This study investigated the potential of Kigelia africana seed oil (KASO) in reversing liver and kidney damage, which is often linked to environmental pollutants and exacerbated by synthetic drugs. Previous plant-based research primarily focused on leaves and bark, overlooking the seed oil's therapeutic potential. The study extracted oil from dried, powdered seeds and tested it on 48 male rats, divided into six groups. Group I served as the control, while Groups II–VI were induced with hepatic and renal damage using 7 mg/kg of cisplatin. Groups III–V received 0.5, 1, and 1.5 ml/kg of KASO, respectively, and Group VI was treated with 0.5 ml/kg Omega-3 oil for 21 days. Biochemical analysis revealed that cisplatin significantly increased markers of liver and kidney damage, including ALP, AST, ALT, creatinine, and urea. However, KASO treatment effectively reversed these effects. Histopathological results supported these findings. While Group II showed severe liver damage, including enlarged cystic spaces and microvesicular distortions, Groups III–V displayed varying degrees of recovery, with fatty and structural changes gradually decreasing, while rats in Group V presented a regenerating, distorted kidney tubule. In conclusion, K. africana seed oil demonstrated restorative effects on liver and kidney tissues damaged by cisplatin, suggesting its potential as a natural hepato- and nephro-protective agent. This highlights the promise of exploring lesser-used plant derivatives in developing safer therapeutic alternatives to synthetic drugs for managing organ damage.

This study aimed to determine whether C. mannii seed oil (CMSO) could shield rats from cyclophosphamide-induced hepatorenal toxicity. The focus was on its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. We randomly assigned thirty-six (36) male Wistar rats into six groups of six rats each. Groups A and B served as normal and negative controls, respectively. Group C, the standard control, was administered 300 mg/kg body weight (bw) of Omega 3 oil for 27 days, followed by 100 mg/kg bw of cyclophosphamide on day 28. Group D, E, and F received 5, 2.5, and 1.5 ml/kg b.w. of CMSO for 27 days, then 100 ml/kg b.w. of cyclophosphamide on day 28. We measured the body weights of the experimental rats every week. Rats of all groups were sacrificed on day 30 and collected blood for biochemical analysis using standard methods. The phytochemical constituents were determined by the spectrophotometric method. The phytochemical study of CMSO indicated the relative composition of constituents(mg/100g) as phenols (30%), tannins (20%), flavonoids (18%), terpenoids (15%), glycosides (10%), alkaloids (5%), and HCN (2%) in Cucumeropsis mannii seed oil. When cyclophosphamide was given to Wistar albino rats, it greatly decreased the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), but it increased the activities of iNOS and the levels of MDA and IL-1β. Cyclophosphamide increased ALT (52.3 U/L), AST (48.7 U/L), ALP (46.5 U/L), total bilirubin (1.4 mg/dL), conjugated bilirubin (0.8 mg/dL), creatinine (0.8 mg/dL), urea (45.6 mg/dL), and BUN (15.7 mg/dL), with a reduction in the albumin (4.8 g/dL) level. Cyclophosphamide administration also caused hepatocellular necrosis, inflammatory leukocyte infiltration, tubular necrosis, and proteinaceous deposits in Bowman's space in the kidney. However, combining CMSO and Omega 3 oils significantly restored the altered histology architecture, antioxidant, inflammatory markers, and liver and kidney function parameters to levels comparable to the normal group, thereby reducing the harmful effects of cyclophosphamide. This effect did not depend on the dose. These results suggest that CMSO, being an antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory, could potentially aid in preventing and treating hepatorenal toxicity resulting from cyclophosphamide.

WITHDRAWAL STATEMENTThe authors have withdrawn their manuscript owing to [some fundamental errors discovered in the methods and result of this study which was discovered during the review process which can obviously change our major findings and conclusion]. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.

Bisphenol A, a traditional endocrine disruptor, has been implicated in male infertility. This study investigated the effect of Cucumeropsis mannii seed oil (CMSO) on bisphenol A (BPA)‐induced biochemical toxicity in the testicular mitochondria of male albino rats. The rats were assigned randomly to six experimental groups (n = 6), A, B, C, D, E, and F. Group A received 1 mL of olive oil. Groups B and C received 100 mL/kg body weight (BW) of BPA and 7.5 mL/kg BW CMSO, respectively. Rats in groups D, E, and F received preadministered doses of 100 mL/kg BW of BPA, 5 mL/kg BW of BPA, and 2.5 mL/kg BW of CMSO, respectively, followed by 6 weeks of exposure to those doses. Some mitochondrial enzymes, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondria testicular protein, and body weight of rats were determined using standard methods. BPA significantly reduced succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase, and monoamine oxidase activity. Also, BPA prominently decreased the MMP, mitochondrial testicular protein, and body weight of rats. Interestingly, coadministration of BPA and CMSO restored the dysregulated activities of the enzymes and levels of other biomarkers. We postulated that CMSO may be a promising drug for treating systemic toxicity caused by environmental toxicants such as BPA.

Plant extracts can influence electrolytes concentration and potentially have implications for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) management. 48 female albino rats weighing between 100 and 200g were used in this study. RA was induced in the rats using 0.1ml of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA). Arthritis index was tracked following the Chondrex technique, which only showed signs of inflammation such as redness, edema in the injected paw. Experimental animals were divided into six groups. Group 1 (control) received feeds and water only. Group 2 (toxic) was induced with RA and left untreated. Group 3 (Standard) was induced with RA and treated with standard drug (methotrexate at the dose of 0.225 mg/kg daily). Groups 4, 5 and 6 (treated groups) were induced with RA using CFA, 3 hours later, administered orally with Psychotria vogeliana aqueous leaf-extract at the doses of 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 600 mg/kg respectively. Standard methods were employed to determine serum electrolytes concentration. Psychotria vogeliana leaf extract at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 600 mg/kg significantly raised the levels of serum electrolytes of RA rats in a manner comparable to the group that was treated with standard drug and the normal control group. Our findings revealed that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) causes a notable decrease in the concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, and bicarbonates, which can lead to a depletion of the serum electrolyte balance. Nonetheless, Psychotria vogeliana leaf extract showed a lot of potential for resupplying these vital bodily electrolytes.

BACKGROUND:Breast cancer is a significant global health challenge, contributing substantially to cancer- related deaths. Conventional treatment methods, including hormone therapy, chemotherapy, surgical interventions, and radiation, have long been utilized. However, these traditional treatments are often associated with serious side effects and drug resistance, limiting their efficacy. AIM:This review aims to explore the potential of medicinal plants used in breast cancer management in East Africa, focusing on their bioactive compounds and anticancer properties. METHODS:A comprehensive literature search was conducted to examine the effectiveness of medicinal plants in treating breast cancer across Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania, and Rwanda. Relevant studies published between 2003 and 2023 were identified using keywords related to breast cancer and medicinal plants. The search was performed across multiple databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and Science Direct. RESULTS:Numerous natural compounds found in East African medicinal plants including Cymbopogon citratus (Lemongrass,) Tabebuia avellanedae, Prunus africana (African Cherry), Euclea divinorum, Berberis holstii, Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha, Curcuma longa (Turmeric), Garcinia mangostana (Mangosteen, Vitis vinifera (Grapevine), Eugenia jambolana (Java Plum), Moringa oleifera (Drumstick Tree), Camellia sinensis (Tea), Glycine max (Soybean), Catharanthus roseus, Madagascar Periwinkle), Rhus vulgaris (Wild Currant) exhibit significant anticancer properties. These compounds have demonstrated the ability to reduce breast cancer aggressiveness, inhibit cancer cell proliferation, and modulate cancer-related pathways. Current research focuses on these natural and dietary compounds to develop more effective strategies for treating breast cancer. CONCLUSION:The findings suggested that East African medicinal plants hold promise as complementary treatments for breast cancer, offering potential benefits such as affordability, cultural appropriateness, and sustainability. Further research into these plants and their bioactive compounds could revolutionize breast cancer treatment, improving survival rates and addressing the rising incidence of breast cancer-related fatalities. Other: The review underscores the importance of continued research, conservation, and the integration of ancient healing methods to fully harness the potential of East African flora in breast cancer management.

There has been increasing search for the ameliorative properties of seed oils against toxicants. bisphenol A acts as an estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemical capable of causing male infertility. This study aimed to explore Cucumeropsis mannii seed oil effects against mitochondrial damage in rats using bisphenol A. Forty-eight rats were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 6) of eight rats each and fed the same food and water for 6 weeks. The group A rats were given 1 mL olive oil, while the ones in group B were given bisphenol A at 100 mL/kg body weight via oral route. Group C received C. mannii seed oil 7.5 mL/kg body weight C. mannii seed oil, while group D, group E, and group F were pre-administered bisphenol A at 100 mL/kg body weight, followed by treatment with C. mannii seed oil at 7.5, 5, and 2.5 mL/kg body weight, respectively. Antioxidant enzymes, glutathione, reactive oxygen species, testicular volume, malondialdehyde, body weight, and testicular studies were done using standard methods. The results of the bisphenol A-administered group showed a significant decrease in the antioxidant enzymes, glutathione, body weight, and testicular volume with elevation in the levels of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and testicular indices. BPA + CMSO-treated group showed a significant increase in GPx activity compared with BPA-exposed rats. CMSO treatment significantly increased catalase activity in comparison with that of rats exposed to BPA. Remarkably, C. mannii seed oil and bisphenol A co-administration significantly reversed the abnormalities observed in the dysregulated biochemical biomarkers. Our findings suggest that C. mannii seed oil has considerable antioxidant potential which can be explored in therapeutic development against systemic toxicity induced by exposure to bisphenol A. Cucumeropsis mannii seed oil protects against bisphenol A-induced testicular mitochondria damages.

Abstract Objectives This study looked at how Cucumeropsis mannii seed oil (CMSO) affected male Wistar albino rats’ liver damage caused by bisphenol A (BPA). Methods The standard HPLC method was used to assess the CMSO’s phenolic content. Then, six (n = 8) groups of 48 male Wistar rats (150 20 g) each received either CMSO or olive oil before being exposed to BPA for 42 days. Groups: A (1 ml of olive oil, regardless of weight), B (BPA 100 mg/kg body weight (BW)), C (CMSO 7.5 mg/kg BW), D (CMSO 7.5 mg/kg BW + BPA 100 mg/kg BW), E (CMSO 5.0 mg/kg BW + BPA 100 mg/kg BW), and F (CMSO 2.5 mg/kg BW + BPA 100 mg/kg BW). Key findings A surprising abundance of flavonoids, totalling 17.8006 10.95 g/100 g, were found in the HPLC data. Malondialdehyde, liver enzymes, reactive oxygen species, total bilirubin, and direct bilirubin levels were all significantly elevated by BPA (P = 0.05). Additionally, nuclear factor-B, interleukin-6, interleukin-1, tumour necrosis factor, and histological alterations were all considerably (P = 0.05) caused by BPA. The altered biochemical markers and histology were, however, noticeably recovered by CMSO to a level that was comparable to the control. Conclusions Due to the abundance of flavonoid components in the oil, CMSO protects the liver from BPA-induced hepatotoxicity by lowering oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions.

This study demonstrated the therapeutic potentials of Cucumeropsis mannii seed oil (CMSO) capable of alleviating BPA-induced dyslipidemia and adipokine dysfunction. In this study, we evaluated the effects of CMSO on adipokine dysfunctions and dyslipidemia in bisphenol-A (BPA)-induced male Wistar rats. Six-week-old 36 albino rats of 100-200 g weight were assigned randomly to six groups, which received varied doses of BPA and/or CMSO. The administration of BPA and CMSO was done at the same time for 42 days by oral intubation. The adipokine levels and lipid profile were measured in adipose tissue and plasma using standard methods. BPA induced significant (p < .05) increases in triglycerides, cholesterol, leptin, LDL-C, and atherogenic and coronary risk indices in adipose tissue and plasma, as well as a decrease in adiponectin and HDL-C levels in Group II animals. BPA administration significantly (p < .05) elevated Leptin levels and reduced adiponectin levels. BPA plus CMSO reduced triglycerides, cholesterol, leptin, LDL-C, and atherogenic and coronary risk indices while increasing adiponectin levels and HDL-C in adipose tissue and plasma (p < .05). The results showed that BPA exposure increased adipose tissue as well as serum levels of the atherogenic index, triglycerides, cholesterol, coronary risk index, LDL-C, leptin, and body weight with decreased adiponectin levels and HDL-C. Treatment with CMSO reduced the toxicities caused by BPA in rats by modulating the body weight, adiponectin/leptin levels, and lipid profiles in serum and adipose tissue. This study has shown that CMSO ameliorates BPA-induced dyslipidemia and adipokine dysfunctions. We suggest for further clinical trial to establish the clinical applications.

The fight against malaria is a continuum as the epidemic is not abating. For proper deployment of tools in the fight against malaria, an assessment of the situation is necessary. This work assessed the level of antimalarial drug treatment failure in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Both survey and in vitro analyses were adopted. The survey was used to obtain qualitative information from both the malaria subjects and the pharmacies where antimalarial drugs are sourced. The results from the survey were complemented by an in vitro assay of the level of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in the commonly used artemisinin combination in Nigeria; artemether/lumefantrine. Results from the survey revealed that artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) remain the mainstay in the treatment of malaria, even though other non-artemisinin drugs are still used. It also revealed that many patients still self-medicate, although, this may not be connected to the treatment failure seen among some malaria subjects. The in vitro assay showed that ACT contains the right quantity of APIs. Further surveillance is, therefore, necessary to understand the real cause of treatment failure among malaria subjects in Nigeria.

Physicochemical properties of Agricultural soil samples from Ishielu LGA were determined using standard methods. Twenty-four soil samples were used for the analyses. The soil samples were collected at 0 – 20 cm and 40 cm at twelve locations. The result of the mechanical analysis showed that the soil samples were sandy-clay-loam for top and sub-soil. Chemical properties analysis showed mean values for exchangeable acidity (EA), effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) and base saturation (BS) of 0.76 mg/kg, 9.68 mg/kg and 91.82 % respectively for top-soil while values for sub-soil were 0.075 mg/kg, 8.78 mg/kg and 91.40 % respectively. The mineral analysis showed mean values (mg/kg) of Ca, Mg, K, Na, P and N at 5.80, 2.87, 0.18, 0.07, 53.42 and 0.09 for top-soil while values for sub-soil were 5.33, 2.40, 0.19, 0.11, 51.37 and 0.12 respectively. The heavy metals’ analyses showed that the mean values of all the heavy metal were below Environmental Protection Agency, EPA, 2015 values. This shows that the soil is safe for Agricultural use.

The global burden of malaria seems unabated. Africa carries the greatest burden accounting for over 95% of the annual cases of malaria. For the vision of a world free of malaria by Global Technical Strategy to be achieved, Africa must take up the stakeholder's role. It is therefore imperative that Africa rises up to the challenge of malaria and champion the fight against it. The fight against malaria may just be a futile or mere academic venture if Africans are not directly and fully involved. This work reviews the roles playable by Africans in order to curb the malaria in Africa and the world at large.

Physicochemical properties of soil samples from Ikwo LGA of Ebonyi State were investigated for their impact on mineral composition of cassava samples. Standard methods were used for analyses. Sixteen soil samples and eight cassava samples were used for the research. The results of the soil physicochemical analysis were sand 67.73%, silt 16.77%, clay 15.5%, pH 7.45, organic carbon 1.62%, organic matter 2.79%, exchangeable acidity (EA) 1.13 mg/kg, effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) 9.71 mg/kg and base saturation (BS) 88.39 %, for topsoil. For subsoil, sand 60.73 %, silt 17.27 %, clay 22.00 %, pH 5.32, organic carbon 1.15 %, organic matter 1.98 %, EA 1.14 mg/kg, ECEC 9.23 mg/kg and BS 87.38 %. The soil texture was sandy loam for the top and subsoil. The result of soil mineral analyses (mg/kg) were Ca 5.20, Mg 3.00, K 0.19, Na 0.18, P 55.35 and N 0.15 for topsoil; while those of subsoil were Ca 5.07, Mg 2.67, K 0.17, Na 0.18, P 41.68 and N 0.11. The result of soil heavy metal analysis (mg/kg) showed that all the heavy metals are within EPA Standard. The result of the cassava mineral analysis (mg/kg) were Ca 3.76, Mg 1.19, K 0.849, Na 0.24-0.26, N 1.05 and P 0.46. The result of cassava heavy metal analysis (mg/kg) showed that all the heavy metals are within EPA Standard. There was correlation between the soil physicochemical properties and the mineral concentrations of the cassava samples. There was also correlation between the soil physicochemical properties and heavy metal concentration of the cassava samples.

Abstract: Several studies have implicated reactive oxygen species in perpetuation of inflammation and subsequent destruction of joints in patients with arthritis. Antioxidant effects of Buchholzia coriacea ethanol leaf-extract, aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions on oxidative stress indices in rheumatoid arthritic female wistar albino rats were examined. 180 rats were randomly divided into 12 groups. Fifteen rats were placed in each group. Rats without arthritis were placed in Group 1. Rheumatoid arthritis was induced in groups 2 to 12 by intradermal injection of 0.1 ml complete Freund’s adjuvant into the left hind paws of rats. Group 2 (arthritic rats) did not receive any treatment but rather were given normal saline while group 3 (arthritic rats) received 5 mg/kg indomethacinTM (a standard drug). Rats in Groups 4 to 12 were administered the samples at doses of 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight. Freund’s adjuvant administration led to inflammation and oxidative stress which were marked by significant (P<0.05) increase in paw sizes, oxidative stress markers and reduced body weight of the rats. Arthritic rats were treated with standard drug and samples (at varied doses) and this resulted to reversal of the trend of those parameters in a time and dose-dependent manner. Rats that received 800 mg/kg of the aqueous fraction displayed the best desirable result which was similar to the effect of indomethacin. Thus, Buchholzia coriacea ethanol extract and fractions may be useful in the management of oxidative stress which is very common among individuals with rheumatoid arthritis.Key words: rheumatoid arthritis; Buchholzia coriacea; free radicals; oxidative stress; reactive oxygen speciesANTIOKSIDATIVNI UČINEK ETANOLNEGA IZVLEČKA IN FRAKCIJ LISTOV Buchholzia coriacea NA FREUNDOV ADJUVANTNI ARTRITIS PRI ALBINO PODGANAH: PRIMERJALNA ŠTUDIJAIzvleček: V več študijah je bil nakazan pomen reaktivnih kisikovih zvrsti pri ohranjanju vnetja in poznejšem uničenju sklepov pri pacientih z osteoartritisom. Proučevali smo antioksidantivne učinke etanolovega izvlečka ter vodnih in etil acetatnih frakcij listov Buchholzia coriacea na kazalce oksidativnega stresa pri samicah albino podgan Wistar z revmatoidnih artritisom. 180 podgan smo naključno porazdelili v 12 skupin. V vsaki skupini je bilo 15 podgan. Podgane brez artritisa so bile uvrščene v skupino 1. V skupinah 2 do 12 so bile podgane z revmatoidnim artritisom, povzročenim z intradermalno injekcijo 0,1 ml Freundovega kompletnega adjuvansa v zadnjo levo taco podgan. Skupina 2 (podgane z artritisom) ni bila zdravljena, prejela je fiziološko raztopino, skupina 3 (podgane z artritisom) pa je prejela 5 mg/kg indometacinaTM (standardno zdravilo). Podgane v skupinah 4 do 12 so prejele vzorce adjuvansa v odmerkih 200, 400 in 800 mg/kg telesne mase. Aplikacija Freundovega adjuvansa je povzročila vnetje in oksidativni stres, kar se je kazalo v značilnem (p<0.05) povišanju velikosti tac in kazalcev oksidativnega stresa ter zmanjšanju telesne teže podgan. Podgane z artritisom so bile zdravljene s standardnim zdravilom in vzorci adjuvansa (v različnih odmerkih), kar je vodilo v obrat trenda teh parametrov v odvisnosti od časa in odmerka. Najboljši rezultat, podoben učinku indometacina, je bil pri podganah, ki so prejele 800 mg/kg vodne frakcije adjuvansa. Etanolni izvleček in frakcije listov Buchholzia coriacea bi zato lahko bili uporabni pri obvladovanju oksidativnega stresa, ki se zelo pogosto pojavlja pri posameznikih z revmatoidnim artritisom.Ključne besede: revmatoidni artritis; Buchholzia coriacea,; prosti radikali; oksidativni stres; reaktivne kisikove zvrsti

Bisphenol-A (BPA) and its analog are extensively utilized in the production of plastics which are rather ubiquitous in our environment. At high temperatures, BPA is leached into water and food packed in plastic containers. This research investigated the ameliorative effects of CMSO on adipokines dysfunction and dyslipidemia in male Wistar rats exposed to Bisphenol-A. thirty-six (36) albino rats weighing 100 - 200 g were randomly assigned into six (6) different experimental groups of controls (1, 2, and 3) and the tests (4, 5, and 6). Group 1 was given only 1 ml of olive oil, group 2 received 100 mg/Kg body weight (b.w) of BPA, group 3 was given 7.5 ml/Kg b.w of CMSO, groups 4, 5, and 6 received 100 mg/Kg b.w of BPA and 7.5, 5 and 2.5 mg/Kg b.w of CMSO respectively. CMSO and BPA were concurrently administered via oral intubation for periods of 42 days. Lipid profile and adipokines levels were determined in plasma and adipose tissue. BPA in male rats significantly (p<0.05) elevated the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, liptin, and coronary and atherogenic risk indices in plasma and adipose tissue with reductions in HDL-C and adiponectin levels. BPA plus CMSO in male rats significantly (p<0.05) decreased the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, liptin, and coronary and atherogenic risk indices with an elevation of HDL-C and adiponectin levels in both plasma and adipose tissue. These results suggest that CMSO could be useful in the management of cardiovascular-related diseases induced by BPA.

The sub-acute effect of F. capensis was assessed on the oxidative stress markers in the kidney of rats following exposure to cyanide. These effects were compared to those of sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3), a classical antidote of cyanide toxicity. The rats were divided into 9 groups of 5 animals each. Group 1: rats (normal control); Group 2: rats were exposed to 3mg/kg of cyanide; group 3: cyanide induced rats that received 660mg/kg sodium thiosulphate pentahydrate and 6.6 mg/kg sodium nitrite; group 4 and 5: rats exposed to cyanide, pre-treated with 200 and 400mg/kg extract respectively; group 6 and 7: rats were exposed to cyanide, post-treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg extract respectively; group 8 and 9: rats exposed to cyanide, co-treated with 200 and 400mg/kg extract respectively. The study lasted for 28 days after which the rats were sacrificed and kidney homogenates were collected for biochemical assays. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in Groups 2 rats (367.99±17.73Units/g tissue) was significantly increased in the kidney relative to the control (148.92±4.50 Units/g tissue). This was accompanied with a decrease in antioxidant enzymes Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) (7.81±2.45 Units/g of tissue), Catalase (CAT) (34.33±1.73 Units/g of tissue), compared with the control (16.18±0.42 units/g of tissue) and 64.82±8.91 units/g tissue respectively. Pre-administration of F. capensis extract significantly increased these antioxidant extract reduced lipid peroxidation in the kidney and increased antioxidant status of animals exposed to cyanide and was more effective at 400 mg/kg dose.

Organochlorinated pesticidespolychlorinated biphenyls composition of Okposi and Uburu salt lakes and the possible effect of its consumption to some reproductive parameters were determined. The organochlorinated pesticides compound and polychlorinated biphenyls composition were determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopic equipments. 200 adult male Sprague -Dawley rats were grouped into eighteen groups of A to Q. Group A to D were given 0.5ml, 1.0ml, 2.0mls and 4.0mls of water from Uburu salt Lake. Group E to H were administered 50, 100, 200 and 400mg/kg of salt respectively, fromUburu salt Lake. Group I to L were given 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0mls of water from Okposi salt Lake and group M to P were administered 50, 100, 200 and 400mg/kg of salt from Okposi salt Lake while group Q received deionised water to serve as the control. The experiment lasted for 90 days. At the end of 90 days, the animals were sacrificed. Testes, epididymis and prostate gland were immediately removed and dissected out, cleared from the adhering tissues, blotted dried and weighed individually.Tissues homogenateswere prepared and were used to measure the extent of lipid peroxidation in the reproductive tissues. There was a significant decrease in the testicular weight, epididymal weight and prostate weight in all the treated groups. Rats treated with Okposi and Uburu salt lake water and salt sample showed significant elevation in the level of formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances concentration. Reduced glutathione concentration and the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase in the testes were all significantly reduced in the Okposi and Uburu salt lake sample treated male albino rats in this study. Chemical analysis of the Lakes showed a significant level of some of the organochlorinated pesticides. No polychlorinated biphenyls were found to be present in both lakes.Result shows that consumption of Okposi and Uburu salt lake unprocessed water and salt samples could be dangerous to health and might lead to reproductive function impairment.

The vitamin contents of two species of garden egg, Solanuma ethiopicum and Solanum Macrocarpon, were determined using specrophotometric methods. The Solanum aethiopicum recorded higher concentrations of retinol (53.550±0.55), calciferol (0.010±0.00), tocopherol (0.310±0.00), thiamine (0.037±0.00) and riboflavin (0.034±0.00) ( in mg/100g) while Solanum macrocarpon contained higher amount of ascorbic acid (2.400±0.00mg/100g). The niacin contents of both species were relatively the same. Solanum aethiopicum could serve a better source of vitamins than Solanum macrocarpon.