The liquid-liquid slug flow capillary microreactor offers an excellent mass transfer performance for extraction and biphasic reactions. In combination with a simple phase separator based on wettability discrimination between the two liquids, it provides a powerful tool for process intensification and microscale processing. By new visualization techniques, the interfacial surface and slug vortex structures dictating inter- and intraphase mass transfer have been revealed to be more complex than previously assumed. Suspending fine catalyst particles in one phase of a two-phase slug flow is an effective technique for using heterogeneous catalysts in microreactors, owing to the very good mass transfer characteristics and because catalyst recovery becomes simply a matter of separating the catalyst carrier phase from the reaction medium. To exploit the performance attributes of capillary microreactors at higher throughputs, distributor and control strategies for parallelisation were developed to provide a flow distribution uniform to within 1% or less.

Anhand der Nitrierung von Benzol wird die Steigerung von Umsatz und Selektivitat in mehreren Mikroreaktorstufen mit unterschiedlicher Konzentrationsfuhrung untersucht. Im Gegenstrom wird im Vergleich zum Gleichstrom ein hoherer Umsatz des Benzols bei stochiometrischem Verhaltnis erzielt. Durch Verschaltung der Nitriersaure im Kreuzstrom wird eine erhebliche Verminderung der Dinitrobenzole beobachtet.

Suspended catalyst particles in two phase slug flow could be an alternative technique for using heterogeneous catalysts in microreactors, which has so far mainly been restricted to immobilised solid catalysts, either in micro-fixed-beds or catalytically coated wall reactors. The hydrodynamic and particle behaviour in slug flow was analysed using fluorescent particles and particles of typical catalyst supports in various biphasic liquid–liquid systems. Typically, the circulations only encompassed the anterior section of the slug and depended on the properties of the liquid–liquid system and, in particular, on the slug velocity. Silicon dioxide or aluminum oxide particles suspended in the aqueous phase follow the internal circulation streamlines almost exactly, while carbon-based particles suspended in the continuous organic phase formed a contiguous cap around the rear end of the dispersed aqueous slug. The principle of suspension catalysis was demonstrated experimentally for a heterogeneous catalytic transfer hydrogenation of m-nitrotoluene with aqueous potassium formate.

Chemie Ingenieur TechnikVolume 80, Issue 9 p. 1257-1257 PosterFree Access Reaktionsraum Kapillare: Prozessintensivierung für mehrphasige Stoffsysteme M. Mendorf, M. Mendorf [email protected] Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie, TU Dortmund, D-44227 DortmundSearch for more papers by this authorA. Ufer, A. Ufer Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie, TU Dortmund, D-44227 DortmundSearch for more papers by this authorA. Ghaini, A. Ghaini Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie, TU Dortmund, D-44227 DortmundSearch for more papers by this authorD. W. Agar Prof. Dr., D. W. Agar Prof. Dr. Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie, TU Dortmund, D-44227 DortmundSearch for more papers by this author M. Mendorf, M. Mendorf [email protected] Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie, TU Dortmund, D-44227 DortmundSearch for more papers by this authorA. Ufer, A. Ufer Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie, TU Dortmund, D-44227 DortmundSearch for more papers by this authorA. Ghaini, A. Ghaini Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie, TU Dortmund, D-44227 DortmundSearch for more papers by this authorD. W. Agar Prof. Dr., D. W. Agar Prof. Dr. Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie, TU Dortmund, D-44227 DortmundSearch for more papers by this author First published: 12 September 2008 https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.200750671AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. REFERENCES 1 G. Dummann, Catal. Today 2003, 79 (1–4), 433. CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar 2 M. N. Kashid, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2005, 44 (14), 5003. CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Volume80, Issue9Special Issue:ProcessNet Jahrestagung 2008September, 2008Pages 1257-1257 ReferencesRelatedInformation

The existing standardised test systems for assessing the toxicity of crop protection products to the non-target arthropods Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) are limit tests designed to compare a single-use rate of the product with a water control. The suitability of these test systems for generating dose-response data as required for refined ecotoxicological risk assessment was evaluated. Data on dose-response toxicity of crop protection products to T. pyri and A. rhopalosiphi were generated under worst-case laboratory and to T. pyri under extended laboratory conditions and analysed using the standard Probit method, a logistic regression, a generalised Probit analysis, and the moving average-angle method in order to calculate the LR50-values (application rate killing 50 % of the exposed organisms). The fit of the models, the precision of the resulting LR50 values, and the required minimum number of replicates were compared. In 85 % of the studies, at least one of the statistical methods led to satisfactory results. The moving average-angle method was the most widely applicable method. The results show that the existing guidelines can be used to perform dose-response tests. Implications for risk assessment are discussed.

This paper is a guidance document for side-effect testing with plant protection products on non-target arthropods under semi-field and field conditions. The principles, methods, endpoints and interpretation of non-target arthropod semi-field and field trials which should be conducted for registration of plant protection products in the European Union are presented and discussed. The recommendations presented reflect the opinions of the experts from authority, academia, industry and consulting which participated at the IOBC (International Organisation of Biological Control), BART (Beneficial Arthropod Regulatory Testing) group and EPPO (European Plant Protection Organisation) Joint Initiative workshop held in Versailles (France) on the 25–26 October, 1999.

The EU Plant Protection Product Directive 91/414/EEC recommends the EPPO/CoE Arthropod Natural Enemies Risk Assessment Scheme for guidance on how to conduct risk assessments for terrestrial non-target arthropods. This scheme is currently in the process of being revised by EPPO/ CoE. A major change will be the recommendation for the generation and use of ’Dose Response’ toxicity data instead of limit test data. In addition, the revised EPPO/CoE Non-target Arthropods Risk Assessment Scheme will replace the current arbitrary 30% threshold trigger value applied to limit test data, with a Hazard Quotient (HQ; = Ratio Application Rate/LC50 on Glass)), comparable to the successful approach adopted in the EPPO/CoE ’Honeybee Risk Assessment Scheme’. However, in order for this new approach to be implemented under 91/414/EEC, an appropriate regulatory HQ trigger value needs to be derived. Such an HQ trigger value has been established by calculating HQ values for the 2 recommended sensitive indicator species (T pyri andAphidius) for a wide range of products and validating opposite robust semi-field/field data. This validation indicated that an HQ trigger value of ≥ 12 forT pyri and ≥ 8 forAphidius spp., should be used to trigger higher-tier risk assessment and/or higher-tier testing for non-target arthropods. As these trigger values were validated with realistic semi-field/ field data they apply for both lethal and sub-lethal effects as well as single and multiple application scenarios. Due to the worst case assumptions used in this HQ validation analysis, no further uncertainty factors need to be applied for in-crop risk assessment. Whilst a small amount of uncertainty exists regarding the comparative sensitivity ofT pyri andAphidius spp. for off-crop non-target arthropod guilds of arthropods, this is balanced by the fact that the off-crop exposure assessment used in the HQ derivation, is at least an order of magnitude higher than that realistically likely in the field. This HQ approach and trigger value is an appropriate and conservative tool for tier 1 risk assessment, which should reduce the number of false positive results leading to unnecessary higher-tier testing.

Data on the sensitivity of nine non-target arthropod families to 95 plant protection products (PPP), including herbicides, fungicides, insecticides and plant growth regulators, tested using currently established laboratory methods were analyzed. The data presented were supplied by 11 agro-chemical companies and were generated for regulatory purposes. All the studies were performed in compliance with Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) standards. For the analysis of the relative sensitivity to PPP, the measurement endpoints in each arthropod study performed were separated into lethal (mortality) and sub-lethal effects (e.g. oviposition, hatching rate, food consumption). Differences in sensitivity among arthropod species to the same PPP, the relative sensitivity of arthropod species among PPP tested, and the potential use of the more sensitive species as indicator species for regulatory testing purposes are discussed.Pooling the data for all PPP tested provided a ranking of the sensitivity of the arthropod species using the currently available test systems. Typhlodromus pyri and Aphidius spp., showed the greatest sensitivity to PPP (76.8% and 67.4% of the PPP tested eliciting lethal or sub-lethal effects greater than or equal to 30% to T. pyri and Aphidius spp., respectively). All other species tested were of intermediate sensitivity with approximately 10.5% and 55% of the PPP tested eliciting lethal or sub-lethal effects greater than or equal to 30%. Ranking of the arthropod species tested, in order of decreasing sensitivity and based on a combination of both lethal and sub-lethal endpoints, follows: T. pyri, Aphidius spp., Coccinella septempunctata, Orius spp., Pardosa spp., Episyrphus balteatus, Chrysoperla carnea, P. cupreus and A. bilineata.Of the 95 PPP evaluated, 23.2% elicited an adverse lethal or sub-lethal effect greater than or equal to 30% an T. pyri without affecting Aphidius sp., 13.7% elicited an adverse lethal or sub-lethal effect greater than or equal to 30% on Aphidius spp. without affecting I: pyri. Among all arthropod species and PPP tested, an adverse effect greater than or equal to 30% on a sub-lethal endpoint was observed in 10% to 20% of the studies without an adverse effect on mortality. For E. balteatus, C. carnea, P. cupreus and A. bilineata, the percentage of PPP eliciting adverse; effects on sublethal parameters was always higher than the percentage of PPP showing effects on mortality.With a combination of both lethal and sub-lethal parameters as the assessment endpoints, if a PPP elicited an adverse effect greater than or equal to 30% on any of the arthropod species tested, an adverse effect also was observed in either T. pyri and Aphidius spp. in 95.8% of the cases. Similar results were obtained if fungicides and herbicides were considered separately (96.0% and 94.1%, respectively). These results indicate that the potential of an arthropod species to be adversely affected following exposure to a PPP under worst-case exposure conditions can be effectively predicted by determining the lethal and sub-lethal effects of the PPP on the two sensitive species, T. pyri and Aphidius spp. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.