In order to demonstrate the mechanism of promoting crop growth by the well-cellar style transplanting (WCST), this study analyzed the physiological, biochemical and transcriptomic characteristics of tobacco seedlings under WCST compared with the conventional transplanting (CT), in which seedlings were transplanted on membranes. The results showed that under WCST, the average air temperature and average relative humidity of the atmosphere were 22.29 ℃ and 97.10%, enhanced by 4.76 ℃ and 58.97% compared with CT, respectively. However, the average photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was 221.57 μmol/(m2·s), reduced by 20.53% than CT. After transplanting, the plant height and maximum leaf area under WCST were significantly improved, and the leaf water potential was enhanced between 29.92% and 64.46%. Furthermore, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) activities and malonaldehyde (MDA) content were reduced by 14.48%, 8.86%, and 9.83% compared with CT (P＜0.05), respectively. There were 4 845 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified, including 2 693 down-regulated genes and 2 152 up-regulated genes according to transcriptome sequencing. Some down-regulated DEGs are significantly enriched in “oxidation-reduction process” and “oxidoreductase activity” according to gene ontology (GO) annotation. Some DEGs involved in “flavonoid biosynthesis” are significantly enriched according to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. WCST decreased the gene expressions of chalcone isomerase, flavanone-3-hydroxylase,flavonol synthase,flavonoid-3´-hydroxylase,andflavonol-3-O-glucoside L-rhamnosyltransferaserelated with flavonoid biosynthesis, and significantly reduced the contents of the dihydroquercetin, rutin, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, luteolin, isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside. The higher air temperature, air relative humidity and lower PAR were beneficial to the growth and development of tobacco seedlings under WCST, which avoiding the adverse stress.

[目的]明确贵州烟田土壤pH、交换性钙(Ca2+)、交换性镁(Mg2+)和碳酸钙(CaCO3)的含量分布特征及其相互关系,指导土壤酸碱调节及钙镁肥料施用.[方法]采集贵州全省烟区500个典型烟田耕层(0～20 cm)土样,采用经典方法测定土壤pH、Ca2+、Mg2+和CaCO3含量,利用SPSS比较不同成土母质、土壤类型和区域之间pH、Ca2+、Mg2+和CaCO3的含量差异,定量分析pH与Ca2+、Mg2+和CaCO3之间的关系.[结果]土壤pH、Ca2+和Mg2+含量偏低的烟田分别占20.0％、18.2％和56.4％,偏高的烟田分别占37.0％、55.8％和29.6％.CaCO3低于10 g kg—1烟田占88.4％.不同成土母质、土壤类型和烟区土壤pH、Ca2+、Mg2+和CaCO3存在一定差异,不同母岩发育的土壤CaCO3无显著差异,水稻土和石灰土pH和Mg2+显著高于其他土壤类型,土壤pH、Ca2+和Mg2+在不同烟区间的差异性强于CaCO3.pH、Ca2+、Mg2+和CaCO3之间均显著正相关(P<0.01),基于全省尺度的pH与Ca2+、Mg2+和CaCO3含量之间一元线性回归模型为:pH=5.065+0.393Mg2++0.081Ca2++0.001CaCO3(R2=0.578,P<0.001,MAE=0.58,RSME=0.71),其精度与基于母岩类型、土壤类型和区域的线性模型大致相当.[结论]贵州烟田土壤pH、交换性钙、交换性镁和碳酸钙含量与分布受到成土母质、土壤类型和区域的影响,pH受交换性钙、交换性镁和碳酸钙的共同影响,烟田土壤酸碱调节及钙镁肥料施用应综合考虑土壤的pH、交换性钙、交换性镁和碳酸钙.

采用顶空固相微萃取(HS－SPME)结合全二维气相色谱－飞行时间质谱技术(GC×GC－TOF MS)对聚己二酸对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBAT)生物降解膜中主要挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行分析测定,并考察了萃取纤维头类型、平衡温度、平衡时间、萃取时间对HS－SPME在生物降解膜中VOCs测定的影响.结果显示:以聚二甲基硅氧烷－二乙烯基苯－碳分子筛羧乙基(PDMS－DVB－CAR)为萃取头、80℃下分别平衡与萃取目标物10 min与40 min,在进样口260℃条件下解析3 min后进GC×GC－TOF MS分析,采用基质谱数据库与结构谱图等定性,内标法定量,生物降解膜中共检出55种VOCs,按结构可分为苯系物、萘、醛酮、醇、酯、茚、胺、酚、其它类共9类.相比常规一维气相色谱,全二维气相色谱可有效分离生物降解膜中的同系物、异构体及干扰物质,获得准确的定性结果.方法的日内和日间相对标准偏差(RSD)均不高于19%,表现出较好的稳定性和可重复性.对不同厂家(A、B、C、D)PBAT生物降解膜中的55种VOCs进行检测并多元统计分析,主成分分析结果显示,PBAT A与PBAT B样品重叠,VOCs差异较小,PBAT A+B、PBAT C与PBAT D有明显差异,VOCs差异较大,表明同类型不同来源的生物降解膜中具有不同的物质组成.热图分析显示, PBAT D中的苯系物与PBAT A+B中的萘、胺类、酚类化合物含量较高,而PBAT C中的VOCs普遍偏低.由此表明建立的HS－SPME结合GC×GC－TOF MS检测方法具有准确可靠、简单、快速等优点,对PBAT生物降解膜的安全评价及使用具有一定的参考价值.

[Objective]To screen the new variety of flue-cured tobacco.[Method]With Yunyan 87 as the control,adaptability demonstration of Yunyan 105 in flue-cured tobacco of Shuicheng County was carried out in 2016-2017.[Result]Topping stage of Yunyan 105 was 13-14 d later than that of control.Yunyan 105 showed poor tolerance to maturity,it was easily affected by powdery mildew.Plant height of Yunyan 105 at top-ping and the remained leaves were 25 cm and 4 leaves greater than those of control.Compared with the control,the single leaf weight of Yunyan 105 was 2.65 g greater,stem content was 1.07 percentage points lower,leaf area density was 12.50 g/m2larger.The safety and flammability of Yunyan 105 were superior to those of control,belonging to middle incense type.The quality of Yunyan 105 was middle +,strength was moderate+,and concenration was middle +.[Conclusion]Further adaptability demonstration was suggested to be carried out.

在水城县盐井烤烟片区对主要害虫定点监测.结果显示,烟青虫在打顶期达到峰值,近3头/盒,烟株打顶后逐渐减少;小地老虎在4月底达到峰值,达14头/盒,严重影响本片区大田烟株移栽安全,随着烟株生长危害有减轻趋势;整个调查期斜纹夜蛾都有发生,至4月下旬达到峰值并持续到6月上旬,近12头/盒,损害烟株叶片,影响产量形成;烟蚜在5月底6月初达到峰值,此阶段烟株处于团棵至旺长期,烟蚜数量的增加阻碍烟株的正常生长,同时可能传播携带的烟草病毒,严重影响烟株安全.此监测对产区烤烟虫害预防提供参考.

2016-2017年通过对云烟99在水城烤烟生产上的应用价值分析,与对照云烟87相比,云烟99结果表现:同年各大田生育期与对照相当;易感白粉病,产值量偏低;叶面积大于对照品种,单叶重大于对照3.49克;其含梗率和叶面密度均低于对照0.88个百分点和3.94g/m2;总糖含量和钾含量大于对照达2.13和0.49个百分点;其烟碱、还原糖、总氮和氯含量均低于对照0.97、0.91、0.07和0.40个百分点;云烟99属"中间"香型,劲头"适中+",浓度"中等+",质量档次为"中等+".

Background: The trehalose (Tre) pathway has strong effects on growth and development in plants through regulation of carbon metabolism. Altering either Tre or trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P) can improve growth and productivity of plants as observed under different water availability. As yet, there are no reports of the effects of modification of Tre or T6P on plant performance under limiting nutrition. Results: Here we report that nitrogen (N) metabolism is positively affected by exogenous application of Tre in nitrogen-deficient growing conditions. Spraying foliage of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) with trehalose partially alleviated symptoms of nitrogen deficiency through upregulation of nitrate and ammonia assimilation and increasing activities of nitrate reductase (NR), glycolate oxidase (GO), glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GOGAT) with concomitant changes in ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) concentrations, glutamine and amino acids. Chlorophyll and total nitrogen content of leaves and rates of photosynthesis were increased compared to nitrogen-deficient plants without applied Tre. Total plant biomass accumulation was also higher in Tre-fed nitrogen-deficient plants, with a smaller proportion of dry weight partitioned to roots, compared to nitrogen-deficient plants without applied Tre. Consistent with higher nitrogen assimilation and growth, Tre application reduced foliar starch. Minimal effects of Tre feeding were observed on nitrogen-sufficient plants. Conclusions: The data show, for the first time, significant stimulatory effects of exogenous Tre on nitrogen metabolism and growth in plants growing under deficient nitrogen. Under such adverse conditions metabolism is regulated for survival rather than productivity. Application of Tre can alter this regulation towards maintenance of productive functions under low nitrogen. This has implications for considering approaches to modifying the Tre pathway for to improve crop nitrogen-use efficiency and production.

为了揭示不同微地形烟地土壤环境差异,本文通过随机区组试验,研究了云贵高原山区坝地、坡地和台地3种微地形烟地的土壤微生物数量、土壤化学成分及土壤酶活性差异.结果表明:不同微地形比较,坝地土壤的真菌、放线菌和细菌的数量较多,台地较少,坡地含量居中,不同生育期微地形之间差异都达到了极显著水平.土壤不同化学成分含量、过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶的活性都表现为坝地＞坡地＞台地.该研究结果为西南烟区不同微地形烟地养分管理和烟叶的优质生产提供理论参考.

西南山区的耕地可划分为坝地、 坡地和台地3种微地形.采用小型气象站和温湿度自动记录仪动态监测的方法,对贵州省凯里市龙井坝微地形烟地10~40 cm土层相对水分含量及其对降雨响应的差异进行了对比研究.结果表明,不同微地形对土壤相对含水量具有显著影响.烤烟生育期坝地土壤相对含水量最高,坡地居中,台地最低;坝地、 坡地和台地的各层土壤平均相对水分含量分别为55.7%、51.22%和49.96%.通过降雨量与烤烟生育期不同微地形土层相对水分含量的回归方程得知,降雨主要影响坝地和台地的40 cm土层的水分含量,而坡地为30 cm土层;坡地土层之间差异对降雨最敏感,台地次之,坝地最差.无论降雨过程中还是雨后24 h统计,微地形不同土层相对含水量对降雨强度有着各自不同的响应规律.

[Objective]This study compared the effects of decapitation and bagging on maturity process and smoking quality of tobacco upper leaf,and discussed the feasibility of replacing traditional decapitation with bagging,in order to provide theoretical and practical basis for developing a topping-inhibiting measure.[Method]The experiment was con-ducted in field. Tobacco plants were decapitated or wrapped by plastic bag at initial flowering stage,the changes of axil-lary bud occurrence,angle of stem to upper leaf,and contents of auxin(IAA),abscisic acid(ABA),starch and soluble sugar in upper leaf under different treatments were analyzed. The chemical constituents and smoking quality of flue-cured tobacco upper leaves were evaluated.[Result]Compared to those under decapitation treatment,the tobaccos under bag-ging treatment presented weaker axillary bud growth vigor,larger angle of stem to upper leaf. In the leaves,soluble sugar content increased,starch content decreased,IAA and ABA contents increased,and maturity process of upper leaf accelera-ted. In addition,the contents of nicotine and chlorine decreased significantly(P<0.05,the same below)while the content of total sugar,reducing sugar,total nitrogen and potassium increased in upper leaf under bagging treatment. Its aroma fla-vor and taste greatly improved. The total score of sensory evaluation(39.8)was significantly higher than that of decapita-tion group(36.5).[Conclusion]Based on comprehensive consideration of the usability and quality of tobacco upper leaf, bagging is better than decapitation. It is feasible to replace decapitation with bagging in tobacco planting.

In order to explore the quality characteristics of flue‐cured tobacco in mountainous areas and pro‐vide a theoretical guidance to local tobacco production ,tobacco cultivar k326 was planted in a block experi‐ment at Dafengdong of Kaili city ,Guizhou province in 3 kinds of micro‐topographies (dam ,sloping field and platform ) in 2014 .Differences in photosynthetic characteristics ,enzyme activity of carbon and nitro‐gen metabolism and other physiological and biochemical indexes of the plants under different topographies were studied ,and evaluation of the tobacco leaves was made in laboratory .The results showed that the change in PAR ,Pn ,Gs and Tr of tobacco leaves during the whole growth period showed a “parabola”trend of downward opening ,and these indexes were in the order of dam tobacco <platform tobacco<slop‐ing tobacco at the mature stage and of the order of platform tobacco <sloping tobacco<dam tobacco at the other grow th stages ,and the difference in these indexes among micro‐topographic treatments varied for different stages .The changes in intercellular CO2 concentration of dam tobacco showed an ascendant trend during the whole growth period ,but that of sloping tobacco and platform tobacco showed a fluctuating trend of “low‐high‐low‐high” .The change in AMS ,sucrase ,GS ,NR ,SOD ,POD and CAT activity of to‐bacco leaves during the whole growth period showed a “parabola” trend of downward opening ,of which GS activity was biggest at the topping stage ,while the other enzyme activities were biggest at the flourish‐ing stage ,and all enzyme activities were the largest at the mature stage ,and they showed an order of dam tobacco>sloping tobacco>platform tobacco at the other stages .SS activity of tobacco increased first and then decreased ,exhibiting a single‐peak curve ,and an obvious difference was present among the micro‐to‐pographies :platform tobacco>sloping tobacco>dam tobacco .SPS activity of tobacco leaves also showed a single‐peak curve ,with the maximum occurring at the vigorously growing stage of the plant .SPS activity of dam tobacco leaves was significantly higher than that of platform tobacco leaves ,and the difference was significant among micro‐topographies at the mature period .In a word ,canopy photosynthetic indexes and the enzyme activities of carbon and nitrogen metabolism of different micro‐topographical leaves were gen‐erally in the order of dam tobacco > sloping tobacco > platform tobacco before the mature stage ,after which the order changed as sloping tobacco>dam tobacco> platform tobacco .Tobacco plants grown in a sloping micro‐topography had the best comprehensive physiological and biochemical indexes ,followed in sequence by those grow n in dam and platform tobacco micro‐topographies .

为了揭示不同微地形烟叶特色,通过随机区组试验,研究云贵高原山区坝地、坡地和台地3种微地形烟叶的品质特征差异.结果表明:1)坡地烟叶的香气类型为“中偏清”,坝地和台地为“中间”香型;主体香韵坡地烟叶表现为“显著”和“较显著”,而坝地和台地烟叶为“较显著”和“尚显著”,坡地烟叶的辅助香韵除了“木香”、“辛香”外,还有“果香”成分.2)中部叶评吸总分各微地形处理间差异有统计学意义.3)中部烟叶致香物质质量分数由大到小为坡地烟叶,坝地烟叶,台地烟叶,坡地烟叶和坝地烟叶分别比台地烟叶高出46.56％和16.97％;烤后烟叶含梗率由大到小为坝地烟叶,台地烟叶,坡地烟叶.4)生育期烟叶蔗糖质量分数呈波浪形曲线,在旺长期时质量分数达到最大值,此时由大到小为台地烟叶,坡地烟叶,坝地烟叶;生育期和烤后烟叶氯素质量分数由大到小均表现为坡地烟叶,坝地烟叶,台地烟叶,上部烟叶和下部烟叶各处理差异有统计学意义(p＜0.05),而中部烟叶差异有统计学意义p＜0.01.坡地烟叶感官质量较好、致香物质和氯素质量分数较高、舍梗率较低、蔗糖质量分数总体较高,因此其品质特征较优,坝地烟叶次之,台地烟叶最差.该研究结果为西南烟区不同微地形优质烟叶的生产及卷烟工业的品质需求提供理论参考.

In order to identify the relationship between nitrogen application rates and photosynthetic characteristics of cutters at topping stage in flue-cured tobacco, a pot experiment was carried out to study the effects of nitrogen levels on light response parameters of cutters at topping stage. Three levels of nitrogen fertilizer (45, 90 and 135 kg/ha) were set up in pot experiment. Net photosynthetic rate(Pn), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate (E) of cutters were measured in an open-circuit gas channel system, meanwhile, instantaneous light use efficiency (LUEi) and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEi) were calculated out. The results showed that as the levels of photosynthetically active radiation increased,Pn of cutters at topping stage in flue-cured tobacco gradually increased and stabilized; as the levels of nitrogen fertilizer increased,Pn,Ci and LUEi of middle leaves decreased, and the same pattern was found on the apparent quantum efficiency (AQY), maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pmax) and light compensation point (LCP). WUEi and light compensation point (LCP) were reduced with 45 kg /ha applied in pot experiment. Based on this study, an optimum nitrogen rate of between 45 kg/ha and 90 kg/ha was recommend to ensure strong photosynthetic capacity of cutters at topping stage in flue-cured tobacco.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">为探讨井窖式移栽烟苗生长发育过程中的光合生理变化,结合田间和盆栽试验,对比研究了常规膜上和井窖式2种移栽模式下烟苗生长环境的太阳光合有效辐射（PAR）水平和生长发育水平,进一步分析了烟苗叶片光合作用和光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）特征。结果表明:与常规膜上移栽比较,井窖内太阳光合有效辐射水平降低,其中,井窖内距井窖口4和8cm处PAR分别为常规移栽的72.60%和52.85%;井窖式移栽提高了烟苗株高、增大了烟叶最大叶长和叶宽,但降低了叶片叶绿素含量;井窖式移栽降低了叶片最大净光合速率（Pmax）和光饱和点（LSP）,但表观量子效率（AQY）提高了4.44%,光补偿点（LCP）和暗呼吸速率（Rd）分别减小了20.43%和17.78%,增强了烟苗对井窖内弱光的适应能力;井窖式和常规膜上移栽均降低了PSⅡ的最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）,但井窖式移栽烟苗Fv/Fm显著（P&lt;0.05）高于常规膜上移栽,增幅5%⁹%。采用井窖式移栽,烟苗对井窖内弱光环境的自我适应和光能利用能力增强,生长发育加快。</span>

在田间和盆栽试验条件下,以烟苗常规移栽为对照,分析研究了井窖式移栽对烟苗生长环境大气温湿度、土壤水热状况和叶片水势的影响.结果表明,07:00-18:00,井窖式移栽井窖内平均空气相对湿度为93.37％,比常规移栽烟苗生长环境湿度提高了82％;井窖内环境温度为11～30℃,极差为20℃,常规移栽环境温度变幅为7～44℃,极差达37℃.井窖式移栽烟苗根区平均土壤含水率为27.59％,比常规移栽提高了37％;井窖式移栽根区地温变幅为16.1～30.1℃,常规移栽为11～37.7℃.08:00-20:00,井窖式移栽烟苗叶片水势比常规移栽显著(p＜0.05)提高了29.92％～64.46％.井窖式移栽改善了移栽初期烟苗生长环境大气和土壤的水热条件,显著提高了烟苗叶片水势,是应对烟苗移栽期不适宜水热条件的重要栽培措施.

The relationship between nutrients content of six different soil types ( big yellow soil,big soil, big sandy soil,yellow sandy soil,yellow clay,gravel yellow sandy soil) in Guiyang city and the quality of tobacco leaf was studied.The results showed that the nutrients content of six soil types in Guiyang city was basically within the optimum range,except that available B content was lack,available S,Fe,Mn contents were too high.Nitrate N content, total N content,ammonia N content,total P and available K content were significant related with the quality of tobacco planted in big yellow soil,big soil,yellow sandy soil,yellow clay,respectively.Sugar alkali ratio of tobacco planted in big yellow soil,big soil,yellow sandy soil,yellow clay had a typical linear regression equation relation with a soil nutrient( nitrate N,total N,ammonia N,to-tal P) content,but that in big sandy soil and gravel yellow sandy soil had not obvious linear relation with the soil nutrient content.As to the quality of flue-cured tobacco,the big soil was the best,and yellow clay&nbsp;was the worst.The soil type of big soil should be largely popularized for flue-cured tobacco production.

异黄酮还原酶相似蛋白(IRL)是与异黄酮还原酶具有高度序列同源一致性而功能不同的一类蛋白.通过PCR扩增普通烟草(Nicotiama tabacum)品种龙里红花烟IRL基因的一段特异保守片段NtIRLA,并将其亚克隆到中间载体pCAMBIA2301G中,构建了IRL反义植物表达载体pCAMBIA2301G-IRLA.通过PCR鉴定、酶切鉴定证实载体构建成功,并转化到根癌农杆菌LBA4404菌株中形成工程菌株,为进一步利用转基因手段明确IRL基因在烟草次生代谢中的功能奠定了基础.

To realize elaborate tobacco planting in Weining County based on GIS,and guide tobacco planning and rational distribution,the climatic conditions in tobacco growth period were analyzed by methods of spatial interpolation and model construction by using GIS technology,and the effects of various meteorological elements on tobacco quality were studied through relevant methods by using tobacco quality data.The results showed that the quality of heat was the greatest factor affecting tobacco quality and yield.Spring drought influence the normal tobacco transplantation.The climatic suitability regionalization of tobacco planting was conducted in Weining County;suitable tobacco planting areas were observed in 35 townships,unsuited regions mainly distributed in high and middle mountains with an elevation of over 2 300 m.This conclusion was basically identical with the planting status at present.

The labor quantity of flue-cured tobacco production was investigated in traditional tobacco planting and modern tobacco agriculture in Guizhou province. The results showed that the quantity of labor needed 29.81-31.67 md/667m2 in the process of traditional tobacco planting, but only needed 16.133-17.965 md/667m2 in the process of modern tobacco agriculture. In the process of modern tobacco agriculture, the quantity of labor decreased by 43.27%-45.89% due to mechanization, intensive farming, and specialization.

The effects of soil and climate on nicotine and potassium content of cured tobacco leaves were studied through a field plot experiment with soils from Weining, Kaiyang and Tianzhu with obvious different ecological regions in Guizhou Province, and using flue-cured variety of Yunyan 87 as the test materials. Results showed the influence degree of different ecological factors on nicotine and potassium content of cured tobacco leaves was distinctly different. The effect of climate on nicotine content of cured tobacco leaves was higher than that of soil. The variability of nicotine content among climate factors was almost 4 times higher than that among soil factors. The contributing rates of climate and soil to the variation of nicotine content were 47% and 18%, respectively. The cumulative rainfall at maturing stage and ≥10℃ accumulated temperature at maturing stage, the amount of sunlight hours at the earlier growing stage in field were the top three climate factors affecting nicotine content of cured tobacco leaves. The effect of soil on nicotine content of cured tobacco leaves was obviously higher than that of climate. The variability of potassium content among soil factors was 1.5 times higher than that among climate factors. The contributing rates of soil and climate to the variation of potassium content were 40% and 14%, respectively. The available potassium content, organic matter content and total nitrogen content were the top three soil factors affecting potassium content of cured tobacco leaves. The effect of climate on nicotine content could not be neglected when the nicotine content was regulated by varieties distribution and agronomic measures. Soil factors should be mainly considered in order to improve potassium content of tobacco leaves.