Burns are critical care issues that often require appropriate treatment protocols. In the case of extensive burns, there is an increase in capillary permeability along with loss of plasma, leading to hypovolemic shock. Burn wounds are also extremely vulnerable to infection, and septicaemia may develop through colonization with opportunistic pathogens in severe burns. The immunocompromised state of burn patients leads to several complications, and it is necessary to administer proper therapy to accelerate the healing process, keeping in mind the comfort and compatibility of the patient. Honey has been traditionally known for centuries for its healing and soothing properties in burns, wounds, and ulcers. One such monofloral honey is manuka honey, which has shown promising antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and has attracted the attention of researchers. This review highlights recent developments and modified strategies for burn wound healing using manuka honey. It further explored the unique composition of manuka honey, particularly its high methylglyoxal content, which contributes to its high in-vitro antimicrobial activity. This review also examines the pathophysiology and classification of burn wounds, the stages of healing, and how manuka honey may support each phase, ranging from inflammation to tissue regeneration. Additionally, emerging delivery systems, such as hydrogel dressings, nanofiber scaffolds, and bioengineered products infused with manuka honey, are discussed, along with comparative studies against conventional agents.

Treatment of wounds remain a vital aspect in present day healthcare which requires modern and efficient techniques. Polymeric film-based wound dressings have emerged as a promising tool due to their biocompatibility, swelling, and moist nature. Further integration of functional drugs provides greater benefits, like simvastatin, which has inherent antibacterial and anti-inflammatory potencies. In this regard, simvastatin incorporated in the polymeric matrix of gum odina and pectin, cross-linked by calcium chloride powered by microwave irradiation hydrogel film for wound healing following the egg box mechanism, was developed. The optimized film (F3) exhibited superior swelling and adhesive behavior. It has shown potent antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties along with good blood compatibility. F3 was also biocompatible and allowed cellular migration in L929 cell lines. The in vivo experiment depicted F3 as a potent dressing for burn wounds allowing accelerated healing and also demonstrated rapid hemostasis in tail amputation and liver incision models. From the above potentialities listed, the research provides a highly efficient and uncomplicated process of film synthesis by repurposing the lipid lowering drug simvastatin, making it an intriguing selection in the case of wound healing applications.

Antimicrobial buccal hydrogel made of polymers have gained tremendous utilisation in biomedical field. Dual drug loaded, porous materials are important areas of research for medical and pharmaceutical industries. In this regard, a series of hydrogels (F1, F2, F3) were prepared with gum odina and carbopol 940 in aqueous solution with calcium chloride as the cross linker and glycerol as plasticizer by ionotropic gelation method. The buccal hydrogel was evaluated for thermal stability (TGA/DSC) revealing them to be thermally stable. The SEM and AFM studies of the optimized formulation (F2) exhibits cracks and porous structure. It also depicted good injectability and self-healing. The XRD result displayed amorphous nature of the formulation (F2) making them soluble in buccal fluids. The chemical nature and interactions were analysed by FTIR study. The release profile portrayed controlled release patterns for amoxicillin trihydrate and fluconazole. Appreciable mucoadhesion time (6 +/- 0.7 h) and strength (12.03 +/- 0.45 g) was observed in case of F2. The optimized formulation F2 displayed good antifungal and antibacterial properties. Thus, it is concluded that the hydrogel formed were mucoadhesive and highly potent to carry drug molecules for controlled release in the buccal mucosa to treat several periodontal infections.

A promising approach to treating severe wounds involves the use of multifunctional biopolymeric hydrogel films. Overuse of antibiotics in wounds has always been a concern in healthcare system. To overcome this crisis potent natural products with antimicrobial activity are used extensively. Our study focuses on developing antimicrobial bio-adhesive films to treat wounds replacing traditional practices. Herein, we have developed hydrogel films containing manuka honey (MH) and propolis (P) loaded in polymeric sago dispersion for synergistic wound treatment. The optimized formulation (F4) provides good mechanical strength, elongation and swelling properties. They also exhibited porous and hydrophilic nature with sustained release behavior of propolis. F4 also showed excellent antibacterial potency against Staphyloccus aureus (99.43 +/- 0.32 %) and Escherichia coli (93.47 +/- 0.81 %) along with potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity assisting in tissue repair. The DSC/TGA plots revealed thermal stability of the film and its amorphous nature as per XRD data. The film also displayed good biocompatibility when tested on L929 fibroblast cell lines with excellent cell viability and mobility of the cells showing significant wound closure (89.01 +/- 0.43 %) in scratch assay. This research focuses on effectively synthesizing hydrogel films which can be an excellent choice in case of severe tissue injury, assisting in wound repair and closure.

The word pharmacopoeia is obtained from Greek words "pharmakon" and "poiein." The word "pharmakon" means a drug and "poiein" means to make. Pharmacopoeia is a legal and official book issued by national or regional authorities, of collection of standards and quality specifications for medicines used in that country or region. Pharmacopoeia is a book containing directions for the identification of samples and the preparation of compound medicines, which are published by the authority of a government or a medical or pharmaceutical society. Therefore pharmacopoeia is a legislation of a nation that lays down standards and mandatory quality indicators for drugs, raw materials used in their preparation, and various pharmaceutical preparations. A pharmacopoeial monograph is a standard that describes the specifications for the identification, purity, and content of drugs. A general chapter is a standard that gives general guidance for a test method on drugs. The information available on different pharmacopoeias around the world is briefly presented here, and these books are periodically updated to provide the most recent information available as soon as possible once they become well-established.

Our present study aims to evaluate the biological activities of the six hybrid mushrooms (APS) obtained through the protoplast fusion technique between two mushrooms Calocybe indica and Pleurotus sajor-caju, , in our previous study. Antioxidant activity of hybridized mushroom samples was determined by the free radical scavenging method, using DPPH radical, Superoxide radical, and Hydroxyl radical. Additionally, all the mushroom extract has shown a good amount of total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content and also has potent Ferric reducing antioxidant power. The Total phenolic content, Total flavonoid content, and Ferric reducing antioxidant power were estimated. Six constituents: gallic acid, catechin, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, pcoumaric acid, and cinnamic acid were identified by UHPLC. The MIC values, zone of inhibition, growth kinetic, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed to establish the antimicrobial efficacy. The tested samples exhibited antimicrobial activity against selected microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus, , Klebsiella pneumoniae, , Bacillus subtilis, , Pseudomonas aeruginosa. . A clear morphological change was observed under SEM when Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were treated with APS-4 and APS-3 mushroom extracts. The ability to inhibit carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes such as alpha-amylase and alpha-galactosidase has also been studied to explore antidiabetic properties. The inhibitory activity of alpha-glucosidase was APS-4 reflected a very prominent result with the lowest IC50 value i.e.,118.058 +/- 1.515, APS-2 and APS-6 showed almost similar IC50 values. alpha - galactosidase inhibitory activity of APS-4 and APS-6 exhibit better results than other strains.

The present study aims at developing and characterizing gum odina - sodium alginate based microsphere as a carrier for capecitabine. Microspheres with varying concentration of polymers (gum odina and sodium alginate) were formulated using calcium chloride as a cross-linker by ionotropic gelation technique. The formulated microspheres were optimized by entrapment efficiency, drug yield, particle size, swelling index, and in vitro drug release study. The optimized microsphere (F-6) was characterized in terms of SEM, AFM, FTIR, XRD, degradation study, moisture content study, and antioxidant activity. The F-6 was spherical in shape with a mean diameter of 568.33 +/- 45.76 mu m and drug entrapment efficiency of 45.91 +/- 2.94%. In vitro dissolution study of optimized formulation exhibited negligible released in 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.2) and followed by 100% release in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) within 24 h. In vitro cytotoxicity assay (MTT) of formulation F-6 on HT29 human colon cancer cell line indicated inhibition of the proliferation of tumor cell over a longer period of time. The overall experiment indicated that capecitabine loaded natural polymers based formulated microsphere could be a promising approach for the prevention of colon cancer.

The present study focuses on development of HPMC K100M reinforced antimicrobial loaded spongy biodegradable wound dressing scaffold by blending gum odina (GO) and gelatin (G) which has not been explored so far. All the prepared formulations by varying GO-HPMC K100M: G are subjected to physicochemical evaluations (visual appearance, swelling study, biodegradability, drug loading, and drug release). F3B (GO-HPMC K100M: G = 1:1, blank) and F3D (GO-HPMC K100M: G = 1:1, drug loaded) are optimized and selected for further evaluations. Controlled degradation and sustained release of impregnated drug molecules from F3D may influence the antimicrobial efficacy. A satisfactory result of protein adsorption on the surface of F3B and F3D (almost 24%) can be an important event for being a biomaterial. The safe value of hemolytic potentiality (approximately 4%) may consider as biocompatible in nature. Furthermore, upon other characterizations F3B and F3D can be considered as an excellent potential candidate for biomedical application.

Gum arabic is a natural polysaccharidic gum, which is extracted from Acacia nilotica, belonging to the family, Leguminosae. Its molecular structure is very complex. It contains 39%–42% galactose, 15%–16% glucuronic acid, 24%–27% arabinose, 12%–16% rhamnose, 12.5%–16% moisture, 1.5%–2.6% protein, and 0.22%–0.39% nitrogen. It has been widely used in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. During the past few years, gum arabic has been widely exploited as a useful and effective excipient in accomplishing various nanoscaffolds for drug delivery and biomedical applications. This chapter reviews the recently developed gum arabic-based nanomaterials for drug delivery and biomedical applications.

Gellan gum is an anionic natural polysaccharide and is produced by the aerobic fermentation of a Gram-negative nonpathogenic bacterium, Sphingomonas elodea (Pseudomonas elodea). The molecular structure of gellan gum comprises the repeating sugar units of α-l-rhamnose, β-d-glucose, and β-d-glucuronate in the molar ratios of 1:2:1. The native gellan gum with two different kinds of acyl substituents, namely l-glyceryl gellan gum and acetyl gellan gum, is available. Since past few decades, gellan gum is being exploited in the formulation of various drug delivery systems such as tablets, beads, microparticles, nanoparticles, films, hydrogels, etc. In recent years, gellan gum is increasingly being used to develop several nanoformulations for the effective delivery of drugs. This chapter deals with a comprehensive discussion on the gellan gum-based nanoscaffolds, specially designed for the drug delivery applications.

The present work was conducted to biofabricate silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in single step employing aqueous extract ofDregea volubilisflowers and to investigate its antioxidant, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities. The AgNPs were characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and zeta potential study. The biofabricated AgNPs showed potential antioxidant activity for scavenging DPPH radical (IC50, 40.45 +/- 5.06 mu g/mL), ABTS radical (IC50, 78.49 +/- 1.41 mu g/mL), total antioxidant capacity (148.83 +/- 2.99 mg GAE/g) along with remarkable inhibitory effects on alpha-amylase (IC50, 10.62 +/- 0.22 mu g/mL) and alpha-glucosidase (IC50, 6.49 +/- 0.03 mu g/mL). The AgNPs showed notable antibacterial activity in terms of zone of inhibition (in mm) againstPseudomonas aeruginosa(10.67 +/- 0.44), Escherichia coli(9.33 +/- 0.44),Bacillus subtilis(14.67 +/- 0.60) andStaphylococcus aureus(15.67 +/- 0.60).

The main objective of this study was to assess the therapeutic activity of gum odina and gelatin based biomimetic scaffold which was previously established as an excellent wound dressing material. In the accelerated stability study, the changes in physicochemical properties were found to be negligible. The cytotoxicity studies were carried out in-vitro and the results showed that upto 90% of the cells remained viable in presence of the scaffold, confirming its biocompatibility. Moreover, results depicted the superior ability of the scaffold to promote cutaneous healing by increasing the rate of wound contraction (about 98%), granulation formation, collagen deposition and formation of an intact epidermis within 18 days. A satisfactory amount of hydroxyproline (240.2 ± 6.67 μg/100 mg tissue) in scaffold treated groups at 21 days ensured the significant deposition of collagen to re-epithelialization. Further it can be hypothesized that the controlled levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT) to diminish the oxidative stress in the wounded sites were due to the innate antioxidant properties of both blank and drug loaded scaffold. These results strongly indicated that the prepared scaffolds have strong potential for biomedical applications and it may serve as promising candidate for the next generation of wound treatment systems.

Purified gum odina (PGO) from Odina wodier Roxb. was characterized by rheology, AFM, Raman and CD spectroscopy, in vitro antioxidant activity against hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical, and total antioxidant capacity. The PGO dispersions exhibited pseudoplastic behaviour. The viscosity of dispersion increased with increasing PGO concentration, but decreased with increasing temperature and added salt concentration. The loss modulus was higher than storage modulus indicating prevalently viscous characteristics. AFM analysis showed irregular spherical lumps due to inter- and intramolecular interactions. The Raman spectrum of PGO was similar to that of gum arabic. Circular dichroism revealed partial adoption of polyproline II type conformation, suggesting a less compact structure. The PGO was found to scavenge hydroxyl radical (IC50 517.68 ± 3.60 μg/mL) and superoxide radical (IC50 586.21 ± 3.41 μg/mL), and possess total antioxidant capacity (9.64 ± 0.23 mg gallic acid equivalent/g). Overall, this work would exploit PGO as a new hydrocolloid source in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Secondary metabolites of plants are important resources for development of new drugs. Mangrove plants are very well known sources of wide variety of secondary metabolites. Many of these secondary metabolites from mangroves have been found to possess significant biological activities where human health is concerned. Avicennia alba Blume is one such mangrove plant with reports of having many such secondary metabolites of clinical and commercial interests. Aim: To evaluate antimicrobial activity potential of A. alba wood extract and to isolate new bioactive constituent(s) responsible for such biological activity. Methodology: Preliminary screenings of antimicrobial activities in different organic solvent extracts of A. alba wood tissue were done by TLC-bioautography method and phytochemical nature of the antimicrobial constituent(s) in the extracts have been studied. One compound exhibiting significant antimicrobial activity, named as Albain 1, has been isolated. MIC value has been determined for Albain 1. The purity and structure of Albain 1 have been determined by HPLC, 1H NMR, FTIR and HRMS etc. analysis. Results: 1H NMR, FTIR and HRMS analysis have found out that the isolated compound Albain 1 is a triterpene and the molecular formula is C30H48O4. It has exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus polymyxa, Bacillus pumilas (MIC 125 μg / ml). Conclusion: The observed antimicrobial activity of the isolated fraction of A. alba offer great potentials in pharmaceutical industries.

Exudate gum polysaccharides have a diverse range of functionalities in food, cosmetics, textiles, biomedical, pharmaceutical and other industries for centuries. The potentiality of gum odina as tablet binder, coacervates (chitosan‐gum odina complex) for colon‐targeted drug delivery system and also as prebiotic with immunomodulating properties was reported earlier. Since no detail study of the physicochemical, functional properties of the gum has been reported, the present investigation deals with physicochemical, compositional and functional characterisations of purified gum odina (PGO) for adopting in food and pharmaceutical industry. PGO, an arabinogalactan, was obtained by ethanol precipitation from exudates (gum odina) of tropical deciduous plant Odina wodier Roxb. Colour profiling of PGO including L * (87.74 ± 0.42), a * (1.73 ± 0.65) and b * (7.79 ± 0.58) was determined. Physicochemical parameters revealed good flow ability and compressibility desired for an excipient. Concentration‐dependent surface tension was measured by du Noüy ring method. Rheological study showed pseudoplastic behaviour of PGO dispersion. Sugar analysis by gas liquid chromatography indicated presence of arabinogalactan in PGO. Size exclusion chromatography of PGO revealed two high‐molecular‐weight components PGO‐I (95%, Arabinose:Galactose :: 1:1.6) and PGO‐II (5%, Arabinose:Galactose :: 1:4). Further characterisations of PGO by means of CHNS, FTIR, differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray diffraction, conductivity, pH, zeta potential analysis and antioxidant activity indicated typical polysaccharide characteristics. Collectively, this work established the fundamental properties of PGO and the results presented here will facilitate the applications of PGO as sustainable food additive, pharmaceutical excipient for commercial adoption.

Objective: Tea (Camellia sinensis Linn.; family: Theaceae) is popular as a stimulant beverage across the globe and is also utilized as a functional antioxidant in alternative medicine. This study has evaluated the impact of seasonal variation on phyto-constituents of tea. Method: The antiproliferative potential of methanolic extracts of tea leaves collected in the rainy season (MECR) was compared with the extract of tea leaves collected in the autumn season (MECA) of the same mother plant. Evaluation of in vivo antitumor activity was carried out in adult female Swiss albino mice groups inoculated with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to compare efficacy of MECR with that of MECA in the EAC cell line. Both qualitative and quantitative tests for phytochemical constituents present in MECA and MECR were performed. Antitumor efficacy of both the extracts was determined by evaluating different tumor markers showing dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Results: Statistically significant reduction in EAC-induced tumor was observed in MECR treated mice compared to MECA treated ones. Cell decimation was significantly higher with MECR treatment, where restoration of different parameters including tissue structures returned to normal. Moreover, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) study revealed the presence of cyclobarbital and benzazulene derivative in MECR, which is thought to be a novel source of these chemicals. Conclusions: To our knowledge, there is no report that has attempted to reveal nutritional changes in terms of efficacy and variation in anticancer constituents in tea leaves, plucked in two seasons. This study revealed a novel source of barbital and benzazulene derivative. The unique presence of cyclobarbital and benzazulene, as revealed from GC-MS data, in methanolic extract of tea leaves collected during the rainy season (MECR) may have contributed to its enhanced in vitro (adopting MTT assay) and in vivo (on EAC-infected Swiss albino mice) cytotoxicity vis-a-vis antiproliferative properties compared to methanolic extract of tea leaves collected during the autumn season (MECA). The nature of plucking leaves in the two selected seasons is different.

Objective: The various parts of Dregea volubilis (Family: Apocynaceae), locally known as Jukti (Bengali), are commonly used in Indian system of medicine to treat various ailments such as inflammation, piles, leukoderma, asthma, and tumors. Literature review suggested that there has been no detailed work on systemic pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies done on the flowers of the plant. The present study is aimed to lay down quality control parameters for D. volubilis flowers to confirm its identity, quality, and purity. Methods: The present work was designed to study detailed organoleptic, histological, quantitative standards, physicochemical, spectroscopic, and chromatographic characteristics of the flowers of D. volubilis. Results: The total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, loss on drying, water, and alcohol soluble extractive values were found to be 11.767±0.130% (w/w), 1.287±0.106% (w/w), 9.140±0.344% (w/w), 14.110±0.061% (w/w), 21.600±0.133% (w/v), and 9.603±0.104% (w/v), respectively. Phytochemical screening of different extracts showed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, steroids, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolics. The chromatographic study revealed the presence of rhamnose (103.229±4.994 μg/g), fructose (738.670±25.714 μg/g), glucose (285.532±24.465 μg/g), and maltose (49.082±5.206 μg/g). Conclusion: The characterization parameters of the present study may serve as a reference standard for proper authentication, identification and for distinguishing the plant from its adulterants.