R. Brunner, R. Kausen & M. Titze (Eds.): Worterbuch der Individualpsychologie (R. L.) 58.- Centro de Rehabilitación de Alcohólicos (Ed.). Memorias del III Congreso Iberoamericano sobre Alcohol y Alcoholismo (C. Sogi) 59.- T. Crooks, R. Bartus, S. Ferris & S. Gershon (Eds.): Treatment Development strategies for Alzheimer's Disease (A. Arregui) 59.- Ch. Desrouesne: Practique Neurologique (L. Trelles) 60.- U. Geuter (Ed.): Daten zur geschichte der Deutschen Psychologie (Vol. 1: Psychologische Institute, Fachgesellschaften, Fachzeitschriften und Serien, Biographien, Emigranten, 1879-1945) (R. Leon) 60. - Roger Guerra·Garcia (Ed.). Problemas poblacionales peruanas II. (c. Sogi) 61.- L. J. Pongralz: Problemgeschichte der Psychologie (R. Leon) 62.- Humberto Roselli: La Locura de Epifanio y otros ensayos (J. Mariategui) 63.- D. J. Weatherall, J. C. Ledingham & D. A. Warrell (Eds.). Oxford Textbook of Medicine (L Trelles) 64.

y se asuma la tarea con determinación.

Hace cien mil años Viault (1890) demostró un aumento en el número de glóbulos rojos de personas que vivían en Morococha a 4,500 metros sobre el nivel del mar. Desde entonces se empezó a desarrollar el concepto de adaptación a las grandes alturas. Estudios posteriores demostraron que efectivamente el nativo de altura lograba aclimatarse a su ambiente con poco oxígeno pero que eventualmente podía perder esta adaptación. La descripción del primer caso de Mal de Montaña Crónico (MMC) hecha por Monge M. En 1928 dio lugar a la aparición del concepto de desadaptación a las grandes alturas.

High Altitude Medicine & BiologyVol. 12, No. 4 Letters to the EditorIs Depression the Link Between Suicide and High Altitude?Jorge L. Gamboa, Ricardo Caceda, and Alberto ArreguiJorge L. GamboaDivision of Clinical Pharmacology/Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center.Search for more papers by this author, Ricardo CacedaDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine.Search for more papers by this author, and Alberto ArreguiDepartment of Neurology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia.Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:29 Dec 2011https://doi.org/10.1089/ham.2011.1014AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail View article"Is Depression the Link Between Suicide and High Altitude?." , 12(4), pp. 403–404FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byDisparities in the prevalence of screened depression at different altitudes in Peru: A retrospective analysis of the ENDES 201921 December 2022 | PLOS ONE, Vol. 17, No. 12The interplay of hypoxic and mental stress: Implications for anxiety and depressive disordersNeuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, Vol. 138Optimism and Health Self-Perception-Related Differences in Indigenous Kiwchas of Ecuador at Low and High Altitude: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Esteban Ortiz-Prado, Katherine Simbaña-Rivera, Diego Duta, Israel Ochoa, Juan S. 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Renshaw, and Douglas G. Kondo21 June 2019 | High Altitude Medicine & Biology, Vol. 20, No. 2Association between altitude, prescription opioid misuse, and fatal overdosesAddictive Behaviors Reports, Vol. 9Injury-Related Deaths according to Environmental, Demographic, and Lifestyle FactorsJournal of Environmental and Public Health, Vol. 2019Depression, Religiosity, and Parenting Styles among Young Latter-Day Saint Adolescents26 March 2019 | Religions, Vol. 10, No. 3Modeling the effects of atmospheric pressure on suicide rates in the USA using geographically weighted regression5 December 2018 | PLOS ONE, Vol. 13, No. 12Hypobaric hypoxia exposure in rats differentially alters antidepressant efficacy of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors fluoxetine, paroxetine, escitalopram and sertralinePharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, Vol. 170Suicide and High Altitude: An Integrative Review Elaine Reno, Talia L. Brown, Marian E. Betz, Michael H. Allen, Lilian Hoffecker, Jeremy Reitinger, Robert Roach, and Benjamin Honigman1 June 2018 | High Altitude Medicine & Biology, Vol. 19, No. 2Living High and Feeling Low: Altitude, Suicide, and DepressionHarvard Review of Psychiatry, Vol. 26, No. 2Animal models to improve our understanding and treatment of suicidal behavior11 April 2017 | Translational Psychiatry, Vol. 7, No. 4Blunted inflammation mediated by NF-κB activation in hippocampus alleviates chronic normobaric hypoxia-induced anxiety-like behavior in ratsBrain Research Bulletin, Vol. 122Hypobaric Hypoxia Induces Depression-like Behavior in Female Sprague-Dawley Rats, but not in Males Shami Kanekar, Olena V. Bogdanova, Paul R. Olson, Young-Hoon Sung, Kristen E. D'Anci, and Perry F. Renshaw24 March 2015 | High Altitude Medicine & Biology, Vol. 16, No. 1Suicide at High Altitude: The Importance of Sociodemographic and Mental Health Care Factors Marian Betz, Morgan Anne Valley, Steven R. Lowenstein, and Benjamin Honigman22 June 2012 | High Altitude Medicine & Biology, Vol. 13, No. 2The Authors Reply Barry E. Brenner, Hillary Mohs, and Perry F. Renshaw29 December 2011 | High Altitude Medicine & Biology, Vol. 12, No. 4 Volume 12Issue 4Dec 2011 InformationCopyright 2011, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.To cite this article:Jorge L. Gamboa, Ricardo Caceda, and Alberto Arregui.Is Depression the Link Between Suicide and High Altitude?.High Altitude Medicine & Biology.Dec 2011.403-404.http://doi.org/10.1089/ham.2011.1014Published in Volume: 12 Issue 4: December 29, 2011PDF download

Estudios posteriores demostraron que efectivamente el nativo de altura lograba aclimatarse a su ambiente con poco oxígeno pero que eventualmente podía perder esta adaptación. La descripción del primer caso de Mal de Montaña Crónico (MMC) hecha por Monge M. En 1928 dio lugar a la aparición del concepto de desadaptación a las grandes alturas. Este autor notó que los pacientes se curaban al bajar a nivel del mar y que la enfermedad regresaba si el paciente volvía a la altura. Consideró, además, a esta enfermedad como propia de quienes viven en la altura y adoptó para ella el nombre de Mal de Montaña Crónico para diferenciarla del Soroche o Mal de Montaña Agudo, que se presenta en quienes recién llegan a la altura. Recién en las dos últimas décadas empiezan a aparecer investigaciones que retoman el concepto de desadaptación de los habitantes de las grandes alturas e introducen por primera vez la importancia de la edad y/o el tiempo de residencia en ellas como factor desencadenante (Whittembury y Monge, 1972; Sime y col, 1975; Monge, León Velarde y Arregui, 1990; Monge y col. 1990; Arregui y col. 1990). Sin embargo, la magnitud del problema usando criterios epidemiológicos ha sido hasta ahora desconocida.

We measured the activities of Na(+)K(+) ATPase and of enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, Krebs cycle, and the respiratory chain in cerebral cortex of mice exposed to chronic hypoxia for three weeks and compared their values with those of sea level controls. There were no differences in Na(+)K(+) ATPase activity or in the activity of glycolytic enzymes. In the Krebs cycle, a 66% increase of succinate dehydrogenase activity was found due to a lower Km. In contrast, respiratory chain cytochrome oxidase activity was reduced by 12% in mice exposed to hypoxia. This suggested that the metabolic demand would be satisfied despite the respiratory chain depression (cytochrome oxidase), probably due to anaerobic energy production within the mitochondria (succinate dehydrogenase).

The effect of chronic hypobaric hypoxia (28 days, 455 Torr) on the organization of brain vessels was studied in Balb/c mice. In comparison to age-matched controls kept at sea level, emulsion-perfused capillaries in hypoxic mice showed marked dilation in all brain areas studied. Capillary length per unit volume of tissue (Lv) was increased in the cerebellar granular layer, the caudate nucleus, the globus pallidus, the substantia nigra, the superior colliculus, and the dentate gyrus. There was a selective increase of Lv in the hippocampus (CA1 strata pyramidale and lacunosum and CA3 strata pyramidale and oriens) and in somatosensory cortex layers V and VI, motor cortex layers II, III, V, and VI, and auditory cortex layers II and III. An increase in capillary surface area per unit volume of tissue was also determined in several brain areas, including layer IV of somatosensory cortex, where Lv was not significantly increased. The O2 diffusion conductance and PO2 in the tissues were estimated with a mathematical model. The remodeling of capillary diameter and length during chronic hypoxia accounts for the significant increase of O2 conductance to neural tissues. Also the estimated tissue PO2 in chronic brain hypoxia is markedly increased in the caudate nucleus and the substantia nigra compared with acute hypoxia. These results suggest that formation of new capillaries is an important mechanism to restore the O2 deficit in chronic brain hypoxia and that local rates of energy utilization may influence angiogenesis in different areas of the brain.

This study examined [3H]MK-801 binding to the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in membranes prepared from cerebral cortex, hippocampus and corpus striatum of 3 week old rats exposed to 10 weeks of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (4300 m; 450 Torr) and compared results with those of normoxic controls. The cortex, hippocampus and striatum of hypoxic animals had a 36, 35 and 31% reduction in binding sites (Bmax) and a 29, 32 and 17% decrease (reflecting increased affinity) in the dissociation constant (Kd) when compared to controls. In the cerebral cortex, both glutamate (100 μM) and glycine (10 μM) enhanced [3H]MK-801 binding by two to 3-fold. Coagonist glutamate, however, had a higher EC50 (0.44 μM) in the hypoxic cortical membranes when compared to controls (0.28 μM). No significant differences were found in the EC50 of glycine. The results show that the NMDA receptor is altered in several brain regions of rats developing in a hypoxic environment.

Objetivo: Comparar la frecuencia de síntomas asociados a depresión y al mal de montaña crónico (MMC). Material y métodos: En un estudio epidemiológico se realizó un encuesta a 145 trabajadores del sector eléctrico que labora en la central hidroeléctrica del Mantaro (2,700 - 3,800 metros sobre el nivel del mar). En ambos grupos se calcularon puntajes de depresión y de mal de montaña crónico (MMC) usando para ello la presencia o ausencia de síntomas usualmente asociados a ambas entidades clínicas. Resultados: Los trabajadores de altura tenían menor peso corporal y menor edad que los de nivel del mar. La comparación de percepción de salud y de síntomas asociados a depresión y a MMC mostró que los trabajadores de altura tenían mayor frecuencia de percepción de salud alterada y también una mayor frecuencia de síntomas de depresión y de MMC y tuvieron los puntajes más altos de depresión y de MMC. El riesgo relativo de tener cefaleas fue de 2.7 entre trabajadores de altura comparando con 0.2 entre los de nivel de mar. Los riesgos relativos de tener puntajes altos de MMC o de depresión fueron más altos entre los trabajadores de altura. Conclusiones: A pesar de las limitaciones metodológicas del estudio, los resultados permiten sugerir que la depresión pudiera ser más frecuente entre trabajadores que laboran en la altura en condiciones de hipoxia crónica.

Respiratory activity and NADH CoQ reductase (complex I) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) activities were measured in free (non-synaptosomal) mitochondria isolated from cerebral cortex of male Balb/c mice exposed to intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (450 Torr; 4300 m) for 21 days and compared to normoxic (sea level) controls. In the hypoxic we found a 47% reduction of oxygen uptake during state 3 (ADP and substrate present), 12% reduction during state 4 (no ADP present) and 20% reduction in the uncoupled respiration rate with pyruvate plus malate as substrates. Respiratory control ratio (RCR) decreased by 24%. No change in the ADP/O ratio was seen. NADH CoQ reductase activity decreased by 30% and cytochrome c oxidase by 17%, suggesting that under conditions of chronic hypoxia, the reductions of mitochondrial respiratory activities are caused, at least in part, by enzymatic alterations of the electron transport chain (complex I and complex IV). The decreased activity of these enzymes could contribute to alterations in neuronal activity by reducing brain energy metabolism during development under conditions of chronic hypoxia.