Academic research on economic issues from a gender approach remains limited, and similarly, few studies and academic papers have addressed the issue of the social and solidarity economy (SSE) from this perspective. The main objective of this paper is to contribute to the academic gap by completing an academic review on the subject and by presenting a panel data analysis of the contribution of the SSE to the evolution of the employment rate in terms of gender in the counties of the Basque Autonomous Community (BAC). Using panel data analysis, this study examines the contribution of the SSE to employment rates by gender across Basque counties. Although a stronger presence of the SSE as a whole positively influences the employment rate of both men and women, a sector-specific analysis reveals that only the manufacturing sector exhibits a positive relationship with male employment rates. Therefore, further research on the SSE sector from a gender perspective is needed-both to determine whether the observed differences between men and women persist in this field and to explore the underlying reasons. This is particularly relevant in a context where the principles of equality and equity should be inherent to the very nature of the SSE organizations.

The main objective of this paper is to analyse women’s participation in care cooperatives as a fundamental tool for their empowerment. To this end, concepts related to migration, participation in the social economy and women’s empowerment are discussed. The situation of crisis of the traditional care system in the Global North attracts foreign female migration to partially alleviate the problem. However, these women face conditions of vulnerability and precariousness. Global care chains emerge, entailing high family and personal costs for the weakest link.In this context, this study develops a qualitative analysis based on in-depth interviews with workers from three care cooperatives in the Basque Country. The aim is to highlight, through an exploratory thematic analysis, the way in which the social economy, through care cooperatives, can be a fundamental tool for the empowerment of women (migrant or not) involved in the care sector.The analysis of the information reveals that the cooperative is an ideal way to encourage women’s participation and this, in turn, leads to increased confidence, self-esteem and, in general, a sense of empowerment for these women. However, additional difficulties and barriers are also identified for women migrants in an irregular situation.

Academic literature has analysed the effects of renting vacation homes in recent years from the perspective of large cities. This paper aims to test whether these effects also occur in smaller tourist cities. For this purpose, the case of San Sebastian (Spain), a medium sized tourist city. We find that a one unit increase per 100 housing units in Airbnb listings leads to a citywide average monthly advertised rent of euro1,284.20, an increase of 49.45euro, on average. This implies a much higher effect of Airbnb on the rental market than previous studies that focused on large cities.

Kooperatibek enplegu egonkorra eta kalitatezkoa sortzeko eta mantentzeko duten gaitasuna, eta besteak beste, erresilientzia ekonomikoaren ikuspegitik duten potentziala aurrez aztertua izan da. Aldiz, gizarte ekonomiaren esparru akademiko zein instituzionalean genero gaiek ez dute presentzia handirik izan tradizionalki. Hutsune hori betetzeko, era askotariko ikerlan eta ekimenak behar dira, eta artikulu honek, partzialki bada ere, norabide horretan pauso bat eman nahi du. Artikulu honetan, kooperatibak, erresilientzia ekonomikoa eta EAE-ko emakumeen enplegua erlazionatzeko egindako lehen saiakera bat aurkeztu nahi da. Artikulu honen helburu nagusia eskualde jakin batzuetan kooperatibismoaren garapen handiagoak emakumeen enpleguaren erresilientzia nola bultzatzen duen identifikatzea eta neurtzea izango da, gizarte-inpaktu positiboak identifikatuz. Zehazki, estatu osoko datu agregatuetatik abiatuta, Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoari (aurrerantzean, EAE) buruz dagoen informazioan jarri nahi dugu arreta, eta eragin hori zehazten duten alderdiak definitu. Emaitzei dagokioenez, EAEn ere baieztatu egiten da literatura akademikoan frogatutzat ematen den hurrengo ideia: kooperatibek sortutako enpleguak egonkortasun eta erantzuteko gaitasun handiagoa erakusten du ziurgabetasun-uneetan. Bestalde, generoarekin lotutako datuen eskasia nabaria den arren, emakumeen enplegu kooperatiboaren eta dentsitate kooperatiboaren kasuan bilakaera ere ona da.

National housing systems increasingly combine three main types of housing: the private property sector (home ownership and private rental), social and public rental (public and non-profit sectors) and cooperative (social or civil economy). The dominant private type has facilitated housing speculation, which in many countries has become a critical source of economic inequality and instability. The cooperative housing type can be a viable alternative with a socio-spatial cohesion effect. This article compares the phenomena of socially oriented cooperative housing in three European countries (Denmark, The Netherlands and Spain). The analytical focus is on the public policies and regulations, and the societal and collective action factors that foster the development of housing cooperatives. The three cases present different institutional settings and ways to develop a socially oriented cooperative housing sector. The research findings contribute to mutual learning processes in searching alternatives to the commercial and very expensive private urban housing provision.

La aparición hace poco más de 10 años de diversas plataformas que permitían la gestión de alojamientos entre particulares supuso una revolución en el sector turístico. Los alojamientos turísticos han sufrido profundas transformaciones que han venido para quedarse. En los últimos años han surgido plataformas como Airbnb que han transformado la forma de gestionar alojamientos alternativos entre particulares. En un principio, estas plataformas se consideraban un ejemplo de la "economía colaborativa" que sitúan la dimensión social en una posición central en la economía. Sin embargo, en los últimos años, cada vez más agencias profesionales de gestión inmobiliaria también han comenzado a anunciar sus propiedades en la plataforma, poniendo así en cuestión el ideal original de consumo colaborativo entre iguales, así como noción complementaria al concepto de economía social. En este estudio analizamos el nivel de profesionalización de la oferta de Airbnb en 10 ciudades y regiones españolas, con el objetivo de ver si se cumplen o no los principios de la economía colaborativa. En particular, estudiamos cómo se estructura el sector que, en Airbnb, varía entre agentes profesionalizados con múltiples anuncios y propietarios privados de un único anuncio. Además, tenemos como objetivo medir si el efecto de la pandemia del COVID-19 ha afectado a esta estructura, si ha generado respuestas diferentes entre los agentes altamente profesionalizados o entre los propietarios privados de un único anuncio en Airbnb. Este trabajo también presenta un estudio en profundidad del caso de Madrid en el periodo 2016-2020.

The sharing economy has led to a profound transformation of the tourism sector over the last decade: it has revolutionised the tourist accommodation sector, directly affecting residential markets in destination cities. This paper presents a bibliometric analysis of the research published in Web of Science regarding the sharing economy, tourism and the housing market. 147 studies dealing directly or indirectly with these topics are identified and a bibliometric analysis carried out to determine relationships between the topics and other indicators to measure the breadth of the research. Following this, a deeper content analysis is completed to qualify the most relevant topics of study, supported by data mapping techniques which allow a more immediate visualisation of the subject under study. A systematic review is carried out with a two-fold objective: to analyse and classify the evolution of academic research on this topic in recent years by developing a bibliometric analysis and, in order to enrich our contribution, to identify the main areas of study addressed around this topic. To do this, we analyse the content of the most relevant research papers, classifying trends and subareas of study.

This study aims to analyse the relationship between tourist growth in urban destinations and certain transformations apparent in main recipient cities. Particular attention is paid to the impact of tourism on housing in popular tourist destinations, and on the people who live there. We focus on the case of San Sebastian, in Spain, which is a major tourist destination and, together with Dubrovnik, Venice, Barcelona and Amsterdam, is one of the European cities which has seen a growing concern over mass tourism. Firstly, this study seeks to analyse different research approaches conducted over recent years on the complex relationship between tourism and the rental-housing sector. Secondly, the study examines whether the increase in the intensity of use of the Airbnb platform is related to the price asked when renting a property long-term. The analysis conducted shows that a one standard deviation increase in Airbnb intensity is associated with an increase of 7.3% in rental prices. Our suggestions for urban planners and managers in charge of urban tourist destinations are for greater regulation of tourist accommodation in line with long-term house rentals.

espanolEste articulo presenta el proyecto Erlauntza, surgido en el marco de Donostia Lagunkoia/Plan de Ciudad Amigable con la Edad, una iniciativa del Ayuntamiento de Donostia-San Sebastian que pone el foco en los retos que plantea el envejecimiento de la poblacion en todos los ambitos de la vida urbana. Despues de unos anos de trabajo intenso en el plan, se considero indispensable que las y los profesionales que ofrecian servicios —publicos y privados— a las personas mayores en los barrios trabajaran en clave de confianza y se iniciaran en la perspectiva comunitaria del bienestar. Erlauntza —“colmena” en euskera— es la denominacion del grupo de personas profesionales con actividad en los barrios que, reunidas de manera bimestral, comparten el proposito de fomentar, mantener o recuperar la calidad de vida de las personas a traves de su actividad respectiva y crean una relacion de alta confianza mutua entre ellas que les permite lograr mejor sus objetivos de servicio. EuskaraArtikulu honetan Erlauntza proiektuaren berri ematen da, Donostia Lagunkoia/Biztanle Adinarekin Lagunkoia den Hiri Planaren esparruan sortutakoa, Donostiako Udalak hiri-bizimoduaren arlo guztietan biztanleriaren zahartzeak ekarriko dituen erronkak zeintzuk izan daitezkeen planteatzen du. Planean urte batzuetan egindako lan handiaren ondoren, ezinbestekotzat hartu zen auzoetan pertsona adinduei zerbitzuak eskaintzen zizkieten profesionalei konfiantzan lan egitea eta ongizate-ikuspegi komunitarioaren hastapenak izatea. Erlauntza auzoetan jarduten duen profesional-talde baten izena da, bi hilez behin elkartzen dena, eta haien asmo bateratua pertsonen bizi-kalitatea sustatu, mantendu edo berreskuratzea da, bakoitzari dagokion jardueraren bitartez, eta zerbitzu-helburuak hobe lortzea ahalbidetzen dien elkarrekiko konfiantza handiko erlazioa sortarazita.

Historically, housing cooperatives in our environment have been created, the same as protected housing, for the most disadvantaged social sectors, traditionally excluded from the housing market. Traditional housing cooperatives have played the part of developer and builder in the Spanish housing market, in order to be able to offer lower cost housing to the members of said cooperatives, generally as its owners. Added to this, after the collapse of development and construction activity and profit-earning following the property bubble burst in 2008, another phenomenon of "false cooperativism" was generated, where former developing companies made instrumental use of this legal formula with a view to reducing the costs of the construction and development process. These cooperative modes are far removed from the principles of social economy and have nothing in common with other international models of housing cooperatives, which offer an alternative system to meet residential needs. Interesting references are to be found in Denmark, Germany, Sweden, the USA, Uruguay and Canada, among others. However, despite this model not having been introduced in our historic context, initiatives have recently emerged involving a "new" housing cooperative trend corresponding to another kind of tenancy: right of use or assignment of use. With this new emerging model, it could be possible to overcome the traditional property-rental binomial on the Spanish housing market. These initiatives are pioneer and innovative in the context of Spain, which is why they have been framed within the scope of social innovation in some recent research. Furthermore, owing, among other factors, to the strong connection of some of these initiatives to our society's problem of ageing and care management, it is a subject which is now also attracting growing interest from other disciplines, such as psychology, gender studies, social services and others. Several recent research projects are turning up highly interesting results; all necessary in a field practically unexplored until now. Emerging assignment of use cooperative initiatives often (but not necessarily) include a cohousing project. Within this new concept a series of types have been classified; depending on the age of the cooperative members, a difference can be made between senior cohousing and intergenerational cohousing. The study presented here shows the main results of a qualitative research project carried out between January and May 2016, in order to obtain deeper knowledge of these pioneer initiatives emerging in Spain in the field of assignment of use cooperative housing. To take a closer look at an emerging practice, the formation of right of use cooperatives, the decision was taken to use a qualitative analysis, considering that it is the experts and users who can provide most information on the characteristics, causes and processes of forming these cooperatives. The approach included a first stage of theoretical research on the state of the question, and a second stage involving a series of non-structured interviews with assignment of use cooperative experts and users between March and May 2016. In view of the widely differing profiles of the people interviewed, the decision was taken to use a non-structured interviewing methodology, given its more open and flexible nature, thanks to which we were able to maintain common questions for the experts and users, while being able to ask specific questions depending on their specialisation. Being a qualitative approximation to this type of housing tenancy, the objectives of the research were rather introductory and unexplored, and can be summed up as follows: to obtain deeper knowledge of right of use cooperatives and cohousing, their categories and profile types; how the projects are set in motion, the process methodology; models of relationship between right of use cooperatives and cohousing, obstacles and successes of real projects; funding and economic aspects; eco-housing, more sustainable models. Outstanding among the results obtained, in first place is the fact that assignment of use housing cooperatives generally, but not necessarily, entail a cohousing or collaborative housing project. Collaborative or cohousing initiatives involve living with other people and assignment of use cooperatives are a legal tool which can serve to carry out that purpose. They can occur together, and, in fact, this legal formula represents for most of the people interviewed the most adequate formula for being able to launch a collaborative housing initiative in Spain. However, cases have also been found where a cohousing project uses other, more generic legal formulas, such as traditional associations or cooperatives (due either to lack of knowledge or to the actual size of the project). Lastly, there may also be cases of instrumental use of the "assignment of use" concept, which use the legal tool with the aim of obtaining improved economic conditions (without constructing a collaborative housing project). Between the two types of cohousing projects, senior cohousing initiatives enjoy greater success rates in Spain (distinguished from the intergenerational nature of the original cohousing experiences at international level). The fact that intergenerational initiatives experience higher failure rates is due to different factors, mainly of an economic-cultural or cultural nature. In general terms, one of the main stumbling blocks of these projects is the financing of intergenerational initiatives (only supported by ethical banking). In many cases, the minimum income required by financial institutions to grant loans can represent an obstacle impossible to overcome. The difficulty of finding the plot of land on which to set the project in motion is another of the major stumbling blocks. Involvement of the regional and local institutions in overcoming these difficulties could increase the number of successfully developed projects. Another of the major difficulties is the change of mentality implied by these cooperative projects in a society like the Spanish one, where owning a home has been the backbone of the family patrimony. The change towards new forms of housing tenancy means that these projects do not always end in success. In fact, this factor limits the interest of a certain part of society with sufficient economic resources to take out a mortgage in traditional terms. On the other hand, participatory methods and a non-hierarchical structure, added to self-management and community-oriented design are an essential part of all cohousing projects analysed. Likewise, open architecture and participatory design (i.e. where the members of these projects actively participate in designing the private and common spaces), and reservation of the more privileged spaces for common use are features shared by all of the projects analysed. Concern for the environment and ecology is also highly present in the essence and development of these alternative living projects (eco-housing). Consequently, assignment of use cooperatives represent a new answer to the residential needs gradually developing in Spain. These projects place the accent on the social and participatory construction of the cooperative for its improved solidity and greater durability of the project, thereby responding to the new living needs that the traditional market is unable to cover.

Etxebizitza, ondasun berezia eta konplexua da inondik ere. Ondasun ekonomikoa izateaz gain, (kontsumo eta inbertsio ondasuna, alegia) edo-zein gizabanakorentzat oinarri-oinarrizko beharrizana da, edozein gizaba-nako eta familiaren bizitza garatzeko ezinbesteko baldintza. Etxebizitza, gainera, oinarrizko eskubidea ere bada nonnahi, giza-eskubidea eta esku-bide soziala da aldi berean han hemengo arautegi eta legedietan.Bestalde, etxebizitza, puzzle zabalago eta konplexuago bateko pieza da, gure herri eta hiriak osatzen dituen osagai nagusietakoa izaki. Ez dago etxebizitzarik hiririk gabe, ezta hiririk etxebizitzarik gabe (Muxi, Z, 2012: 151). Hain zuzen ere, gure inguruko etxebizitza sarea, hainbat faktorerekin hertsiki lotua dago: gure eredu ekonomikoaren bilakaera, lurralde antola-menduarena eta botere publikoek aurrera eramandako politikena, besteak beste.Horren guztiaren ondorioz, etxebizitza eskubidea, beste eskubide so-zial asko bete daitezen aurrebaldintza gisa ulertu beharra dago (osasuna, hezkuntza, eta abar). Eta era berezian hiriarekiko eskubidea, munduko biz-tanleriaren portzentaje hazkor bat hirietan bizi baita. Hirien antolamendua eta espazioa ez dira neutroak, eta ingurugiro ardatzetik, zein klabe soziale-tik eta generotik ondo aztertu beharreko arloak dira.

La economía social y la vivienda no han sido conceptos muy bien avenidos en las décadas recientes en el contexto español. Si bien existen experiencias exitosas de unir ambos terrenos (Dinamarca, Canadá -Quebec-, Uruguay, entre otros), en España las tradicionales cooperativas de viviendas no han representado de manera adecuada los principios de la economía social en el ámbito de la vivienda. Este trabajo se centra en el estudio de unas iniciativas que recientemente están emergiendo en el contexto español y que vendrían a cubrir este hueco, como son las cooperativas de cesión de uso, vinculadas en la mayoría de los casos a experiencias de cohousing (tanto en el terreno senior como en el intergeneracional).En este artículo se presentan los resultados de una investigación cualitativa realizada sobre las cooperativas de cesión de uso. En un primer apartado se repasa la evolución histórica del cooperativismo de viviendas desde la perspectiva de la economía social (desde las cooperativas de viviendas tradicionales a las cooperativas de cesión de uso). En el segundo apartado se explica la investigación realizada sobre las iniciativas emergentes en España, explicando la metodología utilizada y los resultados del análisis realizado según los objetivos planteados. En el tercer apartado se exponen las principales conclusiones y reflexiones obtenidas.

The Spanish home ownership sector has been hit hard by the economic crisis. Repossessions stand at around half a million in the period from 2008 to 2014. This article investigates how the authorities, both at the level of the Spanish state and of the autonomous communities (regions), have responded to this problem. We investigated whether they assist troubled home owners and aim to design a less risky housing system, with more (social) rental housing. Our research in Catalonia, the Basque Country and Andalusia shows that Autonomous Communities are playing an increasingly important role in this matter. This finding fits well with theories on the formation of regional varieties of welfare, which indicate that flaws of the central governments in providing social welfare, are increasingly addressed by regions. The Basque Country seems to be on the way of designing the most comprehensive system of housing policies of the three regions, including a strong Right to Housing. All three regions regard the mobilisation of the large vacant dwelling stock as an important means to provide more affordable rental housing. However, the owners are often unwilling and the three regions have proposed drastic measures, such as fines and even temporary expropriations. The central government resists such measures, because they might interfere with the proper working of the country's financial system. It shows that certain policy competences can never be totally isolated from other policy fields and multi-level distribution of competences makes it all the more complex.

The main purpose of this paper is to offer a new theoretical framework to the Spanish housing studies. This article combines different traditions and different frameworks (social innovation, social economy), in order to position the crisis of evictions in Spain and the emergence of housing co-operatives in a new theoretical context. In the first Section, we study the concept of social innovation, focused on a societal and non-utilitarian perspective. In the second Section the interconnections of social innovation and social economy are studied, joining the solid working tradition of Crises- Quebec (CRISES, Centre de recherche sur les innovations sociales). In the third and fourth Sections the authors try to apply the social innovation and social economy framework to the Spanish housing context. Thus, in the third Section the Spanish movement against evictions (Plataforma de Afectados por la Hipoteca), surged and organized by civil society, is analyzed as a germen of social innovation. In the last part of the paper, housing cooperatives are studied, as a possible way to change the main housing model of Spain.

Presentación del monográfico:

espanolEn este articulo se analizaran una de las consecuencias socioeconomicas de la burbuja inmobiliaria y crediticia que estuvo asociada al crecimiento economico en Espana: los desahucios. En primer lugar se estudiara como han evolucionado los datos sobre lanzamientos en los ultimos anos. En segundo lugar, las respuestas que desde los entes publicos se han ido sucediendo a este fenomeno de origen economico pero, ahora, de profundo calado social. Finalmente, ante la insuficiente respuesta publica, se identifican las iniciativas colectivas como germen de innovacion social, y se perfila el marco teorico de la innovacion social y la economia social como referencia innovadora y muy util para analizar la situacion actual y lanzar algunas propuestas de superacion de dicha crisis. EnglishIn this paper it will be analysed one of the social consequences of the real estate and credit bubble that was associated to this economic growth: evictions. First, it will be studied the evolution of evictions data in the last years. Secondly, it will analyse the responses that from public administrations has given to this phenomenon of economic origin, but now, of a deep social significance. Finally, due to the deficiency of the public responses, it will be pointed out the social initiatives as the germ of social innovation. It proposed the theoretical framework of social innovation and social economy as an innovative and useful reference in order to analyze the present situation and suggest some proposals to overcoming the crisis.

Etxebizitzaren prezioak berebiziko hazkundea jasan du milurteko berriaren lehen urteetan eta erlatiboki moteltzen ari bada ere sektore honetako prezioaren hazkundea, honen guztiaren gaineko eztabaida zahar eta berriak gaurkotu egin dira, besteak beste, burbuilaren teoriaren gainekoa. Hori dela eta, artikulu honetan etxebizitzaren prezioa, burbuilaren teoria eta EAEko kasua izango dira aztergai, teoria ekonomikoa eta analisi enpirikoa batera txertatuz.