Purpose of the study. To study the association between the gut microbiota composition and body mass index and abdominal obesity in participants without clinical chronic diseases. Materials and methods. The study included 92 residents from Moscow and the Moscow region, men and women aged 25 to 76 years without clinical chronic non-communicable diseases are not receiving medication, but with the possible presence of cardiovascular risk factors, including obesity. All participants underwent a thorough preliminary examination, including physical examination, clinical and biochemical blood tests, electrocardiography, treadmill test, evaluation of the presence of the cardiovascular risk factors, as well as the sequencing of the variable regions of the V3-V4 16S rRNA gene of the gut microbiota and diet analysis. Results. The study revealed that opportunistic bacteria of the genera Serratia and Prevotella were largely represented in overweight patients and / or patients with abdominal obesity. Amylolytic bacteria of the genus Oscillosipa were less represented in individuals with abdominal obesity. Probiotic bacteria of the genus Bifidobacterium producing SCFA were significantly less represented in people who consumed a lot of cholesterol or ethanol. Conclusion. Gut microbiota imbalance with an increase in opportunistic bacteria level and a decrease in strictly anaerobic amylolytic bacteria is associated with obesity.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the representation of the microbial community in patients with ulcerative colitis. Materials and methods. The study included 46 patients with ulcerative colitis (25 men and 21 women, aged 42,4±13.8 years, duration of the disease - 5,42 ±8.21 years). Results of sequencing of ulcerative colitis patients stool samples as well as samples from 96 healthy volunteers were used for analysis. Whole genome sequencing was carried out on the SOLiD 5500W platform (LifeTechnologies, FosterCity, CA, USA). Results. Metagenomic analysis allowed us to detect 29 classes of bacteria, including: 73 families, 154 genera, 437 species of microbes in intestinal microbiota of patients with ulcerative colitis. The prokaryotic part of microbiota formed 99.5 % (98,2 % - Bacteria, 1,8 % - Archaea), viruses - 0.5 %, eukaryotes - 0,004 % of all intestinal microbiota. Taxonomic analysis revealed changes in the relative representation of bacterial families: we observed decrease in Lachnospiraceae, Rikenellaceae, Acidaminococcaceae, Enterococcaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Verrucomicrobiaceae, Clostridiaceae and increase in Enterobacteriaceae. Only the number of Escherichia genus, particularly Escherichia coli species was significantly abundant among the members of Enterobacteriaceae family. In ulcerative colitis patients the fraction of Escherichia was (3,74±8,01)% which was greater than in the control group (1,49±of 5.23)%, whereas the fraction of Clostridium (1,15±3,35)% was significantly lower in patients with ulcerative colitis than in the control group (2,33±4,26)%. The alpha-diversity index which characterizes richness of the microbial community was decreased in stool samples of patients with ulcerative colitis in comparison with the control group. Conclusions. The metagenomics analysis revealed significant changes in intestinal microbiota in ulcerative colitis patients comparing with the control group.

Цель работы: Изучить особенности состава микробиоты кишечника у пациентов с различной массой тела Материалы и методы: В исследование были включены 92 пациента (26 мужчины и 66 женщин) в возрасте 52,8 лет (25-75) с различной массой тела. Исходя из показателя индекса массы тела (ИМТ) пациенты были разделены на 3 группы: нормальня, избыточная масса тела и ожирение. По показателю окружности талии разделены на 2 группы: с и без абдоминального ожирения. Метагеномный анализ в формате оценки разнообразия последовательностей гена 16S рРНК в суммарном образце ДНК осуществляли согласно протоколу 16S Metagenomic Sequencing Library Preparation. Таксономический состав образцов оценивали путем классификации по базе данных 16S рРНК генов Greengenes v. 13.5 с помощью байесовского классификатора. Результаты: Доминирующие бактерии всего состава образцов оказались представителями двух основных доминирующих отделов - Bacteroidetes (12,7+_9,86%) и Firmicutes (57,09+_13,6%). Относительная представленность Firmicutes у пациентов с абдоминальным ожирением была достоверно меньше, чем у пациентов без (р=0,002). С абдоминальным ожирением достоверно (p 25 кг/м2) выявлено, что с ИМТ достоверно (р <0,05) и положительно коррелировали представленность родов Serratia, Prevotella и отрицательно - Oscillospira, Alkaliphillus, Calamator, Petrotoga. В клиническом ряду нормальная масса тела, избыточная масса тела и общее ожирение достоверная (р <0,05) и положительная взаимосвязь была выявлена между показателем ИМТ и представительностью родов Serratia, Heliorestis, а отрицателная - между ИМТ и представленностью родов Oscillospira, Alkaliphilus и Caloramator. Выводы: В нашем исследовании с общим и абдоминальным ожирением из всех бактерий более тесно и в разных зависимостях была ассоциирована представленность рода Oscillospira. Следовательно, возможно снижение ее представленности играет определенную роль в развитии ожирения, как это описано в литературе.

Обоснование . Несмотря на многочисленность исследований в области премоторных проявлений болезни Паркинсона (БП), данных о взаимосвязи эмоционально-аффективных нарушений и микробиоты у пациентов с БП недостаточно. Дальнейшее углубленное изучение недвигательных симптомов, а также концепция их взаимного влияния, безусловно, помогут в понимании этиологии и патогенеза БП. Цель исследования : изучить взаимосвязь эмоционально-аффективных нарушений и микробиоты у пациентов с установленным диагнозом БП. Методы. У 51 пациента с БП определяли уровень эмоционально-аффективных нарушений с помощью шкалы оценки депрессии Бека и госпитальной шкалы оценки тревоги и депрессии. Определение таксономического состава проводили секвенированием генов бактериальной 16S рРНК с последующим биоинформатическим и статистическим анализом. Результаты . Эмоционально-аффективные нарушения в виде разной степени выраженности тревоги и депрессии были выявлены у подавляющего большинства пациентов с БП. Обнаружены различия в таксономическом богатстве сообществ и выявлены статистически значимые изменения в представленности некоторых видов микроорганизмов между группами больных с разной степенью выраженности тревоги и депрессии. Таксономическое разнообразие микробиоты кишечника при БП увеличивалось с ростом тревожности, достигая пика при субклинически выраженной тревоге и уменьшаясь при клинически выраженной. Микробиота пациентов с БП с клинически выраженной тревогой характеризовалась большей представленностью Clostridium clariflavum, чем у пациентов с БП без тревоги. Для микробиоты больных с БП с умеренной депрессией характерно более высокое содержание Christensenella minuta, Clostridium disporicum и Oscillibacter valericigenes, чем у пациентов без депрессии или с ее легкой формой. Заключение . Полученные результаты позволяют расширить представления об этиологии и патогенезе БП.

This work is an actual description of the respiratory microbiota, depending on the severity of the disease and other clinical and anamnestic features. Objective: a comparative study of the oropharyngeal microbiota taxonomic composition in patients with COPD of varying severity. Using sequencing of conserved regions of bacterial 16S rRNA were investigated oropharyngeal swabs of 57 patients with COPD of moderate severity and 31 patients with severe and very severe COPD, with the experience of the disease 12 months or more, the absence of exacerbations and systemic antibiotic therapy within the previous 4 weeks or more. Oropharyngeal microbiota in patients with COPD, regardless of the severity characterized by similar taxonomic (qualitative) structure. Among the most represented in the structure of bacterial genera were identified Streptococcus, Prevotella, Veillonella and Fusobacterium. Microbiota in patients with COPD severity 2 in comparison with samples of COPD 3-4 degrees are less content Prevotella melaninogenica, higher representation of the type of Proteobacteria, and Brevibacterium aureum, the genera Scardovia, Lachnospiraceae, Veillonellaceae, Coprococcus, Gemellaceae, Haemophilus, Moryella, Dialister, Paludibacter and Leptotrichiaceae. There was a negative relationship between the Proteobacteria content and exacerbation frequency, quantity of hospitalizations and dyspnea. Representation of Prevotella negatively correlated with the severity of cough and sputum production.

The article provides an overview of the current literature summarizing experimental and clinical data on the role of intestinal microbiota and its changes associated with age and lifestyle. The normal intestinal microbiota performs several important functions: involved in energy metabolism, provides formation and maintenance of local mucosal immune system, is the source of some vitamins, regulates the reabsorption of bile acids in the intestine, sex hormones, cholesterol, participates in the water-electrolyte balance, and etc. Intestinal microbiota is an indicator of host status in response to age, physiological, dietary, climatic and geographical factors, changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition. All these changes affect the development of chronic low grade inflammation, oxidative stress, metabolic abnormalities that are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and the development of the phenotype of aging in clinical practice. Obviously, maintaining normal homeostasis and optimal metabolism is impossible without restoration of normal intestinal microbial associations.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication is obligatory in case of such diseases as gastric and duodenal ulcer, atrophic gastritis, MALT lymphoma, in patients after gastrectomy due to the gastric cancer, as well as in close relatives of gastric canсer patients. Antibacterial therapy which is aimed at the eradication of H. pylori has an impact on the intestinal microbiotа leading to its qualitative and quantitative disturbances. The review focuses on the influence of H. pylori and eradication therapy on the content of the intestinal microbiota, their role in the development of intestinal microbiota resistance to antibiotics. Both H. pylori itself and eradication therapy can lead to the changes of gut microbiota content, which are characterized by reduction in microorganisms diversity; decrease in the number of obligate anaerobes, prevailing in normal gut; increase in the number of facultative aerobic microorganisms. Long-term effect of antibiotic therapy is the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. Resistance may be due to the presence of the resistance genes in bacteria, which they have acquired through mutations or horizontal transfer. These genes can be spread not only among pathogenic bacteria, due to the presence of which antibacterial therapy is carried out, but also among the members of the normal microflora, which can then be modified and loose its beneficial properties. Thus the intestinal microflora may serve as a potential reservoir of resistance genes and contribute to the development of antibiotics resistance through other members of the human microbiota.

We conducted the comparative study of seven different methods of total DNA extraction from human feces. All these methods are recommended in protocols for metagenomic analysis of human gut microbiota. We studied the relative quantity of human DNA calculated from shotgun sequencing on a SOLiD 4 genetic analyzer of metagenomic samples. It was shown that either initial amount of feces or a method applied for total DNA extraction do not affect on final relative human DNA abundance, which is less than 1% in healthy people. Invariance of this parameter allows to consider increased abundance of human DNA in metagenomic samples as a potential marker of inflammatory bowel diseases.