Cadmium toxicity is a significant environmental issue affecting crop growth and productivity globally. Maize, a rich source of nutrition, is an excellent model plant to study physiological changes responsible for reduced productivity under stressful conditions. This study assessed the effect of Cd concentrations on maize seedlings before and after exogenous application of proline and trehalose in 25 mM, 50 mM, and 75 mM concentrations. Trehalose has emerged as an important reducing sugar that can reduce the adverse impacts of Cd. Exogenous proline increased proline content and alleviated Cd-induced seedling growth inhibition. It also increased antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced reactive oxygen species accumulation. Compared with other concentrations, 75 mM of exogenous proline and trehalose was the most effective at mitigating Cd toxicity in maize. The results depicted that proline showed the better plant growth in Cd stressed maize plants due to better yield and cob level, lesser degradation of chlorophylls, and accumulation of essential mineral contents. Hence, the research concluded that exogenous application of proline and trehalose could be beneficial in reducing Cd toxicity in maize crop.

Heavy metal contaminated food crops are one of the major public health concerns these days. The present study evaluates the Cd uptake in some promising wheat varieties subjected to soils amended with different types of organic fertilizers/matter. For this purpose, both pot and field experiments were conducted at the same time in Sargodha, Pakistan. Cadmium uptake in soil and different wheat plant parts were higher in the pot experiment than that in the field experiment. In both experiments, Cd ranged from 0.075 to 0.030 mg/kg in soil, 0.64 to 1.01 mg/kg in root, 0.63 to1.00 mg/kg in shoot and 0.65 to 1.01 mg/kg in grains. Among all soil amendments, farm-yard manure was found to be very effective in mitigating the uptake of Cd in wheat plants. Of all wheat varieties, Gold-16 and Ihsan-16 showed maximum Cd uptake, whereas the minimum Cd uptake was displayed by cv. DHharabi-11. In both experiments, all different indices showed values lower than 1 except the bio-concentration factor. Overall, Cd absorption observed in the present soil-wheat system was lower than the standard Cd absorption values. This study recommends that farmers may use organic soil amendments in this area to increase the fertility of soil. But regular examination practices must be carried out in this area, to limit the exposure to Cd hazards of public being provided Cd contaminated grains.

This study aimed to assess the concentration of Zinc (Zn) in the edible parts of Citrus sinensis, Citrus reticulata, and Citrus limetta irrigated with sewage water and canal water along with different application of fertilizers. Plant, water, and soil samples were randomly chosen from two different locations for metal analysis. Water samples containing Zn contents vary significantly between sites, ranging from 0.501 to 0.737 mg/L. The amounts of Zn in fruit samples ranged from 0.208 to 1.607 mg/kg, where the concentrations of Zn in soil varied between 0.208 to 1.607 mg/kg. The Contamination Factor (CF) values was higher in sewage water as compared to canal water while Transfer Factor showcasing maximum values in C. limetta and minimum values in C. reticulata. hazard quotient value of Zn was ranged from 0.0215 to 0.1661 in Citrus fruits. Consuming citrus cultivated on soil contaminated with Zinc was dangerous. The Zn moves from water to soil, then to fruits, and finally is consumed by humans. Our findings indicated that the presence of Zinc in soil lowers the effectiveness of fertilizers and has health concerns for people. Ultimately, this research offers an extensive evaluation of the levels of Zn in fruit, soil, and water samples, emphasizing possible health hazards and ecological consequences. The results highlight the necessity of focused agricultural methods and water resource management in order to reduce citrus crop stress caused by Zn, guaranteeing environmentally friendly farming methods.

Vegetation provides the main structure of the ecosystem, hence supporting different ecosystem services. Analysis of vegetation is very useful for identifying plant diversity patterns as it provides information about the processes that maintain the species diversity within the ecosystem. In this study indigenous vegetation and biochemical attributes of selected species in Kalabagh, Mianwali was determined. Five sites were selected for sampling on the basis of variation in soil composition, latitudinal and altitudinal. 38 species belonging to 19 families were present there. Poaceae was the most dominant family. Acacia nilotica, Rhazya stricta , Trianthenum portulacastrum, Tribulus terrestris , Peganum hermala , Solanum incanum , Datura stramonium, Nerium indicum , and Oxalis corniculata , grow there. Variation in distribution of plant species with soil was observed. Rhazya stricta was studied for its biochemical attributes.

Recent study was directed to check the accumulation of Cd and Pb in pasture land treated with ground water. In particular the transfer of cadmium and lead from soil to forages and in turn to animal (buffaloes) was conducted in Bhalwal, Punjab, Pakistan which comes under sub-tropical environmental conditions. The Cd and Pb concentration in selected samples was explored by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA-6300 Shimadzu Japan). The results depicted the concentration of cadmium in water, soil, forages, milk and hair of buffaloes was in the range of 0. 00320 – 0.00866 mgL-1, 1.9500 to 5.3000 mg/kg, 0.300 to 0.7100 mgkg-1, 0.1033 to 0.4133 mgL-1 and 0.037 to 0.0656 mg/kg, respectively. The lead concentration was ranged from 0.004 mg/L to 1.963 mgL-1 for water, 5.960 -13.600 mg/kg for soil, 0.293 to 2.570 mg/kg for forages, 0.2166 to 6.100 mg/L for milk and 0.0206 to 0.074 mg/kg for hair samples. Various indices (BCF, PLI, EF, DIM and HRI) were examined and results presented that PLI and EF of Cd, EF and HRI for Pb was above 1 indicating that metal was causing pollution while value of BCF and DIM was below one. If exposed for an extended period of time through feed, forages with a higher Cd and Pb content may harm animal's cells, create respiratory issues and have an adverse effect on the animal's kidney, liver and lungs.

For irrigation of soil utilization of wastewater has risen significantly in the past few years. This wastewater often have large amount of trace elements and heavy metals, many of which are non-essential and harmful to living organisms such as plants, animals, and humans. In Pakistan, particularly around suburban areas, it is common to use this polluted water for growing vegetables. When such water is used for irrigation over an extended period of time, toxic substances can accumulate in the soil, potentially causing toxicity to plants and degrading soil quality. The samples analyzed in the study were prepared using the wet acid digestion method. Metal concentrations were determined through atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The mean Mn concentration in Forages samples ranged from 5.37 to 0.89 mg/kg Mn main concentration were ranged from 1.259 to 0.541 mg/L Sewage water Mn values ranged from 32.58 to 20.61 mg/kg. The accumulation of Mn in the blood of buffaloes ranged from 1.75 to 0.94 mg/L.

Despite the rarity of molybdenum (Mo) metal in nature, significant quantities of Mo in industrial discharges have the potential to represent a serious threat when municipal sewage sludge is applied to agricultural land. Surprisingly little information is available about Mo uptake from sewage sludge-treated soils, especially in terms of field trials. This research looked at the bio accumulative pattern of molybdenum in plants grown at three different sites [Kahoot (32.3837 degrees N, 72.7082 degrees E), Wazidi (32.3917 degrees N, 72.7260 degrees E), and Jhawarian (32.3563 degrees N, 72.6210 degrees E)] of Sargodha district receiving ground water, canal water and sewage water. Concentration of molybdenum was evaluated in soil and water samples. Additionally, the level of molybdenum was also analyzed in hoof samples of animals raised on forage grown on sludge treated soils. Maximum level of molybdenum (43.263 +/- 0.3692 mg/L) was observed in water samples collected from SW-III receiving sewage water. Highest level of molybdenum accumulated in Avena sativa (20.903 mg/kg +/- 0.222) grown at site treated with sewage water. The metal detection in the soil samples among all three sites ranged from 15.96 to 35.59 mg/kg whereas same varied from 17.32 to 43.99 mg/L in water samples. Maximum molybdenum accumulation was observed in hair (3.588 mg/kg +/- 0.1252) and hoof (4.5429 mg/kg +/- 0.0933) samples collected from buffalos raised on forage grown on sewage waste water. Moreover, the soil in which these crops were grown was also evaluated to get pollution load index which ranged from 0.39 to 0.889. Further indices included BCF ranging from 0.30-0.64, EF: 1.25-2.65 and DIM: 0.04-0.009. Concentration of Mo in plants and soil treated with sewage water and ground water exceeded the international permissible limits.

Heavy metals pollution is a major concern on a global scale.The present work evaluated the cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) concentrations in water, soil, forages (Avena sativa, Brassica campestris, Medicago sativa, Pennisetum glaucum and Trifolium alexandrinum), milk and hair samples of cows.The samples taken according to trophic levels of the food chain were collected from selected arid regions of Khushab, Punjab, Pakistan and analyzed by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer.The concentrations of Cd and Cu were found in the range of 0.041-0.065mg/L, 0.585-1.341mg/L in water; 0.223-2.600mg/kg, 11.550-15.853mg/kg in soil; 0.0037-0.682mg/kg, 3.0917-8.208mg/kg in fodder; 0.0457-0.137mg/kg, 0.0167-0.690mg/L in milk and 0.043-0.112mg/kg, 0.0427-0.497mg/kg in hair, respectively.The Cd and Cu concentrations in water, soil, forage, milk and hair were safer compared to standard limits.Bioconcentration factor (BCF), Enrichment factor (EF), Daily Intake of Metal (DIM), and Health Risk Index (HRI) were found less than 1 in Cd and Cu whereas PLI<1 in Cd and PLI>1 in Cu that indicates copper pollution in soil.So, regular monitoring of heavy metals was required to appraise contamination levels in the environment.

Copper and zinc play a very important role in plant development, but exposure at higher concentrations causes severe toxic effects. Copper (Cu) is an essential element for plants as it is involved in the synthesis of ATP and CO2 assimilation, while zinc (Zn) stimulates several enzymes and is necessary for the biosynthesis of chlorophyll. The present research appraised the Cu and Zn concentrations in water, soil, forages (Trifolium repens, Cynodon dactylon, Lolium perenne, and Festuca arundinacea), milk, and hair samples of buffaloes. The samples were collected from the selected sites of Tehsil Bhalwal Punjab, Pakistan, and analyzed through an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The concentration of Cu ranged from 0.80 to 2.98 mgL-1 in water, 5.940 to 14.900 mgkg-1 in soil, 2.300 to 8.990 mgkg-1 in forages, 0.0054 to 1.90 mgL-1 in milk, and 1.10 to 5.900 mgkg-1 in hair samples respectively. The range of Zn varied from 0.100 to 1.50 mgL-1 in water, 21.500 to 36.700 mgkg-1in soil, 16.700 to 39.980 mgkg-1 in forage, 1.381 to 7.80 mgL-1 in milk, and 0.240 to 2.755 mgkg-1 in hair respectively. The assessment of the bio-concentration factor, daily intake of metal, pollution load index, enrichment factor, and health risk index were also highlighted in this study. The BCF of Zn and PLI of Cu were noted as greater than 1, while the other indices were found to be less than 1, indicating that forages cultivated in water-rich soil are not harmful, therefore heavy metal analysis was necessary to assess the environmental contamination.

Heavy metal toxicity is becoming an increasing concern for environmental, human and animal health. The current research analyzed the lead (Pb) contamination in the food chain under three different irrigation sources (ground, canal, and wastewater). Soil, plant and animal samples were collected from the Jhang district of Pakistan and processed with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Lead concentration varied in the samples as: 5.22-10.73 mg/kg in soil, 2.46-10.34 mg/kg in forages and 0.736-2.45 mg/kg in animal samples. The observed lead concentration in forage and animal blood samples was higher than the standard limits. The pollution load index (0.640-1.32) in soil showed that lead contamination mainly took place at the wastewater irrigating sites. Bio-concentration factor values (0.313-1.15) were lower than one in all samples except Zea mays, showing that lead metal was actively taken up by Zea mays tissues from the soil. Enrichment factor values ranged from 0.849-3.12, showing a moderate level of lead enrichment. Daily intake and health risk index varied between 0.004-0.020 mg/kg/day and 0.906-4.99, respectively. All the samples showed maximum lead concentration at the wastewater irrigating site compared to the ground or canal water application sites. These results recommended that consistent application of wastewater for forage irrigation must be avoided to prevent health hazards associated with lead in the animal and human food chain. Government must implement adequate strategies to protect the animal and human health from the harms of toxic heavy metals.

Increased area under organic cultivation is being driven by an improvement in nutritional quality and safety, as well as environmental concerns. Chromium (Cr) is a persistent contaminant that harms all living things including plants. Various manufacturing industries pollute the environment with an excessive quantity of Cr. This study was planned to conduct a practical evaluation of Cr toxicity in our food chain. The research was conducted in city Sargodha, Pakistan which pointed out experimental performance of this heavy metal transfer from nine different sources of fertilizer concentrations (100 g & 200 g) applied on ten wheat varieties under cultivation. The research also highlighted a comparison of pot and field sites under same influencing factors to make it precisely hypothetical. The analysis of soil amended with poultry waste (200 g) showed the maximum (0.439 mg/Kg) concentration of Cr, whereas least value (0.11 mg/Kg) was observed in soil in controlled site. The highest Cr uptake in roots (7.9 mg/Kg) was observed in wheat cultivar MILLAT-11 and the lowest in IHSAN-16 (5.5 mg/Kg) with municipal solid waste application of 200 g (9.14 mg/Kg) as highest and control factor (3.16 mg/Kg) as the lowest one. The highest uptake in shoots was observed in 11CO23 (7.75 mg/Kg) and lowest in JOHAR-16 (5.41 mg/Kg) with press mud (200 g) (9.03 mg/Kg) as highest and poultry waste (100g) (4.65 mg/Kg) as the lowest. The highest uptake in grains was observed in MILLAT-11 (7.70 mg/Kg) and the lowest in DHARABI-11 (5.47 mg /Kg) with farm yard manure (200g) (9.08 mg /Kg) as highest and controlled factor (3.74 mg/Kg) as the least one. In pot and field sites, all indices were below the critical range but exceptional in bio-concentration factor where dose concentration was increased. It was concluded that Cr uptake in wheat increases with application of waste in soil but varies depending on plant genetics. Genetics also seems to be in action as absorption capacity in some varieties varies considerably and clearly draws an attention about the need of further studies on genetic basis. However, an effort was made to reveal certain unknown aspects of phytoremediation and metal toxic absorption in our staple food crops that require ongoing research to maintain safety levels of chromium in an ecosystem.

In Pakistan, wastewater such as industrial and urban wastewater is widely used for agricultural irrigation despite its chemical and pollutant content. In this respect, it is important to determine the risks of heavy metal accumulation in various agricultural products and the risks to human health. The aims of this study were to assess the heavy metal(loid)s contamination in soil and sugar beet samples and to assess the health risks of heavy metal(loid)s to the population via the consumption of sugar beet. The heavy metal(loid) values in the wastewater-irrigated soil samples ranged from 0.260 to 4.053 mg/kg, and wastewater-irrigated sugar beet samples ranged from 0.051 to 1.666 mg/kg. In contrast to Cd, Ni, Cu, Fe, Mn, Cr and Zn, which appeared to pose a health risk, Pb, Co, and Cr had Health Risk Index (HRI) values lower than 1.0 and did not appear to pose a threat to human health. Cd accumulation with HRI values over 1 (144.8) indicated that this metal is likely to have a major negative impact on local health.

In many countries, where wastewater irrigation has become a common practice, the accumulation of heavy metals by crops has been regarded as a severe environmental hazard. The evaluation of the toxic element lead (Pb) in water, agricultural soils and food crops, and their potential damage to human health, is the focus of the present study. Samples of eleven food crops, soil, with three treatments, waste, canal, and tube well waters, were collected from three feeding sites, Sargodha city, Sahiwal, Shahpur, and evaluated for Pb concentration. The results indicates that the range of Pb in the water, soil and crop samples were from 0.023 to 0.039 mg/L, 2.932-13.687 mg/kg and 1.241-4.825 mg/kg, respectively. The metal concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in wastewater treated soil and crop samples that exceed the permissible limit of the World Health Organization (WHO). There is a positive correlation between the Pb concentration in the soil and crop samples. The pollution load index and enrichment factor are greater than 1, indicating a high level of soil contamination and the influence of natural and anthropogenic sources of Pb metal accumulation in soils. The bioconcentration factor (BCF), daily intake of metal (DIM), health risk index (HRI) and metal values are less than 1, indicating that toxic Pb are present in lower quantities in food crops and had no health risks to consumers. In wastewater treated soils, there is a significant accumulation of Pb toxicity. Therefore, it is vitally important to address Pb contamination and its potential entrance mute into the human food chain.

Rhazya stricta is an important medicinal plant species distributed all over the Warcha salt mine in Pakistan. Analysis of proximate composition and metals is a commendable job to assess the suitability of the exploitation of medicinal plants on a large scale by ethnic communities. The proximate analyses (moisture, fiber, ash, crude fats, proteins and carbohydrates) of all the samples collected from five different sites (Table 1) were carried out. Moreover, different inorganic elements in the samples were also determined. The maximum and the minimum moisture content in Rhazya stricta was observed at Site 4 (31.21%) and Site 2 (29.14%), respectively. The maximum and the minimum ash concentrations were recorded in the populations collected from Site 2 (7.48%) and Site 5 (6.25%), respectively. The maximum fat content was found in the Site 3 (3.91%) population, whereas the minimum contents of crude fiber were observed in the population from Site 2 (12.2%). The maximum concentration of crude protein was observed in the plants from Site 5 (9.93%), whereas the minimum contents of carbohydrates were observed in the plants from Site 2 (48.4%). Essential and nonessential elements like potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were analyzed in the roots, stem and leaves of Rhazya stricta. The maximum K content (6836.886 mg/kg) was found in the roots of plants collected from Site 5 and the minimum in the leaves (5528.795 mg/kg) collected from Site 3. The highest concentration of magnesium was found in the roots of plants from Site 3 (2414.46 mg/kg), whereas the lowest concentration of iron was recorded in the leaves of Site 4 (31.45 mg/kg) plants. The maximum and the minimum concentrations of cobalt were detected in the roots of plants from Site 1 (0.320 mg/kg) and in the leaves of plants from Site 4 (0.135 mg/kg), respectively. The minimum concentration of leaf cadmium was recorded in plant population from Site 4, whereas in the same population the maximum level of root nickel was recorded. The highest concentration of copper was observed in the stem of plant population from Site 2 (0.297 mg/kg). The concentrations of most of the elements appraised in the present study are well below the overall permissible limits of these elements in medicinal plants determined by WHO, so this plant from the Warcha mine can be utilized without harm by herbal practitioners and pharmaceutical industry.

Zinc (Zn) is a vital nutrient element required for plants normal growth and development. It performs imperative functions in numerous metabolic pathways in the plants. However, potentially noxious levels of Zn in terrestrial environment can lead to inhibited photosynthesis, growth, respiratory rate and imbalanced mineral nutrition. In micronutrient malnutrition, Zn deficiency is a global human health problem owing to the human dependence on cereals grains especially wheat-based diet. Therefore, this study investigated the Zn uptake efficacy in Triticum aestivum that is grown under two different doses (100 g/kg or 200 g/kg) of various soil amendments in both pot and field experimentation. Results of this study revealed that mean Zn concentration in different wheat varieties and treatments were varied from 1.53 to 6.03 mg/kg, 11.27 to 40.65 mg/kg, 11.28 to 39.93 mg/kg, and 11.32 to 37.70 mg/kg in amended soil, root, shoot, and grains, respectively. All observed Zn values in soil and wheat parts were lower than the FAO/WHO standards. Zinc values observed for pollution load index (0.034–0.134 mg/kg), daily intake (0.00492–0.01533 mg/kg), and health risk (0.0164–0.0570 mg/kg) index were lower than 1 except bio-concentration factor. Bio-concentration factor (5.076–10.165 mg/kg) revealed that DHARABI-11 variety showed maximum Zn uptake efficacy in farmyard manure treatment. The daily intake and health risk index values also showed that Zn level in grains is safe for inhabitants consumption. Overall, study recommended that these organic amendments are a good source of fertilizers, essentially required for the sustainable management of soil and increases the Zn accumulation in wheat grains which can ultimately reduce the Zn malnutrition in human food chain.

Accumulation of toxic heavy metals (THMs) in the soil-water-plant can negatively affects regional eco-safety and poses a threat to agricultural productivity, ecosystem, animals, humans and plants. Additionally, THMs can enter human bodies through the food chain, leading to an increased incidence of chronic diseases such as deformity and cancer. Leafy vegetables irrigated with untreated as well as contaminated waters were usually abounded with heavy metals in high concentrations. These contaminated leafy green vegetables although very popular here, may cause threats to human health, since these are usually grown in sub-urban areas, by irrigations of the untreated contaminated waters (canal water, groundwater and waste water carrying many city effluents). In this study, we analysed and measured the levels of hazardous metals (Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, Cu, Fe and Pb) found in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) at 3 different places of district Sargodha. Results revealed that the measured concentrations of Cd in water and spinach, and that of Pb in spinach were exceeding the standard permissible limits. High values of health quotient were found for Cr, Cd and Pb. The sequence of EC was recorded in ascending order as Pb > Cr > Cd > Ni > Zn > Cu >Fe in all the samples which were examined. The results of the study conclude, as the heavy metals are carcinogenic for human health, not only proper monitoring of soil and irrigation water should be made as well as such contaminated vegetables may be avoided.

Present study was conducted to check the heavy metal content in wheat treated with municipal solid waste, Although municipal solid waste was enriched with organic nutrient, micronutrients, and macro-nutrients, considerable amount of cobalt was also witnessed in municipal solid waste that s why pot experiment was executed. The concentration of cobalt in different parts of wheat (root, shoot, and grain) was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA-6300 Shimadzu Japan). Highest concentration of cobalt in root, shoot, and grain of wheat was observed in the range of 0.91–1.02 mg/kg, 0.92–1.04 mg/kg, and 0.93–1.00 mg/kg, respectively, under the influence of different fertilizer’s used, while in field experiment, level of Co was greater in roots followed by shoots and grain. The metal concentration in wheat grown in field was ranged from 0.67 to 0.72 mg/kg for roots, 0.64 to 0.71 mg/kg for shoots, and 0.66 to 1.71 mg/kg for grains. Concentrations of cobalt were found below the permissible limits suggested by FAO/WHO. Various indices (PLI, BCF, DIM, HRI) were calculated and results showed that PLI was above 1 indicating that metal was causing pollution in treatments while value of BCF, DIM, and HRI was within the permissible range. Higher Co content in wheat may cause damage to the pancreatic cells of animals, cause respiratory problems, and effects their kidney, liver, and lungs, if exposure is for long period through feed.

Present research evaluated the copper (Cu) concentration in wheat varieties grown on organic waste amended soil of Sargodha, Pakistan. For this study, both pot and field experiments were conducted to determine the copper bioaccumulation in wheat vegetative parts due to organic wastes (farm manure, press mud, poultry waste and municipal solid waste) amended soil. Results presented that root samples showed higher Cu concentration than other parts. Analyzed Cu concentration was 3.78-12.23mg/kg in root, 3.79-11.99mg/kg in shoot and 3.76-12.29mg/kg in grains. Maximum concentration was observed in MILLAT-11 variety grains and PM-200 treatment. The results of this research study showed that when the concentrations of the applied treatment in the soil were increased, Cu level was also increased in soil, root, shoot and grain but observed within safe limits for all the samples. Study recommended that organic wastes especially press mud must be treated for their appliance in agricultural lands. Metal level in food crops must be regularly monitories to prevent the heavy metal toxicity in human food chain. Government should make strategies to educate the farmer's and regularly monitories the metal level in food crops to secure the public health.

Many studies have described the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses to heavy metal toxicity and deficiencies individually in plants. The present study assess nickel (Ni) concentration in amended soil, plant vegetative parts, and wheat grains, grown under diverse types of fertilizers in Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Different varieties of wheat were grown in pot and fields. Different treatments (municipal solid waste, poultry waste, press mud, farm yard manure) of fertilizers were applied in order to study the metal level increased in different parts (root, shoot, grain) of wheat due to fertilization. Results indicated that metal level was found highest in roots followed by shoot and grain. The highest level of nickel in root was present in V1 (2.35 mg/kg) due to T2 (2.60 mg/kg) treatment. Higher nickel levels in wheat shoot and grains were observed in V5 (2.36 mg/kg) and V8 (2.29 mg/kg), respectively, due to applied treatment T2 (2.57 mg/kg). This study concluded that treatment T9 was proven safe in view of the observed Ni concentration, while treatment T2 (municipal solid waste) resulted in higher accumulation of nickel in wheat grains which showed that municipal solid waste should be treated before their application in agriculture fields to secure the public health. This study recommended that although application of fertilizers increased the plant growth and nutritional value, it also enhanced metal accumulation in the wheat grains which could be harmful for consumers especially human being. Government should take actions to prevent metal toxicity in human food chain.