In order to clarify the mechanism of suitable water and heat conditions in transplanting hole,this study analyzed the effects of the wind speed near the soil surface on air velocity in the transplanting hole.Based on the threedimensional numerical simulation model of transplanting hole under the condition of no crops planted,CFD software was used to simulate the internal airflow in the transplanting hole at 1.50,2.70 and 3.90m/s,respectively.The flow velocity was verified by experimental test.The simulation results showed that the average air speed of the longitudinal section was 0.25,0.48 and 0.72m/s,respectively,when the wind speeds near the soil surface were 1.50,2.70 and 3.90m/s.In general,the average air velocity in the transplanting hole was reduced by 81.54％to 83.34％.When the wind direction near the soil surface was from right to left,the air in the vertical section of the transplanting hole was counterclockwise.The verification results showed that there was a positive linear correlation between the air velocity in the transplanting hole and the wind speed near the soil surface,and this linear fitting equation was y=0.220 9x-0.176(R2=0.925 3).When the wind speed near the soil surface was 2.70m/s,the air flow rate was 0.42m/s by measurement and was 0.48m/s by simulation in the transplanting hole of well-cellar style transplanting,respectively. The dispersed heat and moisture from the transplanting hole were decreased due to small atmospheric disturbances from the soil surface,which contributed to the maintenance of the suitable water and heat conditions for the growth of tobacco seedlings.

为研究绿肥压青对喀斯特地区植烟土壤细菌群落特征的影响.采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序,分析了连续4年绿肥(黑麦草、燕麦、光叶紫花苕和紫云英)压青对烤烟根际土壤细菌丰富度和多样性的影响.绿肥压青土壤速效钾和有机质含量分别提高了25.04％～31.00％和6.49％～10.84％,土壤有效磷降低了0.62％～9.04％;黑麦草和燕麦压青提高了土壤pH值,而紫云英和光叶紫花苕压青则降低了土壤pH值.与无绿肥压青比较,紫云英压青对土壤细菌Ace指数无显著(P＞0.05)影响,但黑麦草、光叶紫花苕和燕麦压青分别显著(P＜0.05)减小了8.73％、6.41％和8.84％;黑麦草、光叶紫花苕、燕麦和紫云英压青均显著降低了土壤细菌Shan-non指数,分别下降了6.01％、2.01％、2.01％和3.34％;绿肥压青的植烟土壤放线菌门细菌丰度提高了49.83％～ 114.95％,厚壁菌门和疣微菌门分别降低了20.05％～66.83％和25.34％～83.49％.冗余(RDA)分析显示,Rhizomicrobium和产黄杆菌属Rhodanobacter等变形菌门细菌属与土壤全氮和有机质呈正相关关系,厚壁菌门的优势细菌类群芽孢杆菌属Bacillus则呈明显的负相关关系.绿肥压青还田提高了植烟土壤水解氮、速效钾和有机质含量,改变了土壤pH值,调节了细菌群落结构.

以K326品种为试验材料,通过大田试验不同施氮量和留叶数组合,培育不同烤烟株型,研究烤烟株型性状与产量、质量的关系,以提出烤烟的理想株型变化模式.结果表明:随着叶层高、叶层宽、根系长度、根系体积、净同化率、作物生长率、叶面积持续期等株型性状数值的增加,烤烟产量增加;烤烟质量综合得分随叶层宽和顶宽的增加呈抛物线变化趋势.本研究烤烟株型动态变化模式由3种株型的组合产生,分别为台形(table shape,简称T)、鼓形(drum shape,简称D)、筒形(cylinder shape,简称C),具体可划分为5种变化模式,其中,T-D-C模式属于低产量中等质量类型;T-D-T-C模式化学成分协调,单叶重适宜,属于低产量中等质量和适宜产量较好质量类型;T-D-T-D-C模式化学成分协调,单叶重和含梗率适宜,属于低产量较好质量和适宜产量较好质量类型;D-C模式化学成分不协调,单叶重偏大,含梗率偏高,属于适宜产量较差质量类型;D-T-D-C模式化学成分不协调,单叶重偏大,含梗率偏高,属于适宜产量较差质量、高产量较差质量、高产量中等质量类型.因此,本研究得出烤烟理想株型的动态变化模式为T-D-T-D-C.

西南山区的耕地可划分为坝地、 坡地和台地3种微地形.采用小型气象站和温湿度自动记录仪动态监测的方法,对贵州省凯里市龙井坝微地形烟地10~40 cm土层相对水分含量及其对降雨响应的差异进行了对比研究.结果表明,不同微地形对土壤相对含水量具有显著影响.烤烟生育期坝地土壤相对含水量最高,坡地居中,台地最低;坝地、 坡地和台地的各层土壤平均相对水分含量分别为55.7%、51.22%和49.96%.通过降雨量与烤烟生育期不同微地形土层相对水分含量的回归方程得知,降雨主要影响坝地和台地的40 cm土层的水分含量,而坡地为30 cm土层;坡地土层之间差异对降雨最敏感,台地次之,坝地最差.无论降雨过程中还是雨后24 h统计,微地形不同土层相对含水量对降雨强度有着各自不同的响应规律.

研究不同覆盖方式对上部烟叶质量的影响.结果表明,揭膜盖草加喷施硅肥可提高上部叶PS Ⅱ的最大光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)等荧光参数;与揭膜不盖草(CK)处理比较,揭膜盖草+钾肥和揭膜盖草+硅肥处理的烟株叶重和总干重显著增加;揭膜盖草+硅肥处理的上部烟叶物理性状最好、化学成分最协调.

为探明不同的种植模式对烤烟根际土壤养分、酶活性以及烟草生长的影响，进行了田间小区试验。结果表明，半膜全生育期地膜覆盖能不同程度地提高根际土壤水解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质的含量，增加根际土壤过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶活性，促进烟株地上部的生长，提高烟叶产量和产值。半膜覆盖栽培作为一种新的种植模式，在有效改良土壤理化性状和促进烟株生长发育的同时，可大大降低地膜对环境的污染，促进环境的可持续发展，具有一定的推广应用前景。

In order to investigate the effects of soil temperature and humidity and ambient air temperature on the early stage growth and development of tobacco plants by well-cellar transplanting, the field experiments on transplanting means were conducted at Longgang base of Guizhou Tobacco Science Research Institute. The results showed that well-cellar transplanting aided by film mulching could effectively raise the soil and air temperatures in fields, narrow the variation ranges of soil temperature and humidity, and promote the early stage growth and development of tobacco plants. The tobacco plants showed the best agronomic traits, and highest biomass and root vigor 35 days after transplanting. The results of grey incidence analysis indicated that for well-cellar transplanting aided by film mulching, the effect of soil temperature on root development was greater than that of soil humidity, the effects of soil temperature at different soil depths differed, and the effect of soil temperature at 15 cm depth was greater. In contrast, root vigor was affected more obviously by soil humidity than did soil temperature, and the effect of soil humidity at 5 cm depth was greater.

In order to identify the relationship between nitrogen application rates and photosynthetic characteristics of cutters at topping stage in flue-cured tobacco, a pot experiment was carried out to study the effects of nitrogen levels on light response parameters of cutters at topping stage. Three levels of nitrogen fertilizer (45, 90 and 135 kg/ha) were set up in pot experiment. Net photosynthetic rate(Pn), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate (E) of cutters were measured in an open-circuit gas channel system, meanwhile, instantaneous light use efficiency (LUEi) and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEi) were calculated out. The results showed that as the levels of photosynthetically active radiation increased,Pn of cutters at topping stage in flue-cured tobacco gradually increased and stabilized; as the levels of nitrogen fertilizer increased,Pn,Ci and LUEi of middle leaves decreased, and the same pattern was found on the apparent quantum efficiency (AQY), maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pmax) and light compensation point (LCP). WUEi and light compensation point (LCP) were reduced with 45 kg /ha applied in pot experiment. Based on this study, an optimum nitrogen rate of between 45 kg/ha and 90 kg/ha was recommend to ensure strong photosynthetic capacity of cutters at topping stage in flue-cured tobacco.

Field experiments were conducted in Longgang base,Guiyang to study the effects of different planting depth well cellar-type transplanting on the early growth and development of tobacco. Results showed that 35 d after transplanting, the treatments of tobacco growing point from 6 cm of well cellar mouth had the best agronomic traits with the highest biomass and root vigor, the best root development and the biggest comprehensive effect coefficient. The tobacco growing point from 6cm of well cellar mouth was most appropriate for well cellar-type transplanting planting depth, beneficial to early growth,root growth and dry matter accumulation of tobacco.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">为探讨井窖式移栽烟苗生长发育过程中的光合生理变化,结合田间和盆栽试验,对比研究了常规膜上和井窖式2种移栽模式下烟苗生长环境的太阳光合有效辐射（PAR）水平和生长发育水平,进一步分析了烟苗叶片光合作用和光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）特征。结果表明:与常规膜上移栽比较,井窖内太阳光合有效辐射水平降低,其中,井窖内距井窖口4和8cm处PAR分别为常规移栽的72.60%和52.85%;井窖式移栽提高了烟苗株高、增大了烟叶最大叶长和叶宽,但降低了叶片叶绿素含量;井窖式移栽降低了叶片最大净光合速率（Pmax）和光饱和点（LSP）,但表观量子效率（AQY）提高了4.44%,光补偿点（LCP）和暗呼吸速率（Rd）分别减小了20.43%和17.78%,增强了烟苗对井窖内弱光的适应能力;井窖式和常规膜上移栽均降低了PSⅡ的最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）,但井窖式移栽烟苗Fv/Fm显著（P&lt;0.05）高于常规膜上移栽,增幅5%⁹%。采用井窖式移栽,烟苗对井窖内弱光环境的自我适应和光能利用能力增强,生长发育加快。</span>

To reduce labor intensity and improve the utilization efficiency of plastic film, and to reduce the cost and increase the products, field plot experiment method was used to study the effects of semi-film mulching cultivation mode on the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco. The results showed that semi-film mulching could increase the efficiency of photosynthesis , semi-film mulching growth period (T1) treated with control (CK) stomatal conductance (Gs), intercel ular CO2 concentration (Ci) the difference was significant (P<0.05); Compared with the control, semi-film mulching could promote the growth of root diameter and the down-growing of root, and enhance the growth potential of plant, the average root diameter increased 0.22 mm, significant difference (P<0.05), increased 0.05 m depth tie root and dry matter accumulation increased 46.57 g·plant-1 90 d after transplanting. Therefore, the cost of plastic film cultivation mode could be saved 50.00%and 50.00%usage amount of plastic film was saved by using the semi-film mulching cultivation mode. The yield of plastic film cultivation mode increased by 246.01 kg·hm-2 and economic saved 4 487.94 yuan·hm-2. Semi-film mulching cultivation mode was a new cropping pattern, with broad prospects of popularization and application, as it could increase the yield and reduce the cost and the pol ution of film for environment, and promote the sustainable development of the environment.

在田间和盆栽试验条件下,以烟苗常规移栽为对照,分析研究了井窖式移栽对烟苗生长环境大气温湿度、土壤水热状况和叶片水势的影响.结果表明,07:00-18:00,井窖式移栽井窖内平均空气相对湿度为93.37％,比常规移栽烟苗生长环境湿度提高了82％;井窖内环境温度为11～30℃,极差为20℃,常规移栽环境温度变幅为7～44℃,极差达37℃.井窖式移栽烟苗根区平均土壤含水率为27.59％,比常规移栽提高了37％;井窖式移栽根区地温变幅为16.1～30.1℃,常规移栽为11～37.7℃.08:00-20:00,井窖式移栽烟苗叶片水势比常规移栽显著(p＜0.05)提高了29.92％～64.46％.井窖式移栽改善了移栽初期烟苗生长环境大气和土壤的水热条件,显著提高了烟苗叶片水势,是应对烟苗移栽期不适宜水热条件的重要栽培措施.

在贵州省烟草科学研究院贵阳龙岗基地，开展井窖式移栽烟苗根系不同覆土程度对烟株前期生长发育影响的试验。结果表明，移栽后35 d，根系全覆土的烟株农艺性状表现最好，地上部生物量、根系活力相对最高，根系发育较好；根系覆土1／3的烟株根系发育相对最好，根系抗逆性最强。井窖式移栽的烟苗根系采取全覆土方式较为适宜，有利于烟株前期地上部生长和干物质的积累。

The relationship between nutrients content of six different soil types ( big yellow soil,big soil, big sandy soil,yellow sandy soil,yellow clay,gravel yellow sandy soil) in Guiyang city and the quality of tobacco leaf was studied.The results showed that the nutrients content of six soil types in Guiyang city was basically within the optimum range,except that available B content was lack,available S,Fe,Mn contents were too high.Nitrate N content, total N content,ammonia N content,total P and available K content were significant related with the quality of tobacco planted in big yellow soil,big soil,yellow sandy soil,yellow clay,respectively.Sugar alkali ratio of tobacco planted in big yellow soil,big soil,yellow sandy soil,yellow clay had a typical linear regression equation relation with a soil nutrient( nitrate N,total N,ammonia N,to-tal P) content,but that in big sandy soil and gravel yellow sandy soil had not obvious linear relation with the soil nutrient content.As to the quality of flue-cured tobacco,the big soil was the best,and yellow clay&nbsp;was the worst.The soil type of big soil should be largely popularized for flue-cured tobacco production.

Biochar is one of the research hotspots in the field of the agroforestry waste utilization. A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different amounts of tobacco stem biochar (0, 1, 10, 50 t · hm⁻²) on soil micro-ecology and physiological properties of flue-cured tobacco. The results showed that soil water content (SWC) increased at all tobacco growth stages as the amounts of biochar applications increased. There were significant differences of SWC between the treatment of 50 t · hm⁻² and other treatments at the period of tobacco vigorous growth. As the application of biochar increased, the total soil porosity and capillary porosity increased, while soil bacteria, actinomyces, fungi amount increased firstly and then decreased. The amount of soil bacteria, actinomyces, fungi reached the maximum at the treatment of 10 t · hm⁻². Soil respiration rate (SRR) at earlier stage increased with the increase of biochar application. Compared with the control, SSR under biochar treatments increased by 7.9%-36.9%, and there were significant differences of SRR between high biochar application treatments (50 t · hm⁻² and 10 t · hm⁻²) and the control. Biochar improved leaf water potential, carotenoid and chlorophyll contents. Meanwhile, the dry mass of root, shoot and total dry mass under biochar application were higher than that of the control. These results indicated that the biochar played active roles in improving tobacco-planting soil micro-ecology and regulating physiological properties of flue-cured tobacco.

In order to study dynamic change of biological activity and nutrient content in different tobacco planting soil in the same climate,Yunyan 85 was planted in soil from Tianzhu,Weining,and Kaiyang Counties in Guizhou Province under the same cultivated pattern in Kaiyang climate at field experiment. The results showed that the amount of bacteria in silty loam from Tianzhu rose gradually from 60 days to 75 days after transplanting,its amount of fungi and actinomycetes decreased after increasing and increased again,its hydrogen peroxidase activity decreased after increasing and increased again at the end,its urease activity decreased after increasing,its phosphatase activity stabilized at very low level. The amount of bacteria and fungi in sandy loam from Weining,descent after rising,its amount of actinomycetes decreased after increasing and increased again,its hydrogen peroxidase activity decreased after increasing,its urease activity stabilized from 30 days to 45 days after transplanting,then began to decrease,which reached the minimum at 60 days after transplanting,its phosphatase activity stabilized at very low level from 30 days to 60 days after transplanting,then began to increase sharply. The amount of bacteria and fungi in loam clay from Kaiyang descent after rising,its amount of actinomycetes decreased after increasing and increased again,its hydrogen peroxidase activity stabilized at high level,its urease activity stabilized from 30 days to 45 days after transplanting,then begun to decrease,which reached the minimum at 60 days after transplanting,its phosphatase activity increased after decreasing and decreased again at the end. In sandy loam from Weining,the content of available phosphate was highest,but available nitrogen and available potassium was the lowest. In clay soil from Kaiyang,the activity of catalase,urease and phosphatase and the content of available potassium were highest. The preliminary study found that dynamic change of biological activity and nutrient content in different tobacco planting soil in the same climate was different significantly,furthermore,which could influence nutrient transformation.

For promoting the further development and continuous improvement of research and application of nonwoven fabrics,the authors discussed the research status and existing problems from its function and the application in agriculture,then corresponding development suggestions were put forward as well.

异黄酮还原酶相似蛋白(IRL)是与异黄酮还原酶具有高度序列同源一致性而功能不同的一类蛋白.通过PCR扩增普通烟草(Nicotiama tabacum)品种龙里红花烟IRL基因的一段特异保守片段NtIRLA,并将其亚克隆到中间载体pCAMBIA2301G中,构建了IRL反义植物表达载体pCAMBIA2301G-IRLA.通过PCR鉴定、酶切鉴定证实载体构建成功,并转化到根癌农杆菌LBA4404菌株中形成工程菌株,为进一步利用转基因手段明确IRL基因在烟草次生代谢中的功能奠定了基础.

为揭示光质对立体托盘育苗烟苗叶绿体色素、光响应和根系发育的影响,设置了全白光(对照)和补充红光、蓝光和LED光质4个处理的封闭式室内立体育苗试验.结果表明:补充红蓝光质提高了烟苗叶片光合色素含量,增强了叶片光合能力;补充蓝光条件下烟苗根系发育最好,补充蓝光质显著增加了烟苗根系长度、根系表面积和根系体积,烟苗4叶1心时根系长度达75.45 cm、根系表面积13.49 cm2、根系平均直径0.51 mm和根系体积0.18 cm3;立体育苗中,烟苗干物质积累量与烟苗叶片光合能力和根系发育水平呈显著正相关.补充蓝光光质更适于烤烟立体育苗.

以自然光为对照,采用红色、白色、蓝色、黄色4种有色薄膜于2010～2011年从团棵期开始对大田烤烟进行遮光处理,研究不同光质对烤烟生长、光合特性及初烤品质指标的影响.结果显示:(1)红膜处理最大叶长宽比最小、叶面积最大,黄膜处理则相反.(2)红、蓝膜处理烟叶净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率明显高于自然光处理,白、黄膜处理略高于对照或与对照持平,且遮膜处理前期红膜高于蓝膜处理,后期蓝膜高于红膜处理.(3)红、蓝膜处理有利于提高倒5叶SPAD值,黄膜处理则相反.(4)红膜处理显著降低了中部叶蛋白质、总氮含量和氮碱比,提高了施木克值,并显著提高了上部叶可溶性糖含量和氮碱比,降低了施木克值;蓝膜处理显著提高了中部叶烟碱和多酚含量,降低了可溶性糖含量、施木克值及氮碱比,并显著提高了上部叶蛋白质、总氮、烟碱和多酚含量,降低了施木克值,提高了氮碱比;黄膜处理显著降低了中上部叶蛋白质、总氮、烟碱和多酚含量,提高了上部叶施木克值、降低了氮碱比.研究表明,红、蓝膜处理更利于烟叶发育和光合特性的提高,初烤烟叶化学成分更协调,利于优质烟叶的形成.