Metabolic syndrome is a complex of metabolic, hormonal and clinical disorders that are risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases, which are based on insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia. The main mechanisms of the effects of chronic hyperinsulinemia on blood pressure are given, and the main symptoms and manifestations of the metabolic syndrome are given. The most common variant of dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome is the lipid triad.

For the first time, the method of ozonization permitted to determine standard values of level of unsaturation in healthy people. The samples for analysis can be isolated from blood plasma or blood serum, cellular membranes, tissues, exudates, female milk. To analyze 0.05 ml of plasma of blood serum and 200 000 cells are more than enough. The method has high sensitivity (1%), selectivity and performance (0.5-3.0 min per single analysis). The method permits to establish risk groups under mass examination of population, to forecast course and development of disease, to detect onset of latent period or complication, to control efficiency of the chosen scheme of treatment.

The indices of T-cell immunity are decreased in children of early age with megalothymus: content of T-cells (CD3+), Т-helpers (СD4+ Т-cells), cytotoxic Т-lymphocytes (СD8+ Т-cells), regulatory Т-cells (CD4+CD25hi) and also activated Т-lymphocytes (CD4+CD25lo и CD3+HLA-DR+). The increasing of expression of alterations was observed as degree of megalothymus was progressing. The only exclusion were regulatory T-cells. Their level was decreased under megalothymus degree I and II and was closer to indices of age standard under megalothymus degree III. Also, it was demonstrated that capacity of T-cells to differentiation to cytokine-producing cells type Th1 and Th2 increases as far as increases expression of megalothymus. However, this process remains within framework inherent to comparison group. The T-lymphopenia under megalothymus is conjugated with decreasing of emigration of T-cells from thymus to peripheral section of immune system. These alterations bring on deficiency of T-cell chain of immune system and can favor manifestation of its incapacity especially in conditions of increased load under effect of pathogens.

The article presents the history of Russian system of maternity and children care, including pediatric education organized for the first time in the world. the particular considerations concerning post-graduate training are exposed.

The article demonstrates that in children with thymomegalia the process of T-lymphopoesis in thymus is depressed. The functional condition of thymus was evaluated by detection of T-receptor excisional rings using polymerase chain reaction technique in real time. The T-receptor excisional rings are circular molecular structures developing in the process of rearrangement of V-genes of T-cell receptor. The most intensive and statistically reliable decreasing of content of T-receptor excisional rings in lymphocytes of blood is detected during first two years of life: 29.6 (18.1-41.0) copies per 1000 lymphocytes against 73.3 (54.0-83.8) copies in control. Hereinafter, (after two years) difference in level of T-receptor excisional rings inc children with thymomegalia in comparison with children without enlargement of thymus is less expressed i.e. it amounts to 1.8 times at the age before 10 years. In individuals of older age thymomegalia is a rather rare pathology. The examination of single patient aged of 40 years and with thymomegalia factually total absence of T-receptor excisional rings in cells of his blood was established.

The article considers application of complex immunoglobulin preparation in comprehensive treatment of acute obstructive bronchitis in children of infancy age with purpose to develop intestinal local immunity. The complex immunoglobulin preparation is a pharmaceutical for enteric application derived from donor blood. In contrast, with normal human immunoglobulin, the preparation includes immunoglobulines of three classes (50% IgG, 25% IgM, 25% IgA) and is characterized by increased content of antibodies to different pathogenic and opportunistic agents.

The children of early age with thymomegalia and acute obstructive bronchitis suffer from lower T-lymphopoiesis in thymus gland evaluated on content of T-receptor excision rings. The T-receptor excision rings represent ring-shaped DNA molecules detecting only in T-cells recently emigrated from thymus gland. They serve as a measure of intensity of maturation of T-lymphocytes and their migration from this gland i.e. functional activity of this organ. The addition of immune modulating preparation tactivin to the complex treatment of acute obstructive bronchitis promotes repairing of affected T-lymphopoiesis. Besides, content of T-receptor excision rings practically reaches the level detected in children without thymomegalia.

The evidence of weakening of T cells emigration from thymus to peripheral immune system in children with thymomegaly is presented. It means the thymopoiesis is reduced in children with thymomegaly. The thymic emigration was investigated by two methods: real time PCR (the TREC level was measured) and flow cytometry (the number of CD3 +CD4 +CD45RA +CD31 + cells was measured). It was shown that the number of TREC copies per 1000 lymphocytes is significantly decreased in children with thymomegaly till 10 years. The TREC level in children with thymomegaly till 2 years approximately fits to the normal level of 8 years old children at which functional thymic activity is reduced in comparison with smaller children. In parallel with TREC level decrease with age the percentage and absolute content of CD3 +CD4 +CD45RA +CD31 + cells in blood is also decreased. However the TREC reduce is more intensive than CD3 +CD4 +CD45RA +CD31 + cells number decrease. The investigation of CD3 +CD4 +CD45RA +CD31 + cells number in blood of 2-10 years children with thymomegaly and without it showed that the number of cells of this subpopulation in thymomegaly is not changed.

У детей первого года жизни с тимомегалией наряду со снижением содержания в крови лимфоцитов, Т-клеток и их хелперной (CD4 +) субпопуляции выявлено значимое уменьшение абсолютного и относительного содержания естественных регуляторных клеток (Treg) с мембранным фенотипом CD4 +CD25 hi, а также экспрессии основного внутриклеточного маркера этих клеток – FOXP3. Выявлена парадоксальная зависимость абсолютной и относительной численности Treg от выраженности тимомегалии: эти показатели максимально снижены при тимомегалии 1-й степени и не отличаются от контроля при тимомегалии 3-й степени. Выраженность снижения экспрессии FOXP3 не зависит от степени тимомегалии. При тимомегалии усиливается экспрессия генов супрессорных цитокинов TGFb и IL-10, с которыми частично связана реализация функции Treg и других регуляторных Т-клеток; усиление максимально выражено при тимомегалии 3-й степени. Регистрируется также усиление экспрессии гена IL-6 – цитокина, подавляющего развитие Treg. Можно предположить, что снижение содержания Treg в крови детей раннего возраста с тимомегалией обусловлено общим ослаблением продуктивного Т-лимфопоэза, ослабление экспрессии FOXP3 cвязано с повышением выработки IL-6, а усиление экспрессии генов TGFb и IL-10 может рассматриваться как компенсаторная реакция системы регуляторных клеток на низкое содержание Treg.