BACKGROUND:Cardiomyopathy (CMP) is the most common cause of mortality in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), though the age of onset and clinical progression vary. We applied a novel 4D (3D + time) strain analysis method using cine cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging data to determine if localized strain metrics derived from 4D image analysis would be sensitive and specific for characterizing DMD CMP. METHODS:We analyzed short-axis cine CMR image stacks from 43 DMD patients (median age: 12.23 yrs [10.6-16.5]; [interquartile range]) and 25 male healthy controls (median age: 16.2 yrs [13.3-20.7]). A subset of 25 male DMD patients age-matched to the controls (median age: 15.7 yrs [14.0-17.8]) was used for comparative metrics. CMR images were compiled into 4D sequences for feature-tracking strain analysis using custom-built software. Unpaired t-test and receiver operator characteristic area under the curve (AUC) analysis were used to determine statistical significance. Spearman's rho was used to determine correlation. RESULTS:DMD patients had a range of CMP severity: 15 (35% of total) had left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) > 55% with no findings of myocardial late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), 15 (35%) had findings of LGE with LVEF > 55% and 13 (30%) had LGE with LVEF < 55%. The magnitude of the peak basal circumferential strain, basal radial strain, and basal surface area strain were all significantly decreased in DMD patients relative to healthy controls (p < 0.001) with AUC values of 0.80, 0.89, and 0.84 respectively for peak strain and 0.96, 0.91, and 0.98 respectively for systolic strain rate. Peak basal radial strain, basal radial systolic strain rate, and basal circumferential systolic strain rate magnitude values were also significantly decreased in mild CMP (No LGE, LVEF > 55%) compared to a healthy control group (p < 0.001 for all). Surface area strain significantly correlated with LVEF and extracellular volume (ECV) respectively in the basal (rho = - 0.45, 0.40), mid (rho = - 0.46, 0.46), and apical (rho = - 0.42, 0.47) regions. CONCLUSION:Strain analysis of 3D cine CMR images in DMD CMP patients generates localized kinematic parameters that strongly differentiate disease from control and correlate with LVEF and ECV.

Resumen: En este articulo se analizan las distintas formas en que los estados modernos poner en marcha su maquinaria comunicativa de propaganda de guerra para persuadir y manipular a la opinion publica ocultando tras palabras como patria, libertad o democracia, sus verdaderas intenciones. El analisis se centra fundamentalmente en las ultimas guerras del siglo XX y las primeras de XXI. Palabras clave: Propaganda de guerra, manipulacion, opinion publica

La ocronosis es un signo causado por la acumulación de ácido homogentísico en los tejidos conectivos ricos en colágeno. La enfermedad que subyace a dicho trastorno es la alcaptonuria, un raro trastorno metabólico en el catabolismo de la tirosina y la fenilalanina. Se presentan los casos de dos pacientes con lesiones meniscales cuyo diagnóstico de alcaptonuria fue constatado tras el hallazgo en el procedimiento artroscópico de la pigmentación negra en los tejidos de la rodilla.

Ochronosis is a sign caused by the accumulation of homogentisic acid in collagen-rich connective tissues. The disease underlying this disorder is alkaptonuria, a rare metabolic disorder in the catabolism of tyrosine and phenylalanine. We present the cases of two patients with meniscal tears whose diagnosis of alkaptonuria was verified after the arthroscopic finding of black pigmentation in the tissues of the knee.

A study on the evolution of the press from the late 19th century to the beginning of the Spanish Civil War.

This article aims to draw up a panorama of the disinformation and black's propaganda's use in the latest armed conflicts since the Gulf War of 1991. Firstly, it defines the basic concepts of propaganda, war propaganda, disinformation and black's propaganda. After, it studies specific cases: Gulf War 1991; Bosnia-Herzegovina War; Kosovo War; Afghanistan War; War and occupation of Irak and African Conflicts.

Después de establecer un breve marco conceptual sobre propaganda y propaganda de guerra, este artículo se ocupa de Napoleón como un verdadero genio de la propaganda. Traza un panorama de la prensa y la propaganda en España en el periodo de la Guerra de la Independencia, sin olvidar la prensa francesa como instrumento de la propaganda napoleónica para concluir con una mirada a cómo fue presentada la Guerra de la Independencia en la prensa francesa.

This article aims to draw up a panorama of the disinformation and black's propaganda's use in the latest armed conflicts since the Gulf War of 1991. Firstly, it defines the basic concepts of propaganda, war propaganda, disinformation and black's propaganda. After, it studies spe- cific cases: Gulf War 1991; Bosnia-Herzegovina War; Kosovo War; Afghanistan War; War and occupation of Irak and African Conflicts.

Don Francisco de Quevedo y Villegas, one of the greatest writers of the Spanish Golden Age – and in my opinion one of the best love poets – was a spy in the service of the Spanish Empire. He accompanied Don Pedro Girón, Duke of Osuna and Viceroy of Naples, in 1613 as Secretary of State. In 1618, he moved to Venice to prepare a plot in which Pedro Toledo, governor of Milan, Marquis of Bedmar and then the ambassador of Spain in Venice, also participated. However, it is most likely that such a conspiracy has never really happened but was in fact a propaganda operation of the counterintelligence services of La Serenissima. Accused of taking part in the intrigue, Quevedo had to flee disguised as a beggar was able thanks to his perfect command of the Italian language. Of course, Spain’s power in the 17th Century was such that it made use of information services as well as agents of the category of Quevedo to conduct their major operations (Martínez 2005). But Spain was not in command of stable or organised services. After Osuna’s dismissal in 1620, Quevedo returned to Spain and in 1639 he was arrested by order of King Philip IV on charges of high treason for working as a spy for France.

Muchas veces afirmo en mis clases que la informacion no es mas que una entelequia intelectual, que no existe, salvo entre dos ordenadores. Que todos los procesos de comunicacion son, en mayor o menor medida, persuasivos; que no se limitan a compartir datos, sino que transmiten estos con la finalidad de obtener una respuesta en el receptor. Dejando a un lado la persuasion como argumentacion, lo primero que encontramos en estos procesos persuasivos es el control del flujo de la informacion, la ...

The phenomenon of propaganda is closely connected to the history of war. If propaganda had been a fundamental weapon during World War I, during the Spanish Civil war, its role was even more important, because of its ideological dimension. This article analyzes the basic concepts of war propaganda, and presents the type of organization and the various means, which the Republicans and the Franquists used to diffuse their propaganda to the populations away from the front line, to the enemy and also in foreign territory.