Hyperlipidemia, characterized by elevated levels of lipids in the blood, represents a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Conventional pharmacological interventions have been effective in managing hyperlipidemia, but concerns about side effects and long-term use have prompted interest in alternative approaches, particularly the use of nutraceuticals. This comprehensive review aims to summarize and critically evaluate the current body of knowledge surrounding the role of nutraceuticals in the management of hyperlipidemia. We provide an overview of the different classes of nutraceuticals, including plant sterols, omega-3 fatty acids, soluble fiber, antioxidants, and various herbal extracts, which have been investigated for their lipid-lowering properties. The mechanisms of action of these nutraceuticals are discussed, highlighting their ability to modulate lipid metabolism, reduce oxidative stress, and promote cardiovascular health. Furthermore, we review the results of clinical trials and epidemiological studies that have assessed the efficacy of nutraceutical interventions in lowering cholesterol levels, improving lipid profiles, and reducing the risk of cardiovascular events. In addition to their lipid-lowering effects, we examine the safety profile, dosage recommendations, and potential interactions of nutraceuticals with conventional lipid-lowering medications. We also address the importance of patient adherence to dietary and lifestyle modifications in conjunction with nutraceutical supplementation. While nutraceuticals offer a promising avenue for managing hyperlipidemia, we emphasize the need for further research to establish evidence-based guidelines for their use in clinical practice. Challenges related to standardization, quality control, and regulatory considerations are also discussed. In conclusion, this comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the potential of nutraceuticals as adjunctive or alternative therapies for managing hyperlipidemia. While further research is needed, the accumulating evidence suggests that nutraceuticals can play a valuable role in promoting cardiovascular health and reducing the burden of hyperlipidemia-related diseases.

Epilepsy, a prevalent neurological disorder, is often treated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), which frequently suffer from toxicity, intolerance, and limited efficacy. Addressing these challenges, our study explores novel 1,2,4-triazine derivatives as potential AEDs. We designed, synthesized, and evaluated the anticonvulsant activity of derivatives HRS1-HRS42 in vivo, notably in the maximal electroshock (MES) and Strychnine-induced convulsion models. Compounds HRS4 and HRS9 demonstrated significant anticonvulsive activity, with HRS9 exhibiting a higher effective dose (ED50 of 28.6 mg/kg) compared to traditional drugs like phenytoin (9.5 mg/kg) and carbamazepine (8.8 mg/kg). Additionally, these compounds displayed antioxidant properties through DPPH and FRAP assays. Compound HRS9 significantly altered neurotransmitter levels, increasing GABA and reducing glutamate in the brain tissue and cortex, which correlates with reduced seizure activity. Acute safety studies confirmed the safety of compound HRS9, with no significant pathological changes observed in histopathological analyses. Molecular interactions were analyzed using Field-based Gaussian 3D-QSAR, highlighting the importance of steric and hydrophobic effects in molecule design. Furthermore, docking studies demonstrated effective binding of compounds to alpha subunit sites within the GABAA receptor complex, corroborating the biochemical efficacy observed. Molecular dynamics in aqueous medium, and lipid bilayer environment and density functional theory further provided insights into the stability of ligand binding and electronic properties, critical for rational drug design. This comprehensive evaluation not only underscores the potential of 1,2,4-triazine derivatives in advancing the design of new molecules against epilepsy but also sets the stage for subsequent clinical studies to further explore their therapeutic viability.

Cannabis sativa L., a significant herbaceous species in Central Asia, has long been valued for its use in traditional medicine and as a source of textile fiber. This fast-growing plant has recently drawn increased attention because of its many applications. It is an abundant source of wood and cellulosic fibers and a true treasure of phytochemicals. This plant greatly interests the construction and pharmaceutical sectors because its metabolites have potent biological ef-fects on human health. Its inner and outer stem tissues may be used to make concrete-like mate-rials and bioplastics. This study aims to summarize the molecular and scientific knowledge of Cannabis sativa, including its pharmacognostic properties, pharmacological potential, phyto-chemical properties, and prospective future research fields.

Background: Anthocephalus cadamba owe their family name to 'runiaceae'. The plant's primary constituents include triterpenes, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids and indole alkaloids, including isocadambine, cadambine and isodihydrocadambine, cadamine. Literature survey reveals reports on pharmacological effects of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-genotoxic, sedative and antiepileptic, anti-convulsant activity, anti-cancer, Anti-helminthic activity and anti-microbial, Anti-fungal activity and anti-pyretic. Anthocephalus cadamba has been reported to possess anti-epileptic property and have a neuroprotective effect. So that the present work is designed for anti-depressant activity in experimental animals. The effects of an ethanol leaf extract from Anthocephalus cadamba (AC) leaves on depression in Swiss albino mice CUMS models. Materials and Methods: Mice were stressed by repeatedly subjecting them to moderate stress for 21 days in succession. Imipramine (15 mg/kg) and EEAC (200 and 400 mg/kg) were administered orally to different groups of stressed and unstressed mice for a period of 21 days. In order to evaluate the mice's propensity towards depressive-like behaviour, they conducted the Forced Swim Test (FST) and the Tail Suspension Test (TST) one hour after receiving an oral administration of EEAC at doses of either 200 or 400 mg/kg. Results: The immobility length of both stressed and unstressed mice was dramatically shortened after 21 days of treatment with EEAC (200 and 400 mg/kg) and imipramine (15 mg/kg). The aforementioned impact was observed in both TST and FST. Ethanol leaf Extract of Anthocephalus cadamba (EEAC) significantly decreased MDA level and increased catalase level. Both relaxed and anxious mice showed a considerable rise in their serotonin levels after receiving EEAC (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) treatment in contrast to their respective vehicle-treated counterparts. Conclusion: In mice that were both relaxed and stressed, the EEAC showed strong antidepressant-like action, perhaps reducing oxidative stress.

Ayurveda, a traditional system of medicine originating in India, focuses on teaching people how to live a healthy lifestyle. Ayurveda describes health as harmony between body, mind, emotions, and spirituality. It interprets illness as a symptom and result of disharmony. It is a system that is increasingly becoming an object of interest for people around the world. It is a way for healthy people looking for methods of prevention and patients looking for natural ways to heal. The regulatory requirements for its formulations have been a major challenge. Some regulations for Ayurveda are clubbed together with those of other systems of medicine, for ex-ample, Siddha, Unani, and Homeopathy due to their similarity, but the official books relevant to the Ayurvedic systems of medicine are separately compiled and conserved. Ayurveda does not prohibit anything, it does not act invasively or aggressively, and in the treatment of ailments it uses all naturally occurring bioactive substances, which, for example, in Western countries are associated with "functional food" or "dietary supplements". In order to increase the quality and reliability of Ayurvedic formulations, various councils and departments under these ministries have been laying the foundation of standards and protocols as per the demands of regulatory au-thorities. The direct or indirect connection among the different Ministries of India governing the regulations for the production, standardization, and development of Ayurvedic formulations has also been viewed. Improvement in quality parameters has a higher level of acceptance of ayur-vedic formulations. It has amplified the market size of the ayurvedic pharmaceutical industry. The synchronisation of various regulations in India could emerge as a powerful tool in establish-ing a novel platform for the whole world in the manufacturing and development of ayurvedic formulations for the benefit of mankind.

Background: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder caused by irregular electrical activity in the brain. To manage this disorder effectively, it is imperative to identify potential pharmacological targets and to understand the pathophysiology of epilepsy in depth. Objective: This research aimed to identify promising leads from a library of 1,2,4-triazine-6Hindolo[ 2,3-b]quinoline derivatives and optimize them using in silico and dynamic processes. Methods: We used computational studies to examine 1,2,4-Triazine-6H-indolo[2,3-b]quinoline derivatives. Some methods were used to strengthen the stability of binding sites, including Docking, ADMET, IFD, MMGBSA, Density Functional Theory (DFT), and Molecular Dynamics. Results: HRSN24 and HRSN34 exhibited promising pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics compared to standard drugs (Carbamazepine and Phenytoin) and a co-crystal ligand (Diazepam). Both HRSN24 and HRSN34 presented notable Glide Xp docking scores (-4.528 and -4.633 Kcal/mol), IFD scores (-702.22 and -700.3 Kcal/mol), and MMGBSA scores (-45.71 and -14.46 Kcal/mol). HRSN24 was selected for molecular dynamics and DFT analysis. During MD, HRSN24 identified LYS21, GLY22, ASP24, ARG26, VAL53, MET55, and SER308 as the most important amino acid residues for hydrophobic interactions. A DFT computation was performed to determine the physicochemical properties of HRSN24, revealing a total energy of -1362.28 atomic units, a HOMO value of -0.20186, and a LUMO value of -0.01915. Conclusion: Based on computational modelling techniques, an array of 1,2,4-triazine-6H-indolo [2,3-b]quinoline derivatives were evaluated for their anti-convulsant properties. A stable compound within the GABAA receptor was identified by HRSN24, suggesting its affinity as an anti-convulsant.

Abstract: Up to 10% people in the world are affected by a chronic condition known as peptic ulcer. Peptic ulcer development is influenced by the pH of gastric juice and a decline in mucosal defenses. Protonpump inhibitors, histamine (H2) receptor antagonists, prostaglandin analogues and sucralfate have all been used to treat peptic ulcer disease. There has been a continuing search for an appropriate, palliative, and curative agent for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease using natural materials of plant and animal origin due to the complexity, cost, and toxicity of these medications. The goal of this review was to examine medicinal plants, phytochemicals, pathways, and research models that have been applied to the treatment of PUD in order to assess the potential contribution of natural substances to the development of herbal treatments for PUD. A literature search was used to find information utilising electronic databases such as Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, Sci Finder, Reaxys, and Cochrane.

Background: Ziziphus mauritiana (Rhamnaceae), also known as Ziziphus jujuba Mill is used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat pain, vertigo, amnesia, and sleeplessness. The objective of this research was to examine the anxiolytic properties of the ethanolic extract of Ziziphus mauritiana (EEZM) in several behavioral paradigms using Swiss albino mice as experimental subjects. Methodology: after an oral acute toxicity investigation, adult mice were administered EEZM at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, orally, and/or diazepam at a dose of 5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally. Subsequently, the mice were exposed to several behavioral assessments. The open-field test included recording the number of square fields crossed while in the light/dark test, the time spent in the light area was calculated and in the Elevated Plus Maze test, the time spent in both the open and closed arms, as well as the number of entries into the open arm were calculated. Furthermore, a comprehensive examination of phytochemicals was conducted. Results: The anti-anxiety efficacy of the ethanol extract of Z. mauritiana was shown to be statistically significant (p < 0.05) as compared to the control group. This was seen by an increase in the average percent of entries and time spent in the open arms of mice treated with a dosage of 400 mg/kg. The administration of the ethanol extract at a dosage of 400 mg/kg demonstrated a significant anxiolytic effect (p < 0.001) in several behavioral tests, including the elevated plus maze, open field test, and light/dark models. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the administration of Z. mauritiana has an anxiolytic effect on mice. Its properties as a novel therapeutic option for the management of anxiety in humans deserve analysis.

A severe auto-immune disease that destroys the body's joints and may render a person physically incapable is rheumatoid arthritis. In Ayurveda, herbs have been used to cure a wide range of illnesses. Herbal medicines are widely available and have fewer side effects. As a result, many people find herbal treatments to be intriguing. The Thuja orientalis is a valuable plant for Chinese and Indian medicine. The leaves of Thuja orientalis have long been used in traditional medicine to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, The current study investigates the anti-arthritic mechanism and phytochemical evaluations of methanolic extract of Thuja orientalis leaves. Researchers employed rats that had Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritis to test the anti-arthritic potential of methanol extracts from Thuja orientalis. Among other things, we have examined paw edoema, body mass index, locomotor activity, haematological observations, biochemical assessment, arthritic score, radiography, etc. Rats were given 0.05ml of FCA subcutaneously to cause arthritis. Four groups of arthritic rats and one group of normal rats, each with six animals, were created. The arthritic rats in Groups IV and V got 200mg per kg and 400mg per kg of thuja orientalis extract, respectively. Diclofenac sodium (10mg per kg) was given as a routine medication to Groups III of the arthritic rats, respectively, and CMC (1ml/kg) was given to Group I of the normal animals. The disease control groups were Group II respectively. Paw volumes were measured using a plethysmometer at 1, 7, 14, 21 days. When compared to arthritis control rats, the Thuja orientalis extract (200 and 400mg/kg orally) significantly (p<0.05, p<0.01) decreased the size of the paws and changed the body weight in CFA rats at day 21. In statistical analysis, all data were reported as mean SEM. The mean values of the test groups and the control group were compared using one-way ANOVA and Dunnett's test. The results of the current investigation showed that a methanol extract from Thuja orientalis leaves may have anti-arthritic properties.

Over the past few decades, advancements in nanocarrier-based therapeutic delivery have been significant, and niosomes research has recently received much interest. The self-assembled nonionic surfactant vesicles lead to the production of niosomes. The most recent nanocarriers, niosomes, are self-assembled vesicles made of nonionic surfactants with or without the proper quantities of cholesterol or other amphiphilic molecules. Because of their durability, low cost of components, largescale production, simple maintenance, and high entrapment efficiency, niosomes are being used more frequently. Additionally, they enhance pharmacokinetics, reduce toxicity, enhance the solubility of poorly water-soluble compounds, & increase bioavailability. One of the most crucial features of niosomes is their controlled release and targeted diffusion, which is utilized for treating cancer, infectious diseases, and other problems. In this review article, we have covered all the fundamental information about niosomes, including preparation techniques, niosomes types, factors influencing their formation, niosomes evaluation, applications, and administration routes, along with recent developments.

Pharmaceutical design has made significant advancements in recent years, leading to the development of novel therapeutics with unprecedented efficacy and safety profiles. This review highlights the potential of these innovations to revolutionize healthcare and improve patient outcomes. The application of cutting-edge technologies like artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data mining in drug discovery and design has made it easier to find potential drug candidates. Combining big data and omics has led to the discovery of new therapeutic targets and personalized medicine strategies. Nanoparticles, liposomes, and microneedles are examples of advanced drug delivery systems that allow precise control over drug release, better bioavailability, and targeted delivery to specific tissues or cells. This improves the effectiveness of the treatment while reducing side effects. Stimuli-responsive materials and smart drug delivery systems enable drugs to be released on demand when specific internal or external signals are sent. Biologics and gene therapies are promising approaches in pharmaceutical design, offering high specificity and potency for treating various diseases like cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. Gene therapies hold tremendous potential for correcting genetic abnormalities, with recent breakthroughs demonstrating successful outcomes in inherited disorders and certain types of cancer. Advancements in nanotechnology and nanomedicine have paved the way for innovative diagnostic tools and therapeutics, such as nanoparticle-based imaging agents, targeted drug delivery systems, gene editing technologies, and regenerative medicine strategies. Finally, the review emphasizes the importance of regulatory considerations, ethical challenges, and future directions in pharmaceutical design. Regulatory agencies are adapting to the rapid advancements in the field, ensuring the safety and efficacy of novel therapeutics while fostering innovation. Ethical considerations regarding the use of emerging technologies, patient privacy, and access to advanced therapies also require careful attention.

Due to its therapeutic characteristics, the Rutaceae family plant Aegle marmelos is one of the most important plants. The bilwa is used to treat a range of illnesses. The existence of this plant dates back to the age of the dinosaurs. The plant has a wide range of pharmacological properties, including the ability to heal wounds, act as an antipyretic, prevent diarrhoea, treat ulcers and constipation, exhibit radioprotective action, exert anti-arthritis activity, anti-thyroid activity, immunomodulatory activity, anti-fungal activity, anti-microbial activity, antioxidant activity, analgesic action, and cytoprotective action. The goal of this review is to summarise the molecular and scientific knowledge available regarding Aegle marmelos, including its phytochemical properties, pharmacological potential, and pharmacognostic traits. Data are acquired using Google, PubMed, Scholar, and other online sources.

Objective: An acne is a frequent form of skin condition brought on by an overproduction of the particular oil “sebum”, which is produced by the sebaceous gland. This oil accumulates in the fol-licles and causes the swelling of pores. Many microbial species such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtills, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus tubingensis etc. are responsible for acne directly or indirectly. The aim of this study was to synthesise the herbal gel of tea tree oil obtained from the plant M.alternifolia. background: :- Acne is a frequent form of skin condition brought on by an overproduction of the particular oil “sebum”, which is produced by the sebaceous gland. This oil accumulates in the follicles and causes the swelling of pores. Many microbial species such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtills, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus tubingensis etc are responsible for acne directly or indirectly Material and Methods: The gel was prepared using Carbopol-940 as a gelling agent using the swelling method and parameters like spreadability, extrudability, pH, etc were also determined. Zone of inhibi-tion (ZOI) was estimated with renowned standards (Ciprofloxacin and fluconazole). objective: This study was to synthesized herbal gel of tea tree oil obtained from the plant M.alternifolia and checked out the zone of inhibition against various microbial species. Results: Studies revealed that the gel was highly effective against the selected species except fungal strains. ZIC was observed ranging from 1.6±0.01mm to 14.9±0.43mm. The maximum ZOI was ob-served (14.9±0.43) against Staphylococcus aureus. The physical properties of the gel satisfied the stand-ard parameters. method: The gel was prepared using Carbopol-940 as a gelling agent using swelling method and the parameters like spreadability, extrudability, pH, etc was also determined. Zone of inhibition (ZOI) was estimated with renowned standards (Ciprofloxacin and fluconazole). Conclusion: The herbal gel was found to be highly promising activity against bacterial species associ-ated with acne in a concentration-dependent manner, but more research is needed. conclusion: The herbal gel was found to be highly promising activity against bacterial species associated with acne in a concentration dependent manner, but more research is needed.

Objective:Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent neurological illnesses defined by periodic seizures with or without loss of consciousness caused by aberrant neural activity. There are many allopathic medications available for the treatment of epilepsy such as phenytoin (PHY), but the side effects are a major concern. Therefore, the present study involved the evaluation of the pharmacological significance of Amaranthus viridis L. extract (EAV) in the management of strychnine (STR)-induced epilepsy.Method:STR (3.5 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected into male rats 30 minutes after the pre-treatment of a standard drug (PHY: 20 mg/kg) and the two doses of EAV (EAV-200 and EAV-400 mg/kg, p.o.) to the respective groups to cause the convulsions. The anti-convulsant effect of EAV-200 and EAV-400 against STR-induced convulsion in rats was investigated in terms of convulsion onset, duration of convulsions, number of convulsions, and convulsion score. Furthermore, the mitochondrial function and integrity in the brain's prefrontal cortex (PFC) were also estimated.Results:EAV-400 significantly increased the onset of convulsion from 61.67 ± 3.051 to 119.2 ± 2.738 and reduced the STR-induced duration of convulsions from 144.8 ± 3.582 to 69.17 ± 3.736, number of convulsions from 4.000 ± 0.1592 to 1.533 ± 0.1542, and convulsion score from 5.000 ± 0.3651 to 2.833 ± 0.3073 in rats. EAV-400 significantly attenuated the STR-induced decrease in the mitochondrial function and integrity of the rat PFC. In rats, EAV-400 significantly accelerated the onset of convulsions while decreasing the STR-induced duration, frequency, and score.Conclusion:Based on investigational findings, EAV-400 could be inferred to be a possible anti-epileptic option for the treatment of epilepsy of this plan in preclinical research.

Since ancient times, many communities have employed plants to treat a wide range of illnesses, including infections. In underdeveloped and developed countries like, the aforementioned traditional plants serve a essential healthcare requirements. Plants’ medicinal value is based on a number of secondary metabolites that are abundant in them and have pharmacological effects on the human body. Diverse products made from Brassica juncea have been used for a variety of medical purposes. Plant’s seeds and the oils that can be extracted from them have been the focus of the majority of these historically recognized uses. The green edible leaves of this plant have also been described in more recent decades, and as a result, they are now frequently thought to be effective substitutes for other allegidly “healthy” Brassica vegetables. These green edible leaves contain a variety of bioactive molecules, as well as therapeutically intriguing pharmacological properties. The goal of this review is to summarize the molecular and scientific knowledge that is now available regarding Brassica juncea, including its phytochemical properties, pharmacological potential, and pharmacognostic traits. Data were acquired using Google, PubMed, Scholar, and other online venues

Background: The aim of the present study was to formulate and evaluate the herbal gels containing Chinese onion or Allium cepa (A. cepa), Yin Lian Ye or Azadirachta indica (A. indica) and Chinese peppermint or Menthe piperita (M. piperita) extracts and their antimicrobial effects against different microorganisms. All selected three plants have a good medicinal value in the Chinese medicine system. Methods: A topical gel formulation was designed by using mentioned plants, as well as all three in combination with Carbopol-940 as a gelling agent with different excipients. Microbial species, such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Aspergillus tubingensis (A. tubingensis) have been selected for the study and they are responsible for acne, directly or indirectly. Results: The gel's physical characteristics met the required benchmarks. These four gel formulations effectively inhibit the growth of selected strains. According to studies, the gel was also very efficient against fungal strains and gram-negative organisms. Zones of inhibition (ZOI) were found between 2.3 and 11.2 µm. The highest ZOI was measured against P. aeruginosa. Conclusion: The herbal gel was found to have highly promising anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity against acne and many skin-related infections in a concentration-dependant manner but more research is needed.

Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz, a member of the 'Lythraceae' family, has been used in traditional medicine to cure common diseases since ancient times. It is traditionally used to treat a variety of maladies such as the common cold, toothache, blood infection, leprosy, dysentery, wounds, rheumatic pain, fever, urinary issues, inflammation, antifertility, and menstrual problems. The huge potential and impacts of this plant have been thoroughly confirmed in in vitro and in vivo studies. The most current research on the plant Woodfordia fruticosa is critical for identifying the bioactive components responsible for its medicinal efficacy. Phytochemical studies reveal the existence of several chemicals extracted from various components of the plant, including glycosides, terpenes, flavonoids, tannins, sterols, phenolics, and essential oils. According to pharmacological studies, the plant has many medicinal properties, such as hypoglycemic, antioxidant, analgesic, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, gastric protective, and wound healing. Most of the pharmacological effects of raw extracts of this plant have been described. Only a few researchers have reported the activity of chemicals isolated from this plant. Therefore, this research will help to discover the many different medicinal properties of the plant as well as its pharmacological effects on various diseases and will show that further research is needed to explore its practical applications.

Background: Nowadays cardiac problems are the main cause of death. It includes coronary artery disease, angina pectoris (stable and unstable), congestive heart failure, etc. Objectives: The aim of this paper was to generate scientific data regarding In silico analysis of beta-sitosterol, coumaric acid, lupeol, qurecetin, and urosolic acid of Muscarinic (M2) receptor. Materials and Methods: The leaf powder was treated with different reagents and prepared with different extracts. The phytochemical screening was carried out by treated the extracts with different reagents for the presence of various metabolites. RCSB protein data bank had used for docking studies. Results: The phytochemical screening clearly revealed the presence of various metabolites like flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, etc. In-silico analysis of beta-sitosterol, coumaric acid, lupeol, qurecetin, and urosolic acid had very good interactions with cholinergic receptor (M2). The obtained score is -7.96, -5.63, -6.7, -7.73, -5.82 for beta-sitosterol, coumaric acid, lupeol, quercetin, and urosolic acid, respectively, which lies in the standard scale. Conclusion: All these metabolites (compounds) are present in Quisqualis indica leaf extracts (aqueous and ethanolic) and found to be good cardio protective agents.

One of the first grains to be cultivated was Hordeum vulgare, which was grown in the Fertile Crescent, a region of Western Asia near the Nile River in North-East Africa and many other regions like russia, china. It has a lot of soluble fiber, especially beta-glucans, which help control blood sugar and lower cholesterol. It is a grain of the Poaceae family and is one of the earliest plants with the greatest significance in Chinese medicine. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) practitioners have used it for treating hyperprolactinemia, obesity etc. Hordeum vulgare is used in the preparation called "Smilax" which is used for weight loss in china. Hordeum vulgare has been used as a poultice to treat burns and wounds because it is thought to be anti-inflammatory, anti-fatigue, diuretic, antioxidant, aphrodisiac, antiviral, antiprotozoal, astringent, demulcent, digestive, expectorant, febrifuge, antimutagenic, and emollient. The online databases including scopus, web of science, Google Scholar, and PubMed, were searched using different keywords: Hordeum vulgare, antinflammatory activity, traditional uses, and antimutagenic activity, Chinese herb, hordeum vulgare. The purpose of this review was therefore to summarise the previously reported phytopharmacological status of the chosen plant species. The results of our analysis revealed that Hordeum vulgare Linn. contains dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals including, flavonoids, saponins, etc. In addition, previous research has demonstrated that plant extracts and isolated principles of Hordeum vulgare also possess significant pharmacological activity including antiviral, anti-inflammatory, febrifuge, anti-mutagenic and others. Hordeum vulgare has a good potential for generating therapeutics for the treatment of inflammation, obesity, cancer and also worked as dietary supplements for minerals and vitamin deficiency, according to the below-mentioned human and animal studies. Also, clinical research has shown that Hordeum vulgare is a safe and efficient herb for human intake and thus should be included in dietary intakes and as active constituents in pharmaceutical formulations. This review will talk about how the plant chemicals in Hordeum vulgare can be used to treat and prevent diseases. This review also helps the researchers to work on the Hordeum vulgare with the focus on bioactivity and toxicity.

Ziziphus jujube (ZJ) or Chinese date or Indian ber is one of the extensively studied medicinal plants as it is a rich source of phytochemicals and thus may encourage a healthy diet. It is a medium-sized native plant of the Rhamnaceae family and is one of the earliest fruits with the greatest significance in Chinese medicine. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) practitioners have used it for treating hysteria in female patients along with fatigue, anorexia, and diarrhea in cases of spleen deficiency syndrome. Ziziphus jujube (Z. jujube) is traditionally used by the locals to treat dandruff, arthritis, chronic constipation, acne, antibacterial, and cardiac diseases. Jujube includes a variety of components, including flavonoids, triterpenic acids, amino acids, cerebrosides, mineral components, phenolic acids, and polysaccharides. The online databases including Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science, were searched using different keywords: Z. jujube, antimicrobial activity, traditional uses, and antitumor activity. The purpose of this review was therefore to summarise the previously reported phytopharmacological status of the chosen plant species. The results of our analysis revealed that Ziziphus jujube contains a variety of biologically active compounds including, flavonoids, terpenoids, etc. In addition, previous research has demonstrated that plant extracts and isolated principles of ZJ also possess significant pharmacological activity including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-melanogenic and others. Jujube has a good potential for generating therapeutics and supplements for prophylaxis as well as treatment against cancer, inflammation, and iron/vitamin deficiencies, according to the below-mentioned human and animal studies. Also, clinical research has shown that jujube is a safe and efficient herb for human intake and thus should be included in dietary intakes and as active constituents in pharmaceutical formulations. Jujubes are an invaluable source of bioactive chemicals that can be incorporated into food for humans and show promise for the treatment of mild and life-threatening medical disorders. This review will encourage other scientists to continue their research on the selected plant species, especially in the areas of toxicity and bioactivity.