The present chapter has as a main objective the design of the LS prototype by INPT/IMFT-INPT/LAPLACE, equipped with the novel Bragg grating sensing (CEMENTYS) and with the Electromechanical (EMA) actuators by NOVATEM, able to apply optimal camber control according to the shapes dictated from Hi-Fi CFD numerical simulations (next chapter). The cambering control by ONERA is described in Chap. 5 together with the experimental results. The computer architecture allowing application of the control commands has been realised by partner STN and is described in the last section of chapter.

This paper deals with the general difficulties of heat transfer from motorized implants to human body tissues and presents a case study of a miniature motorized implant inducing a low temperature elevation in highly perfused muscle tissues. The technological trade-offs of the miniature motor of the implant are thoroughly described in the context of a low heat transfer limitation to preserve muscle tissue. An innovative and counter-intuitive approach was implemented to maximize power-to-volume ratio while minimizing surface heat of the motor.

This paper details a comparative study of the bonding process influence on steel sheet insulation for high speed actuators. In the present context where the performance of electric actuators is the main objective, improving performance of materials and industrial processes are key factors. In spite of highly accurate models and design tools being useful for this purpose, the efficiency is naturally limited to the materials’ performances. The proposed study compares 8 bonding configurations of sheet stacks for electric machines. The 8 configurations are based on a smart structural bonding process. High frequency iron losses measurements are used to determine the bonding influence on stack sheet insulation. The results show that adhesives and their implementation processes have both an important impact on high frequency iron losses through insulation quality and global stack performance.

This paper relates the principle and the development of a multi-harmonic multi-zone method in order to predict iron losses in short-circuited laminated yokes in a switching reluctance machine. Default like short circuit increases iron losses in machine yokes due to eddy current circulation. The method proposed to estimate losses thanks to a unidimensional field zone division and a Fourrier analysis of magnetic flux density extract from Finite Element computation and to apply those data on short-circuited laminated ring core. The ring core measurements are used to estimate iron losses in the machine with a relative error of 12.7% at 60000 rpm. In an industrial context of fault analysis, such a relative error is acceptable to predict losses in case of electrical insulation failure.

Parasitic couplings are a major contributor to electromagnetic emissions in conducted and radiated mode in electrical systems. High-frequency behavior is also determined by complex capacitive couplings among others. The faster switching of power converters feeding the machines are a major concern for premature ageing and overvoltages liked to parasitic capacitances. In this work, thorough analytical modeling of parasitic couplings between turns and the core for concentrated winding topologies is presented. The results are compared to numerical simulations.

The characterization of parasitic couplings contributing to mechatronic assemblies' wide band Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) behavior is complex but increasingly essential for meeting needed performance and regulations. This article presents a comparative study of analytical and numerical approaches to determine the capacitive couplings in wound structures as an effort to develop a comprehensive approach to predict and prevent undesired couplings. The approach is based on physical and structural parameters analysis instead of behavioral characterization, allowing the use of predictive tools in the early design stage of mechatronic systems. The analytical model presented is compared to simulation methods applied to a three-layer inductor. Calculations converge to similar results. In the last part of the work, an experimental measurement of stray capacitance is done on an actual stator winding and compared to the analytical predictions of parasitic capacitances.

Ce papier presente les etudes CEM menees sur des architectures electroniques mobiles et mecatroniques. Une premiere partie presente une synthese de comportement electromagnetique a la fois sur les emissions de modules de puissance et sur l'immunite des modules de controle et commande associes. Les perspectives et etudes en cours sur les impacts CEM issus de la montee en frequence de convertisseurs, actionneurs, et du rapprochement des signaux de commande dans le systeme sont presentees.

The main techniques for the enhancement of heat transfer between a solid wall and a fluid are reviewed for both single phase (liquid and gas) and two-phase (boiling and condensation) systems. First, a brief description of the commonly used passive techniques is given. For each of them, we report the values of the enhancement factor given in the literature. The principal active methods, i.e. methods involving the supply of external energy, are then detailed. The physical mechanisms leading to heat transfer enhancement are identified from the analyses published to date. The paper then focuses on the techniques that use periodic deformation of a wall over time. Such a wall deformation enhances heat transfer by disrupting the boundary layer and simultaneously setting the fluid in motion. The piezoelectric materials that can be implemented to generate the channel wall dynamic deformation are reviewed. As deformation of a wall is generally of low amplitude, the technique is well suited to micro channel systems: (i) in single-phase configuration, imposing a deformation traveling wave to a micro channel wall is found to simultaneously enhance heat transfer and set in motion the fluid; (ii) boiling in a narrow space is found to involve both boiling and cavitation phenomena in the nucleation process.

When considering electric energy harvesting from waste heat, two different solutions of direct conversion are possible: pyroelectric and thermoelectric conversions. This paper presents a study of the thermoelectric conversion by two different approaches: analytical and experimental. Furthermore, a brief historical description of the discovery and early years of development of thermoelectricity is presented. The essential objective of this work is to develop a numerical tool that can estimate the output quantities of a thermoelectric converter, without knowing all its features. For this, two analytical models were developed, based on electrical and thermal phenomena occurring within the active element. The results obtained by this model were compared successfully with experiments carried out on an industrial thermoelectric element. Considering the centimetric size of the device (16 cm(2) area), the electrical power recovered by this conversion varies from 16 to 80 mW for a temperature difference between 2 and 18 degrees C and according to the load value. In addition, both models transcribe the behavior of the active element with an accuracy of about 10%. In agreement with this, the output voltages reached are of the same magnitude for the models and the experimental values and vary from 0.1 to 0.8 V depending on the load connected and the type of convection. Another issue which is discussed for the two cases is that an optimal recovered energy is obtained for a given electric load taking into account the physical characteristics of the considered thermoelectric element. Finally, a conversion efficiency calculation has shown that it is possible to reach 45% of the Carnot efficiency. This denotes the interest to perform load matching to optimize the output power.

This study is focused on the IGBT wire bond behaviour. We apply a direct current flow within the wire to reproduce the thermal cycling test used in reliability studies. On one hand we compare the temperature distribution between 3D FEM simulation and the experimental temperature measurement. We also point out the Von-Mises stress obtained. On the other hand we compare the thermo-mechanical results to those obtained with a 1D simplified thermal model. We also take into account the electromagnetic force and the mechanical stress that could be induced on the bond wire. Some experimental and simulation results are given.

This paper present the design and optimization of power converter for the control piezoelectric actuator (PEA). In this concept, the modeling and sizing its components concerning power electronic converter, have been proposed to optimize their operational performance of PEA such as speed, torque, power, and efficiency. The study deals the mathematical model of all parts constituting the PEA and its control. The electrical characteristics are deduced and presented by analytical model and simulation. Finally, the results of dynamic behaviour of converter and PEA lead to sizing and realization of test bench for aeronautic applications in the future works.

A linear tubular switched reluctance motor is presented. This actuator is devoted to be used as a left ventricular assist device (LVAD). In order to avoid thrombosis, this actuator includes pump and valve functions. By using a St. Jude Medical mechanical valve inside the tubular mover, a pulsatile flow is created in the descending aorta. A linear model of a basic pattern of the actuator based on a reluctance network is developed. Then, a two dimensions finite element method analysis is performed in order to check the analytically calculated performances. Relying on these both models, specific requirements for the design of this kind of motor are discussed.

This paper deals with the design and test of a permanent-magnet machine based on a novel modular stator concept. The manufacturing and recycling costs are minimized thanks to the use of composite magnetic materials (plastic bonded magnets, soft magnetic composites). The main properties of composite magnetic materials, from a magnetic and mechanical point of view, are briefly presented in the first part of this paper. After focusing on their thermal properties by detailing a thermal experimental study, the proposed concept of a modular permanent-magnet machine is described. Experimental characterization of the realized prototype, in static and dynamic operating modes, demonstrates its advantages compared with conventional structures.

In this paper, we discuss, through a simple example, the impact of two different but equivalent formulations used by standard local optimization solvers (here fmincon of MatLab). We show that even if the two formulations are equivalent in a mathematical sense (no loss of global optima) it is not completely true in a numerical way; using 1000 starting points, we show that it is quite difficult for the designer to find a starting point yielding a convergence of the algorithm to a local minimum and to find better points yielding the global solution (previously found using a global optimization algorithm). Furthermore, we discuss how to deal with the insertion of the integer variable p, representing the number of pole pairs of the machine, inside the problem of design which uses a standard local continuous optimization code to be solved.

The cardiac valvulopathies are important cardiac diseases; one of them is the lack of coaptation commonly called insufficiency. Nowadays valvular repair is currently performed for mitral regurgitation, whereas aortic valve repair remains still a surgical challenge. In other words, an aortic valve replacement leads to strong constraints and sometimes complications. The mechanisms that produce malcoaptation of the aortic and mitral valve leaflets are mainly due to prolapsus or retraction of the leaflets. The use of a magnetic force to correct valvular insufficiency has never been reported and is an interesting field of investigation. In this study, we have elaborated a new strategy to correct the valvular insufficiency by using the magnetic force of permanent magnets. A direct implantation of the three permanent magnets was carried out on the aortic valve of seven ships and gave satisfactory results: no iatrogenic prolapsus, biotolerance with the implanted magnets without any postoperative anticoagulation treatment, no inflammatory reaction at necropsy. The next step will be to verify the effectiveness of the magnets in the malcoaptation treatment and to change both magnets design and surgical approach to prevent magnets migration.

The present contribution deals with the development of a new concept of pulsatile magneto-activated pump devoted to mechanical circulatory support. On the bases of theoretical results previously presented at Actuator 2006 conference, a functional demonstrator has been designed and built at the laboratory. Tests of this demonstrator are detailed showing the flow/pressure characteristics. Two configurations are compared, using two kinds of valves implemented in the demonstrator.

L'objectif de cet article est de présenter la platine d'expérimentation MicroMAG utilisée en 1ère année d'école d'Ingénieurs ENSEEIHT (niveau L2). Cette maquette permet d'appréhender les principes de fonctionnement d'une machine synchrone autopilotée, à partir d'une approche pratique des phénomènes physiques mis en jeu. Cet article détaille tout d'abord la maquette de travail puis décrit les différentes étapes de l'étude en s'appuyant sur les bases théoriques de l'électrodynamique.