The work is devoted to studying the influence of the physiological state of inflorescences on the frequency of androclinic structures formation in the culture of isolated anthers of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Irkutskaya. Changes in the content of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), as well as jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) in flower tissues during low-temperature pretreatment (4°C in the dark for 7 and 14 days) of isolated shoots were studied using chromatographic mass spectrometry method. An increased content of JA and SA was detected in flowers from the lower part of the spike already under control conditions. A simultaneous increase in the content of IAA, ABA and JA in the middle part of the inflorescence was shown after 7 days of low-temperature exposure. Based on the obtained data, it was suggested that ABA and JA signaling systems were involved in the process of switching genes responsible for the reprogramming of microspores. It is likely that IAA was the key factor in stabilizing the ABA content, what prevented critical damage to anther tissues. An increase in the SA content throughout the entire period of low-temperature exposure indicates its role in reducing the efficiency of androgenesis in vitro after 14 days of exposure due to its negative effect on the biosynthesis of IAA and JA. In the first and second parts of the our cycle works, an increase in the content of unsaturated fatty acids and changes in respiration activity were revealed in the process of low-temperature pretreatment of donor spikes of winter wheat. To summarize all data we can approve that the changes occurred in the flowers of winter wheat during the period of low-temperature pretreatment could only partly be attributed to the acclimation and resistance phases of low-temperature hardening. Isolation of shoots led to a decrease in the level of water-soluble carbohydrates and a rapid onset of the exhaustion phase, what was probably the reason for the decrease in the efficiency of androgenesis with an increase in the period of low-temperature treatment.

In the transition zone between the forest and the steppe (in the ecotone) in the territory of the Buryatia Republic, dwarf species (up to 110 cm in height) of Siberian crabapple Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. were found that differ from other (up to 250 cm in height) apple trees. To determine the causes of brachysm by physiological methods, the influence of gibberellins on growth processes were studied. After exogenous application GA3 to the shoot apex of the dwarf apple, we observed a significant increase in growth processes in the apical part of the shoots as compared to the shoots without application. The sensitivity to this hormone, which is found in the dwarf trees, allows to assume the absence of mutations in the genes of repressor proteins of the gibberellin signal and initiates the dilatation of intercalary meristems. The phytohormonal extracts of apple-tree leaves did not remove short stature in dwarf mutants of peas in any of the experiment variants, which may indicate the possible presence in the apple leaves of endogenous retardants. The previously established lower content of indolyl-3-acetic acid in dwarf, compared to tall trees, and the associated differences in IAA / ABC indices, as well as the revealed gibberellin dependence of a dwarf apple, may indicate the participation of phytohormones in the formation of dwarf status M. baccata, as an adaptation to the stressful conditions of growth, especially to insufficient moisture, in the forest-steppe ecotone of the Selenga Dauria.

Fatty acid (FA) composition of total lipids in embryogenic and nonembryogenic calli of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) was investigated by the method of GC-MS. We detected a high content of oleic acid in total lipids of embryogenic cell culture (32–56% by weight of total FA), which apparently depends on a high activity of acyl carrier protein (stearoyl-ACP-Δ9-desat-urase). At the same time, activity of Δ12-desaturase in the cells of embryogenic calli was considerably (2–3 times) lower than in nonembryogenic calli. We discuss a possibility that concentration of FA (oleic and linoleic acids) may be used as a marker of embryogenic potential when promising cell lines of Siberian larch are screened in the stage of early embryogenesis.

The results of a comparative analysis of lipid and fatty acid composition in the roots, leaves, and fruits of dwarf and tall forms of Siberian crabapple (growing under different water supplies) are given in the study. It was detected that biochemical changes in the amount and quality of total lipids and phospholipids occur during adaptation to a decreased moisture supply of different ecological forms of the apple tree (within a single species). Considerable differences in the chemical composition of two apple forms in regards to the level of fatty acid and phospholipid unsaturation were shown. The most significant differences in fatty acid composition were detected between the root tissues of two apple forms. It was suggested that these differences are caused by different moisture supplies, which can be one of the reasons for dwarf Siberian crabapple trees, and the lipid pool is probably involved in this process.

Из мицелия базидиального вида Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.: Fr.) Murr получен меланиновый комплекс (выход 2.49% от массы сырья). С применением УФ-, ИК-спектроскопии, гель-хроматографии и щелочного расщепления установлено, что выделенный меланин был гетерогенен и относился к дигидронафталиновому типу. Данные 13-ЯМР указывали на доминирование ароматических фрагментов в структуре меланина. В ходе исследования антиоксидантного действия методами in vitro установлено, что меланин L. sulphureus обладал антирадикальной активностью, а также обладал способностью к инактивации молекул пероксида водорода, оксида азота(II) и хелатированию ионов железа(II).

The homogeneous polysaccharide S b RP-1″ with MW 110 kDa was isolated during an investigation of water-soluble polysaccharides from Scutellaria baicalensis roots. Its aqueous solution gave a positive reaction with iodine and exhibited high specific rotation ([α]D +188.0°). Chemical, chromatographic, and spectral methods established that S b RP-1″ was a slightly branched glucan containing in the main chain α-(1 → 4)-glucopyranose units, 8.3% of which were branched at the C-6 atom with single α-glucopyranose units. Glucan S b RP-1″ was shown to exhibit immunostimulating activity using an azathioprine model of immunosuppression.

The composition of phenylpropanoids and polysaccharides from leaves of Plantago depressa and P. media (Plantaginaceae) growing in Buryatia was studied. Caffeic and chlorogenic acids and acteoside were found in the studied plants; isoacteoside and plantamajoside, in P. media . The dominant compound in P. depressa was acteoside (8.72 mg/g); in P. media , plantamajoside (7.69 mg/g). These were responsible for the pronounced antiradical activity. Polysaccharide components that were extracted by water and an oxalate mixture were highly esterified pectinic substances with anti-atherogenic activity.

Water-soluble polysaccharides from Sophora flavescens (Fabaceae) roots were studied. The dominant polymer S f P-1-1/2 of molecular weight 85 kDa was isolated using ion-exchange and gel chromatography. The structure of the isolated compound was α -(1→4)-glucan partially substituted at the C-6 position by single glucopyranose units. A pharmacological study showed that S f P-1-1/2 exhibited under azathioprine suppression pronounced immunostimulating activity.

Melanin complex was isolated from mycelium of the basidiomycete Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.: Fr.) Murr (with a yield of 2.49% of the dry weight). UV and IR spectroscopies, gel chromatography, and alkaline cleavage assay demonstrated that the isolated melanin was heterogeneous and belonged to the dihydronaphthalene type. 13C-NMR data suggested that aromatic fragments were dominant in the melanin structure. In vitro study of the antioxidant action demonstrated that the L. sulphureus melanin displayed a radical-scavenging activity and the ability to inactivate hydrogen peroxide and nitrogen(II) oxide molecules and to chelate iron(II) ions.

The study of inter-species variability of fatty acid composition in leaf tissues of three species of medicinal plants growing in Predbaikal’ye showed that this composition has a species-specific character. In the composition of unsaturated fatty acids of all the species studied there prevail poly-unsaturated fatty acids – linoleic and linolenic, which implies high values of double bonds values (up to 2,19 in the yarrow). Along with high values of desaturatioin ratio (up to 4.7 in yarrow), this fact proves high potential of cold resistance in the species understudy.The analysis of seasonal changes in the fatty acid composition of the three species of medicinal plants demonstrated that with the average daily temperature going down, regular reduction in the content of saturated fatty acids and increase in the content of unsaturated fatty acids take place. Changes in fatty acid composition of lipids and the level of ω9- and ω3-desaturases activity in leaf tissues in the course of adaptation to reduction of average daily air temperature in the plants under study were found to have inter-species differences as well.The data acquired allow to presume that high cold resistance potential in the species under study is, among other things, linked to the processes of fatty acids biosynthesis within lipids.