption and Raman spectroscopy (analytical chemistry) to detect nitrite via its diazo reaction with toluidine blue, which yields a clear visual color change and a quantifiable decrease in signal intensities. Finally, we apply this method to analyze nitrite levels in real food samples (food chemistry). This integrated approach provides students with hands-on experience in nanomaterial synthesis, spectroscopic detection, and food safety analysis, effectively bridging the gap among different fields of chemistry.

Developing the anticrude oil-fouling membrane separation technology can enhance separation and cycling performance for efficient treatment of wastewater containing crude oil. Here, a superhydrophilic hydrogel with -SO3, -OH, and -NH2 functional groups was constructed onto stainless steel (SSM) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane surface by oxidant-induced codeposition strategy of sulfonated dopamine (SDA) and chitosan (CS). The hydrogel surface promotes the underwater superoleophobic property of the modified SSM and PVDF membrane and achieved the outstanding anticrude oil adhesion performance. Faced with a crude oil/water mixture, SSM@SDA/CS can demonstrate 2350 L·m-2·h-1 under a 20 cm liquid column pressure after 10 separating cycles. For different stabilized crude oil-in-water emulsions (oil concentration: 1%; surfactant: SDS, CTAB, Tween 80), PVDF@SDA/CS membrane also achieved above 99% rejection rate. After long-term and multicycle experiments, the SDA/CS hydrogel surface demonstrated excellent antifouling and separation stability for the nonionic Tween 80-stabilized emulsions. Importantly, compared to a single PVDF@SDA/CS membrane, faced with high-concentration crude oil/water emulsions containing 20% oil, a comprehensive separation system by combining the SSM@SDA/CS and PVDF@SDA/CS membranes can demonstrate obviously higher separation efficiency (∼99.63%) and flux (457.0 L·m-2·h-1). Moreover, when exposed to a corrosive environment for 8 days, the SDA/CS hydrogel surface exhibited outstanding stability in acid and salt environments. Thus, we believe that the SDA/CS hydrogel antifouling strategy can provide a theoretical reference for further achieving the separation of crude oil wastewater.

The electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate into valuable ammonia (NH3) presents an environmentally friendly and sustainable strategy for the elimination of nitrate pollution and the synthesis of ammonia. Nevertheless, the activity and selectivity for ammonia production remain unsatisfactory, particularly at low applied negative potentials. Herein, we present the synthesis of layered double hydroxide (LDH) electrocatalysts featuring adjustable Cu/Co molar ratios and organic molecule trimesic acid (TA) modification, designated as CuxCo1-x-LDH/TA (x = 0.75, 0.67, or 0.5), aiming to facilitate the electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NITRR). Intriguingly, the microstructure, crystalline form and electrical conductivity of LDH, are substantially modified by organic molecule TA with three carboxyl groups that play a pivotal role in bridging [M(OH)6]n-6 species (M = Cu or Co), thus facilitating the development of a conjugated two-dimensional layered framework. This conjugated, extended planar configuration augments the inherent conductivity, and ensures the uniform dispersion of copper and cobalt active sites on its surface, maximizing their synergistic effect during the NITRR. The resulting Cu0.67Co0.33 - LDH/TA exhibits a high NH3 yield of 355.9 μmol·mg-1·h-1 and a Faradaic efficiency for NH3 (FENH3) of 93.9 % for the NITRR, even at an extremely low applied negative potential of -0.6 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (vs RHE), which was significantly higher than that of pristine Cu0.67Co0.33 - LDH (55.0 μmol·mg-1·h-1 and 71.0 %, respectively). This work provides a significant reference for the utilization of organic molecules in modifying inorganic materials to boost electrocatalytic NITRR performance.

Ammonia (NH3) synthesis using nitrogen-oxyanions (NOx−, such as NO3− and NO2−) as source materials powered by renewable electricity under ambient conditions provide a promising route to realize artificial nitrogen recycling and mitigate environmental pollution. Despite numerous reports showcasing a Faraday efficiency (FENH3) of approximately 90 % for electrochemical NOx− reduction to NH3 under specific conditions, the rational design of highly efficient electrocatalysts that can withstand future demanding industrial testing conditions remains a persistent challenge. In this review, we introduce and delve into the prevalent theories and mechanisms of electrochemical NOx− reduction for NH3 synthesis, aiming to provide guidance for the design of catalysts. Subsequently, we present recent ground-breaking efforts in the realm of electrochemical NH3 synthesis via NOx− reduction reaction (NOx−RR), engaging in a discourse centred on the design of diverse electrocatalysts. Furthermore, a summary and analysis of the potential commercial feasibility of electrocataltyic NOx− reduction for NH3 synthesis have been conducted, with the goal of providing valuable insights and references for the subsequent large-scale development and application of this technology. Finally, the remaining challenges and prospects in this field have been highlighted. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of electrochemical NOx− reduction for NH3 synthesis, offering significant insights for future innovations in efficient, large-scale electrochemical NH3 production technologies.

Ammonia (NH3) synthesis using N2 as reaction raw material powered by renewable electricity provides a promising route to realize artificial N2 fixation. However, the activation of N2 molecules, a crucial step in the process, remains challenging. Recently, significant progress has been made in developing effective strategies, including lithium (Li)/calcium (Ca)-mediated and plasma-assisted technologies, to enhance N2 activation. These technologies involve the conversion of inert N2 into more reactive nitrogen-containing species, which are further converted to produce NH3. In this review, we present recent pioneering works on effective N2 activation strategies, including Li/Ca-mediated and plasma-assisted technologies for electrochemical NH3 synthesis. Finally, we highlight the remaining challenges and prospects. We hope that this review will provide profound insights and inspire innovative thinking in the area of effective N2 activation strategies, thereby significantly advancing the field of electrochemical NH3 synthesis.

The electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) to ammonia offers a promising approach for wastewater treatment and ammonia synthesis. However, the generation of various by-products, such as nitrite ions (NO2-), and the occurrence of the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) complicate reaction pathways, causing unwanted electrical energy consumption and reducing the product selectivity. Herein, we introduce a pulse electrolysis approach to control the sequential accumulation and conversion of NO2- intermediates during the NO3RR using a conductive rod-like zinc-based metal organic framework (Zn-MOF) electrode with precise atomic structures. This strategy substantially improves both the yield and Faraday efficiency (FENH3) of NH3 production relative to constant-potential electrolysis. After a long-term stability test, the high-purity ammonia product in the electrolyte was successfully extracted via an argon (Ar) stripping process, showing a practical way to turn wastewater nitrate into valuable ammonia-derived products. This study presents a promising strategy for rationally designing metal organic framework (MOFs) electro-catalysts with precise atomic structures and controlling complex reactions, thereby minimizing side reactions, significantly boosting nitrate-to-ammonia conversion efficiency.

In this paper we report the preparation of nano-dendritic Cu2O/Cu heterojunctions doped with varying concentrations of cobalt through a convenient, energy-consumption-free, and environmentally friendly chemical replacement method. The analysis results reveal that the incorporation of cobalt in its atomic form enhances the adsorption of nitrate species onto the catalyst surface, whereas doping with metallic cobalt promotes the production of active hydrogen (*H). By adjusting the doping concentration of cobalt, we effectively control its doping form (atomic and metallic states) on the surface of dendritic copper, thereby enabling controllable modulation of the active hydrogen concentration on the catalyst surface. By ensuring sufficient consumption of *H during the NITRR process while avoiding excessively high concentrations that could trigger detrimental hydrogen evolution reaction side reactions, this approach remarkably enhances the selectivity of ammonia synthesis in NITRR. This study offers an effective approach to regulate the *H concentration on the surface of the catalyst through adjusting the metal doping form, thereby improving the performance of ammonia synthesis from NITRR. (c) 2025, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The exploitation of high-performance membranes has emerged as a focus of current research in environmental remediation. In this work, a hierarchical and catalytic type beta-FeOOH/CoFe LDHs was anchored onto the two-type polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composite membranes by polyphenols-metal induced and seed-induced hydrothermal synthesis. The synthesis parameters, including temperature, Fe/Co molar ratio, and synthesis time, were optimized based on the morphological characteristics of CoFe LDHs, the degradation performance of the PVDF nanofibrous membrane toward tetracycline (TC) was systematically evaluated under various environmental conditions, including oxidant types, peroxomonosulfate (PMS) concentration, TC concentration, pH, and the presence of interfering ions. Benefiting from synergistic effect of nanofibrous structure with catalytic heterostructure CoFe LDHs layer and meta-stable nonradical singlet oxygen (1O2) from PMS activation, its instantaneous degradation rate reached 96.98 % within 8 min for 50 ppm TC, the degradation rate constant (k) reached 0.89 min-1. Remarkably, the membrane achieved about 88 % of degradation efficiency after 10 cycles, and the cooperative process of separation/degradation process demonstrated above 90 % of removal rate by continuously cross-flow treatment of 1500 mL TC solution. Moreover, the hydrophilic hierarchical petal-like CoFe LDHs were constructed onto the commercial PVDF surface, which imparted superhydrophilicity (WCA = 18.0 degrees) and underwater superoleophobicity (UWOCA = 164.7 degrees). Compared to the nonionic Tween 80-stabilized oily emulsion, the modified membrane demonstrated superior separation capability for the ionic surfactant stabilized emulsion due to the electrostatic interaction and size sieving effect, the TOC value of the filtrate is below 20 ppm. Faced various oily emulsions, the modified membrane can achieve above 99.1 % of separation efficiency. Hence, we think this study possesses the potential of beta-FeOOH/CoFe LDHs-based membranes for the elimination of hazardous antibiotic and oil pollutants from contaminated water sources.

The electrocatalytic coupling of the nitrate reduction reaction (NO 3 − RR) and the hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR), denoted as NO 3 − RR||HzOR, not only holds promise for the synthesis of high‐value‐added products (such as NH 3 ) but also facilitates bidirectional nitrogen neutralization. Here, the synthesis of sponge‐like porous nitrogen‐doped carbon encapsulated Cu nanoparticles electrocatalysts is presented for the electrochemical NO 3 − RR||HzOR. Substituting the traditional oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with the HzOR as the anode reaction notably accelerates the kinetic process of NH 3 synthesis via NO 3 − RR. Moreover, the spatial confinement of Cu nanoparticles within a sponge‐like porous nitrogen‐doped carbon (NDC) structure not only addresses the aggregation and detachment issues of Cu NPs from the catalyst support surface but also effectively modulates the electronic structure of Cu NPs through electronic interactions between NDC and Cu NPs. This, in turn, enhances the adsorption and activation of nitrate ions. Consequently, the combined advantages of optimized surface electronic structure and spatial confinement of Cu NPs significantly improve the activity and stability for the electrocatalytic NO 3 − RR to NH 3 . This work offers significant reference value for sustainable nitrogen neutrality development by leveraging a mild, energy‐efficient, and environmentally friendly electrocatalytic process that concurrently eliminates nitrogen pollutants in both high and low oxidation states.

Atomically precise copper-based nanoclusters stand out as one of the highly promising catalysts in the realm of electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NITRR) aimed at ammonia (NH3) synthesis. However, the controllable synthesis of stable Cu-based nanoclusters featuring fully inorganic anionic ligands for electrochemical NITRR remains a challenge. Herein, we present a simple and gentle chelated co-precipitation method for the uniform growth of ultrafine amorphous Cu(OH)Cl (a-Cu(OH)Cl) nanoclusters, featuring a diameter of approximately 9 nm, onto carbon nanotubes (a-Cu(OH)Cl/CNTs), aimed at enhancing electrocatalytic NITRR performance. Intriguingly, trisodium citrate dihydrate (TCD) could effectively change the crystalline form of Cu-based nanoclusters to obtain a-Cu(OH)Cl nanoclusters instead of high-crystallinity Cu2(OH)3Cl (c-Cu2(OH)3Cl) nanoclusters. In comparison to c-Cu2(OH)3Cl nanoclusters, a-Cu(OH)Cl nanoclusters, featuring a smaller particle size and containing more lowcoordination Cu atoms, provide more efficient catalytic sites, thereby enhancing the reaction rate and energy efficiency for NH3 production. The proposed chelated co-precipitation method provides a promising crystalline modulation engineering strategy to boost the electrocatalytic performances of metal nanoclusters. (c) 2025 Science Press and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science Press. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

The electrochemical reduction of CO2 into value-added chemicals has been explored as a promising solution to realize carbon neutrality and inhibit global warming. This involves utilizing the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) to produce a variety of single-carbon (C-1) and multi-carbon (C2+) products. Additionally, the electrolyte solution in the CO2RR system can be enriched with nitrogen sources (such as NO3-, NO2-, N-2, or NO) to enable the synthesis of organonitrogen compounds via C-N coupling reactions. However, the electrochemical conversion of CO2 into valuable chemicals still faces challenges in terms of low product yield, poor faradaic efficiency (FE), and unclear understanding of the reaction mechanism. This review summarizes the promising strategies aimed at achieving selective production of diverse carbon-containing products, including CO, formate, hydrocarbons, alcohols, and organonitrogen compounds. These approaches involve the rational design of electrocatalysts and the construction of coupled electrocatalytic reaction systems. Moreover, this review presents the underlying reaction mechanisms, identifies the existing challenges, and highlights the prospects of the electrosynthesis processes. The aim is to offer valuable insights and guidance for future research on the electrocatalytic conversion of CO2 into carbon-containing products of enhanced value-added potential.

The identification and quantification of melatonin (MT) are crucial for early diagnosis of disorders associated with circadian rhythm disruption. Herein, novel blue-emissive carbon dots (BCDs) were synthesized through an improved hydrothermal treatment using serine and malic acid as reductant and carbon source. The excellent optical properties of the as-obtained BCDs were used for ratiometric sensing by strategically constructing a MT sensing system integrating BCDs with C3N4 nanosheets loaded with platinum/ruthenium nanoparticles (PtRu/CN). In this system, H2O2 activated the peroxidase-like activity of PtRu/CN to generate •OH and 1O2 for oxidizing the colorless o-phenylenediamine (OPD) into yellow 2,3-diaminophenazine (DAP) with fluorescence emission at 565 nm. Concurrently, the fluorescence emission of BCDs at 439 nm was quenched by the generated DAP via the static quenching and inner filter effect (IFE) process. However, MT rapidly scavenged the generated free radicals to reverse the ratio fluorescence signal. The developed BCDs/PtRu/CN/OPD/H2O2 sensing platform enabled quantitative analysis of MT at concentrations ranging from 0.06 to 600 μmol/L with a low detection limit of 23.56 nmol/L. Moreover, smartphone-based RGB sensing of MT was successfully developed for rapid visualization and portable processing. More broadly, novel insights into the preparation of carbon dots with sensitive fluorescence sensing properties were presented, promising for future considerations.

Developing a strong catalytic antifouling membrane to achieve efficient sewage purification has great potential for alleviating water crisis. In this work, we designed and prepared an Fe/Cu-layered double hydroxide (Fe-Cu LDH)-coated polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composite membrane (PVDF/Fe-Cu LDHs) with strong antifouling and activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) catalytic degradation performance through polydopamine-coordination anchoring and hydrothermal reaction. The results showed that abundant hydroxyl groups of the LDH surface endowed the superhydrophilicity (water contact angle <10 degrees) and underwater superoleophobicity (underwater-oil contact angle >150 degrees) of the membrane surface, which displayed outstanding resistance to crude oil adhesion. With assistance of the LDH surface-bound sulfate radical of the peroxymonosulfate system, the PVDF/Fe-Cu LDH membrane demonstrated robust catalytic degradation performance for the methylene blue (MB) in the dark; the degradation rate constant (k, min(-1)) reached 0.96. Meanwhile, facing the oily wastewater, the selective wettability and charge effect of LDH of the surface made the PVDF/Fe-Cu LDH membrane realize the separation for the various surfactant-free and surfactant-stabilized emulsions. Importantly, the PMS-activation catalytic produced the ROS (center dot SO4-,center dot OH, center dot O-2(-), and O-1(2)), which enhanced the regeneration of the fouled PVDF/Fe-Cu LDH membrane and obtained a high flux recovery ratio in the dark (94.7%) after 10 cycles of separation experiments. Hence, we believed that the PVDF/Fe-Cu LDH membrane can provide inspiration for the development and further practical application of antifouling membranes.

The involvement of microRNA (miRNA) in the transcriptional and regulatory processes of gene expression in organisms, along with its aberrant expression patterns in various malignant diseases such as tumors, underscores its significance. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) biosensing technology offers distinct advantages for miRNA detection, including simplified procedures, non-destructive analysis, fingerprint spectroscopy capabilities, and rapid detection times. This study presents the development of a novel SERS-based biosensor utilizing miRNA-21 stimulated-responsive DNA-functionalized nanomaterials. The DNA structure within the the catalyzed hairpin amplification (CHA) was utilized to modify Fe3O4 3 O 4 and Au nanocubes (Au NCs), and subsequently, miRNA21 served as a key to trigger the CHA reaction between these two materials. Notably, during this process, the signal probe Cy3 underwent directed migration and accumulation from Fe3O4 3 O 4 to Au NCs, resulting in the unidirectional enrichment of beacon probe from Fe3O4 3 O 4 to Au NCs, which was facilitated by the progression of the CHA cycle. This facilitated robust generation of SERS signals for precise quantification of miRNA-21. The sensor utilized Au NCs enriched with Cy3 to form highly stable and well-ordered two-dimensional arrays at the watercyclohexane interface, demonstrating exceptional stability and reproducibility. It achieved an impressive detection limit of 0.81 fM across a dynamic range from 1 to 1 x 106 6 fM. This work advances practical methods for amplification analysis in the sensing field, demonstrating significant potential for clinical medicine and early cancer diagnosis.