Azo-Chitosan-dimethylaniline polymer derivatives are promising polymers for biological applications. In this paper, chitosan reacted with 4-nitrosodimethylaniline to form azo-chitosan-dimethylaniline polymer (Chs-DAN) as the novel polymer via condensation reaction. Chs-DAN modificated by doping it with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and insertion it into betacyclodextrine cycle (βCD) to give Chitosan-dimethylaniline/ZnO (Chs-DAN/ZnO NPs) and Chitosan-dimethylaniline/βCD (Chs-DAN/βCD). The generated polymers were confirmed by using XRD, FTIR and SEM analysis. Gram + ve and Gram − ve antimicrobial as well as antifungal activities have been evidenced for all samples. The antimicrobial analysis showed that the synthesized chitosan derivatives (Chs-DAN, Chs-DAN/βCD, Chs-DAN/ZnO NPs) exhibited noticeable antimicrobial and antifungal activities as compared to pure samples (Chs, DAN, ZnO NPs, βCD).

Alginate–zinc oxide (Alg–ZnO) biocomposite was synthesized and tested as a chromium ions Cr(VI) adsorbent for environmental applications. Alg–ZnO biocomposite was prepared by the interaction between sodium alginate biopolymer and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO–NPs), prepared by modified wet chemical method. The solid adsorption characteristics of the synthesized Alg–ZnO biocomposite were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Adsorption isotherms of chromium ions on the prepared Alg–ZnO biocomposite were investigated with varying the initial concentration of Cr(VI) under different application conditions such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and temperature. Adsorption of Cr(VI) was investigated by different isotherm models such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich models. Maximum adsorption capacities (31.09 and 34.63 mg/g) were achieved by ZnO–NPs and Alg–ZnO, respectively at 25 °C. The results of isotherm models indicate the perfect applicability of Langmuir and Dubinin–Radushkevich models, revealing the dominance of monolayer and the physisorption of chromium ions onto the studied adsorbents.

In this study, we investigate the abscopal effect induced in the brain, lung and kidney as a result of partial irradiation of experimental animals with 2 Gy gamma-rays. Modifications in the protein secondary structure were used as indicator for the abscopal effect. FTIR spectroscopy and analysis of the amide I and amide II absorption bands suggested possible modifications in the protein secondary structure in the brain and kidney following irradiation. Significant shift in the amide I band was recorded only in the brain. However, the amide I/amide II band area ratio for the three organs examined varied differentially in the irradiated groups as compared with the shamirradiated group. Employing the lorentzian model to analyze the amide I band of the FTIR spectra, we dissected the amide I band into its components, each component represents one form of the protein secondary structure. Calculation of the weight percentage contribution of each of the protein secondary structure revealed decrease in the alpha-helix contribution associated with equivalent increase in beta-sheets and turns/random coils contributions in the brain and kidney, however the response was more evident in the brain. No change in the alpha-helix or beta-sheets contributions was reported in the lung following irradiation. The data suggest the induction of abscopal effect in the brain and kidney rather than the lung in the form of protein conformation modification. The data also indicate that the abscopal effect is comparable to the effect of direct irradiation in both of the brain and kidney.

The present study is aimed to examine the structural, optical, thermal and mechanical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes-Polycaprolactone /Poly methyl methacrylate (MWCNTs-PCL/PMMA) nanocomposites samples by using various techniques. Nanocomposites samples (MWCNT-PCL/PMMA) were prepared by using the casting technique. The interaction of PCL/PMMA blend with MWCNTs has been assessed by using XRD and UV–Vis spectroscopy. From the XRD data, the addition of MWCNTs to the PCL/PMMA blend has been enhancing the amorphous nature of the blend. Using UV–Vis. measurements, the changes in absorbance, extinction coefficient, refractive index, and energy gap parameters were determined showing enhancement for various applications. The optical energy band gap of the MWCNT-PCL/PMMA films was decreased with the increase of the nanofiller content. The morphology shown by the SEM has guaranteed the uniform dispersion of MWCNTs in the blend. The disordered organization of MWCNTs in the blend is revealed by the glass transition temperature of the composite, which has been observed to decrease with an increase in MWCNTs content. TGA has demonstrated the nanocomposites samples superior thermal stability compared to a pure PCL/PMMA blend and its enhancement with the addition of MWCNTs. The loading of MWCNTs has shown an increasing trend in the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites samples, such as tensile strength and young’s modulus. The MWCNTs-PCL/PMMA films offer special qualities that enable them to be used in for different applications.

In this work, ZnSnO3/ZnO/cellulose acetate nanocomposites have been efficiently fabricated by simple wet chemical co-precipitation and drop casting techniques. The study characterized the nanocomposite's micro-structure, morphology, dielectric and impedance spectra, dynamic mechanical analyses, and antibacterial per-formance. The XRD results reveal the production of composite materials, including well-split materials of nanocrystalline nature, from both constitutive organic and non-organic materials. With the addition of nano -particles to the cellulose acetate, the real components of electrical conductivity, permittivity, and impedance behaviors exhibit improved performances as a function of frequency dependence. The results of the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) showed that the nanocomposite has a significant impact on the DMA parameters at Tg (storage modulus, loss modulus, loss tangent, stiffness, and viscosity modulus) by enhancing interfacial adhesion and optimizing the stress transition demand and power dissipation between the CAmatrix and nano -particles. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of nanocomposites films is more effective against E. coli (G-ve) bacteria with a relatively wide diameter than against S.aureus (G+ve) bacteria. This ZS/ZO/CA matrix, which is supported by ZS/ZO nanostructures, is intended to be structural mechanical elements in structural engineering, electrochemical solid state systems, and antibacterial.

A PCL/PMMA blend system with low contents of multi-walled carbon nanotubes was prepared using a high prop sonicator with casting techniques. The X-ray analysis revealed that adding MWCNTs to the polymer blend did not affect crystallinity but had little effect on d space. Some changes in the positions of IR bands were observed due to the interaction between MWCNTs and the polymer blend. SEM images revealed that the grain size formed and became a definite shape after adding MWCNTs. Mechanical analysis shows that incorporating MWCNTs in the polymeric matrices improves the mechanical properties of both tensile stress and elastic modulus Differential scanning calorimetry indicates that adding MWCNTs enhances the thermal stability of the prepared nanocomposites. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed a significant weight loss from 357–440 °C for all the prepared samples.

Sunlight responsible mono- and co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (Con+ and Fen+) were prepared via sol–gel technique. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed no phase change of TiO2 was observed after the addition of Con+ and Fen+ ions. Diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) results showed a significant red-shift of the absorption edge after doping TiO2 by Con and Fen+ and the band gap energy reduced sharply from 3.10 to 1.72 eV. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results emphasized the existence of multivalent states of Co2+, Co3+, Fe2+ and Fe3+. The results of ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), work function, electron spin resonance (ESR) illustrated the Fe3O4/Co3O4–TiO2 formed of ternary heterojunctions. The photocatalytic performance of the prepared photocatalysts was determined for photodegradation of tetracycline (TC) and phenol (Pl) and production of hydrogen. The results illustrated the existence of multivalent states of Fe and Co ions (Co2+, Co3+, Fe2+ and Fe3+) together improved the solar light absorption, inhibited the recombination of photogenerated charges and consequently enhanced the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO2 compared with mono-doped TiO2 (Co3O4/TiO2 and Fe3O4/TiO2). The sample with 5%Fe3O4/Co3O4–TiO2 showed the highest photoactivity. The mineralization (TOC), photodegradation mechanism and reusability of prepared photocatalysts were also studied. The Fe3O4/Co3O4–TiO2 nanoparticles showed high photoactivity and stability and can be adopted as a promising materials for different environmental and H2 production applications.

In this study, we utilize ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to investigate the structural damages in the cell membrane lipids and proteins as a result of the oxidative stress in abscopal liver tissue of rats either whole-body, cranially or lower limb irradiated as compared with sham-irradiated group. We also question whether the original irradiation region would influence the induction of the abscopal effect. The data present compelling evidence that an abscopal effect was induced in the liver tissue following both cranial and lower limb irradiations, marked by damage in the membrane-associated lipids and proteins. Lipid damage manifestation is evident by; 1) decrease in the lipid/protein ratio. 2) Degradation of lipid as marked by the decrease in the area ratio CH 2 asymmetric/CH 3 asymmetric stretching bands. 3) Increase in the carbonyl content evident by the increase in the band area ratio of carbonyl ester/lipid. 4) Increase in the degree of methylation as indicated by the increase in the band area ratio of CH3/lipid. 5) Disorder in the phospholipid acyl chains marked by the shift in the CH2 asymmetric stretching and olefinic HCCH absorption bands. Protein damage was indicated by 1) Shifts in the position of amide I and amide II bands. 2) Decrease in the area ratio amide I/amide II. 3) Broadening in amide II band. Our data strongly suggest similar induction of the abscopal effect as a result of either cranial or lower limb irradiation, which means that the original irradiation region did not influence the induced abscopal effect in the examined system.

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were prepared using sol–gel method. Chitosan-MSNs microspheres scaffold loaded with ciprofloxacin also prepared via an ionotropic gelation method. The prepared samples were characterized using FE-SEM, TEM, FTIR and XRD analysis. The pore volume and mean pore diameter for MSNs was determined by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. The in vitro drug test was evaluated by using UV–Vis spectrophotometry at λmax of 275 nm. The estimated (measured) MSNs pore volume and pore diameter were 0.9227 cm3/g and 2.6058 nm, respectively. The Chitosan-MSNs loaded with ciprofloxacin show a spherical surface with good and uniform distribution of the MSNs in the microspheres. The in vitro drug release confirms that the MSNs containing beads shows a retarding release (≈ 90% in 9 h) than beads without MSNs (≈ 90% in 2 h). In the light of these findings, the developed delivery system scaffold holds great potential for bone regeneration by control drug release used in activation osteoblast cells.

The main objective of this study was synthesis a composite of porous n-HAp/MWCNTs loaded with ciprofloxacin (CFX) as a local drug delivery during surgical procedures with sustained release behavior in the treatment of bone infection minimizing the risks of systemic toxicity. Ciprofloxacin is used as an antibacterial of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that affect the bones. The prepared scaffolds loaded with ciprofloxacin were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Cytotoxicity Testing. The in-vitro release of the drug of such scaffolds was also investigated as well as the study of the Entrapment efficiency of scaffold by using U.V spectroscopy. The cytotoxicity of hydroxyapatite containing MWCNTS applied on normal bone cells for the highest rate of 3 x 10-3 showed the cell viability greater than 90%. The CFX was successfully loaded within such HAp-nano Scaffolds referred to their reasonable encapsulation efficiencies which they revealed. The drug release behavior showed promising sustained prolonged profiles up to 8 days with minimum initial burst effects.

The main goal of this work is to fabricate a biocomposite material of hydroxyapatite (HA) and polylactic acid (PLA) loaded with different concentrations of curcumin for using in bone tissue scaffold engineering. PLA-HA-curcumin biocomposite was prepared via the precipitation method with PLA/HA ratio of 80/20 wt% and different ratios of curcumin. The structure and surface morphology of the prepared biocomposite were studied using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The bioactivity enhancement of the prepared HA-PLA biocomposite was examined after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) before and after addition of curcumin. Drug release of the HA-PLA biocomposite prepared with different concentrations of curcumin was studied in phosphate buffer solution. Our data confirm the nanostructure of the prepared HA-PLA biocomposite and show good miscibility and diffusion of curcumin inside the scaffold matrix. Furthermore, curcumin supplementation effectively enhanced the bioactivity of the HA-PLA biocomposite.

T HE MAIN purpose of this study was to prepare and characterize porous Hydroxyapatite (HAp) with controllable pore size using different additions of synthetic polymer.Porous HAp was doped with MWCNTs with different concentrations to enhance its mechanical properties to match human hard tissues engineering.In-situ synthesized of pure nano-HAp, PVA and MWCNTs were analyzed using different characterization techniques.Phase analysis was analyzed by the room temperature powder X-ray diffraction (XRD); Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is particularly useful for the identification of chemicals substances that are either organic or inorganic.The size of the prepared nano HAp powder detected using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM).Morphology and microstructure of porous ceramics were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The stress-strain test was examined to determine mechanical properties for the prepared samples.Experimental results indicated that the 10% PVA is found to impregnate the porous ceramics effectively with uniform size distributions with pore sizes around 100nm.The physical and mechanical analysis were clearly enhanced after MWCNTs additions to porous HAp.According to the previous such porous materials should be suitable materials for load sharing tissue-engineering applications

Zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared by a sol-gel method and characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM and EDX. A series of chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol (Cs/PVA) blend films doped with various concentrations of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were prepared by solution casting method. These samples were characterized by various analytical techniques. XRD patterns of the prepared samples showed increasing in amorphousity of the polymer blend with increasing the content of ZnO NPs in Cs/PVA blend. The FT-IR analysis confirmed the complexation between Cs/PVA blend and ZnO NPs. From the UV-vis results, the optical energy gap was calculated. The TGA analysis displayed that the thermal stability of all the samples improved after the addition of the ZnO NPs. By the tensile universal testing machine, the mechanical properties of the prepared films were determined. The antimicrobial analysis showed that all nanocomposite films exhibited enhanced antimicrobial efficacy as compared to pure Cs/PVA film and it is linearly related to the amount of ZnO nanoparticles in the matrix. The sample containing 10 and 15 wt.% ZnO NPs exhibited the highest thermal stability, mechanical strength, and antibacterial activity. This nanocomposite with excellent thermal stability, tensile and antibacterial properties can be potentially utilized for antimicrobial packaging purposes and can be widely used in medical applications.

Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were added to poly-(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/sodium alginate (SA) bio-blend. PVA/SA was prepared with ratio (80/20) wt%. Different ratios of MWCNTs were added to PVA/SA blend to study the change in its physicochemical properties. The prepared films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Differentierties that are preferably al scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis to confirm the good miscibility of the two biopolymers and the uniform distribution of the MWCNTs. Mechanical properties, thermal stability, morphological properties, and crystallinity of the polymer matrix before and after blending were evaluated. The enhancement of structural and mechanical properties was observed during the addition of MWCNTs. PVA/SA with the optimum concentration of MWCNTs hoped to be suitable for the field of drug delivery and other various medical applications.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was electrospun with addition of 5 mass-% nanohydroxyapatite (HA) powder doped with green synthesized gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). The biocomposite solution mixture was electrospun at a potential of about 20 kV. The results indicate that HA and Au NPs was uniformly distributed in the PVA nanofibers, which have diameter in the range of 100–150 nm for pure PVA and 300–400 nm with HA respectively. The thermal behavior of the composite was studied by TG and the morphology of the electrospun fibers were investigated by means of SEM technique. Tensile strength and elastic modulus confirmed that the mechanical characteristics of the PVA/HA nanofibrous mat were merely altered after Au additions. The formation of apatite like structure on fibers surface during the in-vitro test was confirmed by EDX analysis. The micro-porous fibers can have many potential uses in the repair and treatment of defected bone, and bone tissue engineering.

Anisotropic gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) have been synthesized via a green route with the aid of Malva parviflora (M. parviflora) extract. Their UV-vis-NIR spectra exhibit a near infrared absorption feature, which is due to the one-dimensional growth of Au NPs. The images of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show that the Au NPs are triangular in shape. The formation of Au anisotropic nanoparticles was found to depend on the extract quantity. The Au NPs show good antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis.

Borosilicate bioactive glasses containing titanium dioxide were prepared and investigated. The corrosion behavior of samples was examined for all samples upon immersion in phosphate solution. The erosion of the outer surface and ion exchange processes of the glass with the surrounding solution were studied by measuring the weight loss. Results were compared with samples that do not contain titanium dioxide. The final result of the reaction is the precipitation of hydroxyapatite. Characterization of the glasses was carried out by FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) absorption spectra before and after immersion in phosphate solution. The different crystalline phases and crystallographic parameters were explored using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyzes and all indicate the precipitation of hydroxyapatite. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to observe the morphological changes of the surfaces upon immersion. The atomic ratio of the final result product was obtained by the energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX) unit attached to the SEM. Changes in pH of the leaching solution were measured and evaluated. All measurements confirm that the studied glass has a high degree of biological activity which makes it very suitable for the field of biomaterials and other various medical applications.

Polylactic Acid (PLA)/Polycaprolactone (PCL) blendloaded with different concentration of moxifloxacinwere prepared by casting method. Thebiocomposites were investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM). The in vitro release profile of moxifloxacin from the biocomposite matrix showed a sustained release of the drug over a period of 25 hrs. Antimicrobial assay were performed against E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and staphylococcus using the cup-plate method. Antimicrobialstudies showed equivalent zone of inhibition compared to marketed formulation. The results show successful interactionbetween moxifloxacin and PLA/PCL as observed from FTIR, Moxifloxacinimproved the thermal stability ofthe composites, as evidenced by thermogravimetric analysis and the SEM shows agood and uniform dispersion of the moxifloxacin particles in the polymer matrix. Thus the obtained results suggest that PLA/PCL loaded moxifloxacin appear promising for effective management of ocular infections.

Structural, thermal, and mechanical properties of pure blend and nanocomposites based on polyurethane (PU) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) doped with low different content of single walled-carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were studied. The nanocomposites at different concentration were prepared via casting technique. The interaction between PU/PVC and CNTs were examined via FT-IR studies. The changes in the structures of the nanocomposites were examined using X- Ray Diffraction (XRD), and the results indicated that the amorphous domains of nanocomposites increased with increasing SWCNTs content. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation indicated that SWCNTs surface was wrapped with the polymer with the thermal properties of nanocomposites improved. The mechanical behavior of the nanocomposites was evaluated as a function of SWCNTs content. The main enhancement in tensile properties was observed, e.g., the tensile strength and elastic modulus increased compared with the pure blend, which may be attributed to the interaction and adhesion between CNTs and the polymer matrices due to the hydrogen bonding between carbonyl groups (C=O) of polymer blend chains and carboxylic acid (COOH) groups of CNTs.

Nanocomposites samples of polyurethane and polyvinyl chloride (PU/PVC) loaded both multi and single walled-carbon nanotubes were synthesized by the casting technique. The X-ray analysis indicated that decrease degree of crystallinity after addition of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) due to interaction between CNTs and PU/PVC. The Transmission electron microscope (TEM) indicated encapsulation of polymer blend on CNTs surface. The highest value of AC conductivity was observed at high content of CNTs and frequency related effective conductive network formed when CNTs loaded in the blend. Whereas molecules of CNTs bridged between localized states and potential barrier. The permittivity (ε′) was decreased when the frequency increased due to direction dipoles of applied electric field. At high frequencies, the decreasing trend of permittivity seems nearly stable attributed to dipoles orientation. The higher value of dielectric loss (ε″) was observed at low frequency due to the mobile charges within blend backbone. An increases of loss tangent (tan δ) with increasing in CNTs content was expected because conductivity increases with increasing CNTs. The decrease of tan δ with increasing frequency is attributed to the fact that the hopping frequency of charge carriers cannot follow any changes of externally applied electric field.