The increasing global water crisis has prompted the development of next-generation separation technologies, with two-dimensional materials such as transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes) offering promising options for high-performance membranes. Recent advances have improved MXene membrane fabrication and performance, yet challenges remain in developing more sustainable exfoliation routes and multifunctional designs that combine efficient separation with biofouling resistance. In this work, Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets were synthesized from MAX phase precursors via hydrofluoric acid etching, followed by liquid-phase exfoliation in Cyrene - a bioderived solvent that significantly reduces oxidation and enhances the colloidal stability of the nanosheets. Within this framework, our approach represents a step towards a more sustainable MXene membrane fabrication process, enabled by a green exfoliation solvent. The resulting dispersions yielded few-layered nanosheets suitable for membrane fabrication, assembled by vacuum filtration on polyvinylidene fluoride porous supports. The membranes attained a compact and defect-free stacked lamellar morphology that formed diffusion pathways, critical for ion transport. Ion transport studies revealed that sieving capabilities are governed by a combination of size exclusion and electrostatic interactions modulated by the membrane's inner structure and charge. Antibacterial tests with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus demonstrated significant biofouling resistance, with surface roughness notably influencing biofouling resistance. This study provides key insights into the production and performance of Cyrene-processed MXene membranes, advancing their application in water purification technologies.

Wearable and flexible electronics require efficient energy-storage solutions seamlessly integrated into textile materials, demanding advanced electrode materials that combine mechanical flexibility, high electrical conductivity, and robust electrochemical performance. In this study, we developed versatile conductive composite electrodes for textile-based supercapacitors comprising few-layer graphene flakes and carbon black uniformly dispersed within an elastomeric styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS) matrix. Graphene dispersions were sustainably produced via scalable liquid-phase exfoliation, combining high-shear mixing and high-pressure spraying. Composite inks were prepared using the eco-friendly solvent 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran and blade-coated onto five textile substrates – synthetic (nylon, polyester) and natural (cellulose, cotton, wool) fabrics – via a scalable mask-assisted process. Structural characterization confirmed homogeneous dispersion and strong adhesion to fibers across all substrates. Electrical measurements demonstrated consistent sheet resistances below 50 Ω/□, while electrochemical analysis with polyvinyl alcohol–sulfuric acid gel electrolyte revealed rectangular cyclic voltammograms, near-triangular galvanostatic profiles, areal capacitances of 3.7–32 μF cm⁻² at 0.2 μA cm⁻², and capacitance retention of 90–112% after 10,000 charge-discharge cycles. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Trasatti analysis indicate that charge storage is dominated by inner surfaces and that series resistance arises primarily from the gel electrolyte and separator, providing clear levers for performance optimization. The comparative analysis revealed substrate-dependent variations in electrochemical performance, guiding substrate selection for optimal device functionality. Overall, these graphene/carbon black–SEBS composite electrodes demonstrate significant potential for scalable, wearable energy-storage textiles, addressing key technological challenges in integrating energy storage into flexible electronics.

Developing ice-resistant, multifunctional fabrics for cold, humid environments remains challenging, particularly in achieving high photothermal efficiency, superhydrophobicity, bacterial anti-adhesion, and mechanical durability without compromising breathability and flexibility. Herein, we report a titanium diboride @ silver (TiB2@Ag) composite coating deposited on a nonwoven fabric via a simple dip-coating approach for photothermally driven anti-icing and de-icing performances at low temperatures. The resulting coating surface exhibits hierarchical micro-nanostructured asperities, formed by TiB2 nanosheets decorated with Ag nanoparticles within a hydrophobic polymer matrix, imparting an excellent anti-wetting surface (water contact angle >160 degrees). The incorporation of plasmonic Ag nanoparticles, combined with strong broadband solar absorption (>90% across 300-2500 nm), synergistically enhances the photothermal conversion performance. Therefore, the functional fabrics show a substantial freezing delay (similar to 612 s) and rapid de-icing at -20 degrees C within 83.2 s, achieving a de-icing efficiency of 72%. Under 1 sun irradiation, the surface temperature rises to similar to 79 degrees C within 600 s. The coating also demonstrates excellent bacterial anti-adhesion ability (>= 90% reduction against E. coli and S. aureus) with minimal cytotoxicity (>99% cell viability). Importantly, the coated fabrics retain superhydrophobicity (>155 degrees) after repeated sandpaper abrasion and washing cycles, indicating strong coating durability. This fabric exhibits appreciable mechanical resilience (32 MPa at 20% strain, stable after 300 bending cycles) and chemical stability while maintaining flexibility and air permeability for long-term durability. This work provides an effective strategy for designing durable multifunctional textiles with enhanced photothermal anti-icing/de-icing performance for operation in cold environments.

Neuroregeneration refers to the regrowth and functional reconnection of neural cells and their associated structures following damage caused by neurodegenerative diseases or mechanical injuries. Recent advances in nanotechnology, particularly the development of nanomaterials, have significantly expanded the toolkit for promoting neural repair. Two‐dimensional (2D) materials have garnered special interest in biomedical applications because of their unique properties and potential for tailoring the physiological interactions with organic matter. Graphene and functionalized forms of graphene are examples of 2D materials whose characteristics make them attractive candidates for neural interfaces. Here, we evaluate the ability of pristine monolayer graphene (Gr) grown via chemical vapor deposition and Gr subjected to chemical surface modification (hydrogenated graphene, HGr) to help the recovery after a neuronal lesion with minimal astroglia activation. Both substrates showed good biocompatibility and the absence of activation of inflammatory responses by primary glial cells. Our data show that the neuronal regrowth and reconnection in vitro after mechanical lesion are enhanced on HGr, while they are nearly absent on Gr. These observations underscore the importance of the atomic composition of surfaces in contact with the brain environment and support the potential of HGr as a platform for advanced manipulation of neuronal behavior following injury.

ABSTRACT Electrochemical metallization (ECM) memristors represent a key class of resistive switching devices, where metal ion migration and redox reactions govern the formation and rupture of conductive filaments. These systems have evolved from conventional bulk oxides to architectures employing atomically thin two‐dimensional (2D) materials as switching layers, enabling new opportunities for voltage scaling, interface control, and multifunctional behavior. This review presents a comprehensive overview of ECM‐based devices across this dimensional transition, emphasizing how material composition, structural confinement, and interface chemistry determine switching mechanisms, variability, and endurance. Particular attention is given to the interplay between electrochemical kinetics, filament geometry, and the switching layer thickness, which together define the trade‐offs between non‐volatile, volatile, and neuromorphic operation. The discussion integrates experimental insights, mechanistic models, and quantitative performance trends to clarify the distinct characteristics of 2D‐material‐based ECM systems. Finally, emerging challenges related to reliability, large‐area integration, and cross‐platform benchmarking are outlined, highlighting future directions toward scalable and deterministic memristive technologies.

Diabetes mellitus, a prevalent metabolic disorder affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide, demands continuous glucose monitoring for effective management. Current blood glucose monitoring methods, such as commercial glucometers, are accurate but are often perceived as uncomfortable. Motivated by the need for noninvasive, ultrasensitive alternatives, our study presents electrolyte-gated graphene field-effect transistors functionalized with glucose oxidase. We developed an optimized fabrication process that integrates a 32-transistor matrix within a miniaturized 1000 μm2 footprint, ensuring high device uniformity while enabling detection in 40 μL analyte volume. A comprehensive suite of techniques─including Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and water contact angle measurements─reveals the stepwise evolution of graphene chemistry and surface properties leading to the controlled immobilization of glucose oxidase. Our findings demonstrate p-type doping and tensile strain in the graphene channel across the nanomolar-millimolar glucose concentration range. The enzyme-catalyzed oxidation of glucose produces hydrogen peroxide in close proximity to the graphene channel, inducing a systematic shift in the Dirac point voltage toward more positive values. Under these conditions, the biosensor achieves an attomolar limit of detection and a sensitivity of 10.6 mV/decade, outperforming previously reported glucose sensors. Selectivity tests against common interferents such as lactate and ascorbic acid, as well as validation in artificial and human tears, demonstrate its robustness for real-world applications. Altogether, these findings position the electrolyte-gated graphene field-effect transistor as a transformative, noninvasive glucose-sensing platform, paving the way for next-generation continuous monitoring devices, including wearable formats for real-time, user-friendly diabetes management.

Hydrovoltaic power generation from liquid water and ambient moisture has attracted considerable research efforts. However, there is still limited consensus on the optimal material properties required to maximize the power output. Here, we used laminates of two different phases of layered MoS2 - metallic 1T' and semiconducting 2H - as representative systems to investigate the critical influence of specific characteristics, such as hydrophilicity, interlayer channels, and structure, on the hydrovoltaic performance. The metallic 1T' phase was synthesized via a chemical exfoliation process and assembled into laminates, which can then be converted to the semiconducting 2H phase by thermal annealing. Under liquid water conditions, the 1T' laminates (having a channel size of ∼6 Å) achieved a peak power density of 2.0 mW m-2, significantly outperforming the 2H phase (lacking defined channels) that produced a power of 2.4 μW m-2. Our theoretical analysis suggests that energy generation in these hydrophilic materials primarily arises from electro-kinetic and surface diffusion mechanisms. These findings highlight the crucial role of phase-engineered MoS2 and underscore the potential of 2D material laminates in advancing hydrovoltaic energy technologies.

Graphene-based materials hold great potential for the development of neural interfaces; however, conventional fabrication techniques often involve costly and intricate processes, limiting their scalability and practical implementation. In contrast, laser-induced graphene (LIG) provides a highly scalable, cost-effective, and direct laser-writing technique for the fabrication of nanostructured graphene-like sheets. LIG enables the rapid and accessible production of customizable substrates without the need for complex processing or expensive precursors. Moreover, its versatility allows for precise control over laser parameters, allowing the fine-tuning of critical physicochemical properties such as electrical conductivity, wettability, and surface roughness. This adaptability makes LIG an attractive platform for engineering graphene-based biomaterials, particularly for neural interfaces, where surface characteristics influence key biological responses, including cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. In this study, we engineered and characterized three distinct LIG substrates with tailored topographies, defined patterns, and controlled physicochemical properties, assessing their stability under biological environments. Systematic analysis of wettability, surface roughness, mechanical and electrical properties revealed that these parameters remain stable under physiological conditions. Furthermore, preliminary biocompatibility assays using neural-like cells demonstrate encouraging results. Notably variations in laser-induced patterning significantly influenced cellular behavior, with specific topographies enhancing adhesion and promoting guided cellular alignment. These findings highlight the critical role of surface architecture in modulating cell responses, reinforcing the potential of these substrates for neuro-biomedical applications. Our work highlights the potential of LIG as a tunable and scalable strategy for the development of next-generation neural interfaces and pave the way for future studies aimed at harnessing LIG's versatility for next-generation neural interfaces.

Pristine graphene biointerfaces exhibit inert surface chemistry and hydrophobicity that restrict protein adsorption and limit control over cellular interactions. Chemical functionalization provides a route to overcome these constraints by introducing specific covalent bonds and hydrophilic groups that reprogram interfacial chemistry and wettability. Here we demonstrate xenon difluoride fluorination of CVD monolayer graphene as a versatile strategy to engineer interfacial properties and cellular response. The fluorination of graphene is mediated by the supporting substrate: on SiO2 it remains single-sided, on Si it becomes double-sided via pinhole-assisted substrate etching, and on PET it couples to polymer chemistry, with subsurface acyl fluoride (-COF) species evolving into hydrophilic -COOH groups. These mechanistically distinct routes produce markedly different surface chemistries and wetting behaviors, from hydrophobic SiO2/FGr (∼88°) to superhydrophilic Si/FGr (∼15°) to tunable PET/FGr (47-78°). Complementary characterization via Raman spectroscopy, XPS, AFM, and electrical measurements reveals that C-F bond formation and the resulting polar functional groups, rather than surface roughness changes, are the primary drivers of the observed wettability changes. These polar groups also directly enhance protein adsorption on fluorinated surfaces, as confirmed by XPS analysis of media-exposed samples. Consequently, breast cancer cell adhesion and proliferation are promoted on fluorinated graphene with respect to pristine graphene on PET, demonstrating that reprogramming of surface chemistry effectively overcomes graphene's inherent bioinertness. This substrate-controlled approach opens versatile pathways for engineering graphene-based biomedical devices.

The drive to harness 2D materials in next‐generation electronics and optoelectronics hinges on precise control over their fundamental properties. Among the diverse 2D systems, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), such as MoS 2 and MoSe 2 , exhibit tunable bandgaps and outstanding carrier mobilities, making them prime candidates for miniaturized devices. Here, two interface engineering approaches are employed—surface fluorination by XeF 2 exposure and nitrogen implantation via low‐energy N + ion beams—to systematically probe how atomic‐level modifications affect chemical vapor‐deposited MoSe 2 . Raman and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopies reveal that the fluorination induces subtle crystal‐lattice changes with partial fluorine incorporation, forming FMo and FO bonds and inducing mild p‐type doping. In contrast, the nitrogen implantation leads to more pronounced structural alterations, including increased defect density and MoN bond formation, resulting in marked n‐type doping. These findings underscore the versatility of combining fluorination and nitrogen implantation to tailor 2D TMDs, offering new avenues for designing advanced optoelectronic and electronic devices with precisely engineered functionalities.

Manipulating the electrostatic double layer and tuning the conductance in nanofluidic systems at salt concentrations of 100 mM or higher has been a persistent challenge. The primary reasons are (i) the short electrostatic proximity length, ~ 3-10 Å, and (ii) difficulties in fabricating atomically small capillaries. Here, we successfully fabricate in-plane vermiculite laminates with transport heights of ~ 3-5 Å, which exhibit a cation selectivity close to 1 even at a 1000 mM concentration, suggesting an overlapping electrostatic double layer. For gate voltages from -2 V to +1 V, the K+-intercalated vermiculite shows a remarkable conductivity modulation exceeding 1400% at a 1000 mM KCl concentration. The gated ON/OFF ratio is mostly unaffected by the ion concentration (10-1000 mM), which confirms that the electrostatic double layer overlaps with the collective ion movement within the channel with reduced activation energy. In contrast, vermiculite laminates intercalated with Ca2+ and Al3+ ions display reduced conductance with increasing negative gate voltage, highlighting the importance of ion-specific gating effects under Å-scale confinement. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of electrostatic phenomena occurring in highly confined fluidic channels, opening the way to the exploration of the vast library of two-dimensional materials.

Flexible strain sensors are essential components of wearable devices for health monitoring, motion tracking, human‐machine interaction, and rehabilitation. Here, we report an eco‐friendly, all‐carbon conductive ink composed of carbon nano‐onions (CNOs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) dispersed in a poly(styrene‐ethylene‐butylene‐styrene) elastomeric matrix. The ink is formulated using biomass‐derived 2‐methyltetrahydrofuran to ensure environmental compatibility. The combination of 0D CNOs and 1D CNTs provides high electrical conductivity, mechanical robustness, and tunable viscosity. Compressive strain sensors prepared by dip coating polyurethane sponges show a modulus of ≈460 kPa, a gauge factor of ≈1.1, and electrical hysteresis of 11.3% under 75% compression. Integrated into a football, the sensors detect contact, rotation, and rebound. Tensile strain sensors made by blade coating on stretchable textiles achieve gauge factors of 10–12 at 0.6% strain, a tensile modulus ≈3.2 MPa, and hysteresis of 7.7%. When positioned around the chest, the sensors monitored breathing in real time. Overall, the optimized interplay between ink rheology and conductive network morphology enables the fabrication of strain sensors with high performance and excellent cycling stability (>10 000 compression and 7000 tension cycles). This study establishes a scalable route to solvent‐safe, carbon‐based inks for the sustainable production of flexible and wearable electronics.

The growing demand for portable and wearable electronics, Internet of Things microdevices, and wireless sensor networks has led to the development of miniaturized energy storage devices, such as microsupercapacitors (mSCs). With excellent electrical conductivity and high surface area in a layered structure, graphene materials are ideal for mSCs, but current manufacturing methods still hinder their widespread integration. Here, we propose a sustainable approach for the rapid and eco-friendly production of few-layer graphene flakes based on the exfoliation of graphite in water by a combination of high-shear mixing and a high-pressure airless spray. An all-carbon composite paste with high electrical conductivity and tunable viscosity was designed to fabricate planar, interdigitated mSCs on polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The flexible, metal-free mSCs achieved a Coulombic efficiency close to 100%, with areal and volumetric capacitances of 6.16 mF cm-2 and 2.46Fcm-3, respectively. The maximum energy density exceeds 200 μWh cm-3 with 91.5% capacitance retention after 10000 galvanostatic chargedischarge cycles. The mSCs retain the same performance when subjected to a wide bending range and can be easily modularized to adjust the voltage and capacitance outputs. Finally, high-performance coatings for electromagnetic interference shielding and wearable strain sensors are also fabricated to demonstrate the multipurpose applicability of the graphene-based paste.

Recent advances in nanotechnology design and fabrication have shaped the landscape for the development of ideal cell interfaces based on biomaterials. A holistic evaluation of the requirements for a cell interface is a highly complex task. Biocompatibility is a crucial requirement which is affected by the interface's properties, including elemental composition, morphology, and surface chemistry. This review explores the current state-of-the-art on graphene coatings produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and applied as neural interfaces, detailing the key properties required to design an interface capable of physiologically interacting with neural cells. The interfaces are classified into substrates and scaffolds to differentiate the planar and three-dimensional environments where the cells can adhere and proliferate. The role of specific features such as mechanical properties, porosity and wettability are investigated. We further report on the specific brain-interface applications where CVD graphene paved the way to revolutionary advances in biomedicine. Future studies on the long-term effects of graphene-based materials in vivo will unlock even more potentially disruptive neuro-applications.

Abstract 2D MXenes find applications in several technology fields. Solution processing techniques can facilitate the integration of these materials within the technological supply chain. Here, a highly concentrated (up to 1.5 g L−1) and stable dispersion of 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene flakes is produced by an environmentally friendly liquid phase exfoliation process (LPE) in dihydrolevoglucosenone (Cyrene). The flakes preserve their elemental composition after 6 months, while those exfoliated in N‐Methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP), a commonly used solvent, undergo significant oxidation. The cytotoxicity of the MXene flakes in Cyrene and in NMP is investigated by assessing the cellular viability in a human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell line, which is a relevant model for skin applications. The data show that the MXene flakes in Cyrene induce cytotoxic effects for a dose > 1 µg cm−2, as similarly observed for the MXene flakes in NMP. Efforts are made to overcome this by collecting the MXene flakes and redispersing them in a solution of bovine serum albumin (BSA). MXene in BSA does not affect cellular viability and cell morphology, possibly due to the formation of a protective protein corona around the individual MXene flakes. These findings illustrate an environmentally friendly strategy to produce biocompatible 2D MXene for biomedical applications.

Memristive devices possess the ability to dynamically adjust resistance based on previous voltage and current inputs. They represent a frontier in next-generation computational hardware, offering unparalleled potential for brain-inspired computing and neuromorphic engineering. Among the various configurations, electrochemical metallization (ECM) memristors feature a solid electrolyte layer sandwiched between two electrodes and perform resistive switching via filament formation (SET) and dissolution (RESET) [1]. Recent studies have focused on the integration of two-dimensional (2D) materials into the design of ECM memristors, aiming at improving performance and unlocking new functionalities [2-4]. 2D transition metal dichalcogenides and hexagonal boron nitride, in particular, are promising candidates for realizing memristors with ultra-low switching voltages, suitable for neuromorphic computing and artificial synapses [5, 6]. In this talk, I will focus on vertical ECM memristor in crossbar configuration using chemical vapor deposited (CVD), atomic-thick MoSe2 as switching material, and Au/Cu as bottom/top electrodes. The devices exhibit nonvolatility and bipolar resistive switching behavior, with well-defined SET/RESET voltages (below 1V in absolute value) [7]. We performed atomic-scale investigations by transmission electron microscopy to unveil the filament formation mechanism within the MoSe2 layer. Our results shed light on the Cu/MoSe2 interface, particularly critical for memristor performance, providing key information on the intermixing and diffusion mechanisms of Cu atoms within the device structure. Furthermore, we studied the effect of XeF2 fluorination of the MoSe2 films to tune their surface properties and improve the ion transport kinetics across the interface with Cu. By carefully controlling the XeF2 process, we were able to induce structural and chemical modifications in the MoSe2, such as layer thinning and doping/implantation. This could provide a way of controlling the interface morphology and ultimately the performance and reliability of the memristive devices. Transport properties and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses provided insights into the fluorination-induced modifications on the MoSe2 surface, offering a framework for performance optimization. Overall, these findings rationalize the 2D materials-based ECM memristor operation and highlight the potential for advanced applications. References [1] I. Valov et al., Nanotechnol., 22, 289502, 2011. [2] R. Xu et al., Nano Lett., 19, 2411–2417, 2019. [3] J. Jian et al., Adv. Electron. Mater., 8, 2022. [4] Y. Shi et al., Nat. Electron., 1, 458–465, 2018. [5] W. Huh et al., Adv. Mater., 32, 2002092, 2020. [6] G. Cao et al., Adv. Funct. Mater., 31, 2005443, 2021. [7] J. Fernandes et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 16, 1767–1778, 2024.

Defects and nanocrystalline grain structures play a critical role in graphene-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (GERS). In this study, we selected three types of few-layer, polycrystalline graphene films produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and we tested them as GERS substrates. The graphene structure was controlled by decreasing the CVD temperature, thus obtaining (i) polycrystalline with negligible defect density, (ii) polycrystalline with high defect density, (iii) nanocrystalline. We applied rhodamine 6G as a probe molecule to investigate the Raman enhancement. Our results show that nanocrystalline graphene is the most sensitive GERS substrate, indicating that the GERS effect is primarily connected to the nanocrystalline structure, rather than to the presence of defects.