Galaxy evolution theories require co-evolution between accreting supermassive black holes (SMBH) and galaxies to explain many properties of the local galaxy population, yet observational evidence for the mechanisms driving this co-evolution is lacking. The recent star formation histories of the host galaxies of accreting SMBHs [active galactic nuclei (AGNs)] can help constrain the processes that feed SMBHs and halt star formation in galaxies, but are difficult to obtain for the most luminous AGNs (quasars). We introduce Mean-Field Independent Component Analysis (MFICA) to decompose quasar spectra and obtain recent star formation histories of their host galaxies. Applying MFICA to quasar spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey DR7 Quasar Catalogue in the redshift range 0.16 <= z <= 0.76, we find that 53 per cent of quasar host galaxies are star-forming, 17 per cent lie in the green-valley, and only 5 per cent are quiescent. This contrasts with 14, 11, and 74 per cent of a mass-matched control sample that are star-forming, green-valley, and quiescent, respectively. We find that similar to 25 per cent of quasars are hosted by post-starburst galaxies, an excess of 28 +/- 1 compared to our control sample. While the heterogeneity of recent star formation histories implies multiple SMBH feeding mechanisms, the excess of post-starburst host galaxies demonstrates the link between accreting SMBHs and a recent starburst followed by rapid quenching. Given that massive post-starburst galaxies are predominantly caused by gas-rich major mergers, our results indicate that per cent of quasars originate from merger-induced starbursts.

We present the 4MOST (4-metre Multi-Object Spectroscopic Telescope) infrared (IR) AGN survey, the first large-scale optical spectroscopic survey characterizing mid-infrared (MIR) selected obscured active galactic nuclei (AGNs). The survey targets approximate to 212000 obscured IR AGN candidates over approximate to 10000deg(2) down to a magnitude limit of r(AB) = 22.8mag and will be approximate to 100x larger than any existing obscured IR AGN spectroscopic sample. We select the targets using an MIR colour criterion applied to the unWISE catalogue from the WISE (Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer) all-sky survey, and then apply a r-W2 >= 5.9mag cut; we demonstrate that this selection will mostly identify sources obscured by N-H>10(22)cm(-2). The survey complements the 4MOST X-ray survey, which will follow up similar to 1M eROSITA (extended ROentgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array)-selected (typically unobscured) AGN. We perform simulations to predict the quality of the spectra that we will obtain and validate our MIR-optical colour-selection method using X-ray spectral constraints and UV-to-far-IR spectral energy distribution (SED) modelling in four well-observed deep-sky fields. We find that: (1) approximate to 80-87 per cent of the WISE-selected targets are AGN down to r(AB )= 22.1-22.8mag of which approximate to 70 per cent are obscured by NH>10(22)cm(-2), and (2) approximate to 80 per cent of the 4MOST IR AGN sample will remain undetected by the deepest eROSITA observations due to extreme absorption. Our SED-fitting results show that the 4MOST IR AGN survey will primarily identify obscured AGN and quasars (approximate to 55 per cent of the sample is expected to have L-AGN,L-IR>10(45)erg s(-1)) residing in massive galaxies (M-star approximate to 10(10)-10(12 )M(circle dot)) at z approximate to 0.5-3.5 with approximate to 33 per cent expected to be hosted by starburst galaxies.

The Solid Harmonic Wavelet Bispectrum in 2D provides a multi-scale, rotation- and translation-covariant representation that preserves relative phase and captures higher-order interactions between wavelet responses. This representation encodes rich structural information in a data-efficient and interpretable form. Applications across texture classification, medical imaging, galaxy merger regression, and image reconstruction demonstrate that phase-sensitive, cross-scale interactions enhance discriminative power, model complex dependencies, and retain sufficient information for accurate reconstructions. By embedding roto-translation invariance and preserving relative phase, the operator captures structural features often lost in conventional scattering methods, enabling robust performance in low-data regimes. Cross-scale and higher-order interactions further enrich the representation, allowing nonlinear dependencies between features to be encoded without learning. Results show competitive or superior performance compared to deep learning models in tasks where symmetries and structural cues dominate, highlighting the potential of phase-sensitive, symmetry-aware wavelet representations as a versatile tool for signal and image analysis.

ABSTRACT We adopt a Bayesian X-ray spectral approach to investigate the accretion properties of unobscured ($20\lt \log (N_{\rm H}/{\rm cm}^{-2}\lt 22$) and obscured ($22\lt \log (N_{\rm H}/{\rm cm}^{-2}\lt 24$) active galactic nuclei (AGNs) to shed light on the orientation versus evolution scenarios for the origin of the obscuring material. For a sample of 3882 X-ray-selected AGN from the Chandra COSMOS Legacy, AEGIS, and CDFS extragalactic surveys, we constrain their stellar masses, $M_\star$, intrinsic X-ray luminosities, $L_{\rm X}$, obscuring column densities, $N_{\rm H}$, and specific accretion rates $\lambda \propto L_{\rm X}/M_\star$. By combining these observables within a Bayesian non-parametric approach, we infer, for the first time, the specific accretion rate distribution (SARD) of obscured and unobscured AGN to $z\approx 3$, i.e. the probability of a galaxy with mass $M_\star$ at redshift z hosting an AGN with column density $N_{\rm H}$ and specific accretion rate $\lambda$. Our findings indicate that (1) both obscured and unobscured SARDs share similar shapes, shifting towards higher accretion rates with redshift, (2) unobscured SARDs exhibit a systematic offset towards higher $\lambda$ compared to obscured SARD for all redshift intervals, (3) the obscured AGN fraction declines sharply at $\log \lambda _{\rm break} \sim -2$ for $z \lt 0.5$, but shifts to higher $\lambda$ values with increasing redshift, (4) the incidence of AGN within the theoretically unstable blow-out region of the $\lambda -N_{\rm H}$ plane increases with redshift. These observations provide compelling evidence for AGN ‘downsizing’ and radiation-regulated nuclear-scale obscuration with an increasing host galaxy contribution towards higher redshifts.

In the standard quasar model, the accretion disk obscuration is due to the canonical dusty torus. Here, we argue that a substantial part of the quasar obscuration can come from the interstellar medium (ISM) when the quasars are embedded in compact starbursts. We use an obscuration-unbiased sample of 578 infrared (IR) quasars at $z\approx 1-3$ and archival ALMA submillimeter host galaxy sizes to investigate the ISM contribution to the quasar obscuration. We calculate SFR and ISM column densities for the IR quasars and a control sample of submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) not hosting quasar activity and show that: (1) the quasar obscured fraction is constant up to $\rm SFR\approx 300 \: M_{\odot} \: yr^{-1}$, and then increases towards higher SFR, suggesting that the ISM obscuration plays a significant role in starburst host galaxies, and (2) at $\rm SFR\gtrsim 300 \: M_{\odot} \: yr^{-1}$, the SMGs and IR quasars have similarly compact submillimeter sizes ($R_{\rm e}\approx 0.5-3\rm \: kpc$) and, consequently, the ISM can heavily obscure the quasar, even reaching Compton-thick ($N_{\rm H}>10^{24} \rm \: cm^{-2}$) levels in extreme cases. Based on our results, we infer that $\approx 10-30\%$ of the IR quasars with $\rm SFR\gtrsim 300 \: M_{\odot} \: yr^{-1}$ are obscured solely by the ISM.

ABSTRACT Near IR spectroscopic reverberation of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) potentially allows the infrared (IR) broad line region (BLR) to be reverberated alongside the disc and dust continua, while the spectra can also reveal details of dust astro-chemistry. Here, we describe results of a short pilot study (17 near-IR spectra over a 183 d period) for Mrk 509. The spectra give a luminosity-weighted dust radius of 〈Rd,lum〉 = 186 ± 4 light-days for blackbody (large grain dust), consistent with previous (photometric) reverberation campaigns, whereas carbon and silicate dust give much larger radii. We develop a method of calibrating spectral data in objects where the narrow lines are extended beyond the slit width. We demonstrate this by showing our resultant photometric band light curves are consistent with previous results, with a hot dust lag at >40 d in the K band, clearly different from the accretion disc response at <20 d in the z band. We place this limit of 40 d by demonstrating clearly that the modest variability that we do detect in the H and K band does not reverberate on time-scales of less than 40 d. We also extract the Pa β line light curve, and find a lag which is consistent with the optical BLR H β line of ∼70–90 d. This is important as direct imaging of the near-IR BLR is now possible in a few objects, so we need to understand its relation to the better studied optical BLR.

Supermassive black holes require a reservoir of cold gas at the centre of their host galaxy in order to accrete and shine as active galactic nuclei (AGN). Major mergers have the ability to drive gas rapidly inwards, but observations trying to link mergers with AGN have found mixed results due to the difficulty of consistently identifying galaxy mergers in surveys. This study applies deep learning to this problem, using convolutional neural networks trained to identify simulated post -merger galaxies from survey-realistic imaging. This provides a fast and repeatable alternative to human visual inspection. Using this tool, we examine a sample of similar to 8500 Seyfert 2 galaxies ( L [ O (III) ] similar to 10(38 . 5-42) erg s (-1)) at z < 0.3 in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and find a merger fraction of 2 . 19 (+0.21)(-0.17) percent compared with inactive control galaxies, in which we find a merger fraction of 2.96(-0.20)(+0.26 )per cent, indicating an overall lack of mergers among AGN hosts compared with controls. However, matching the controls to the AGN hosts in stellar mass and star formation rate reveals that AGN hosts in the star -forming blue cloud exhibit a similar to 2 x merger enhancement over controls, while those in the quiescent red sequence have significantly lower relative merger fractions, leading to the observed overall deficit due to the differing M (& lowast;)-SFR distributions. We conclude that while mergers are not the dominant trigger of all low -luminosity, obscured AGN activity in the nearby Univ erse, the y are more important to AGN fuelling in galaxies with higher cold gas mass fractions as traced through star formation.

We analyse the joint distribution of dust attenuation and projected axis ratios, together with galaxy size and surface brightness profile information, to infer lessons on the dust content and star/dust geometry within star-forming galaxies at 0 < z <2.5. To do so, we make use of large observational datasets from KiDS+VIKING+HSC-SSP and extend the analysis out to redshift z = 2.5 using the HST surveys CANDELS and 3D-DASH. We construct suites of SKIRT radiative transfer models for idealized galaxies observed under random viewing angles with the aim of reproducing the aforementioned distributions, including the level and inclination dependence of dust attenuation. We find that attenuation-based dust mass estimates are at odds with constraints from far-infrared observations, especially at higher redshifts, when assuming smooth star and dust geometries of equal extent. We demonstrate that UV-to-near-IR and far-infrared constraints can be reconciled by invoking clumpier dust geometries for galaxies at higher redshifts and/or very compact dust cores. We discuss implications for the significant wavelength- and redshift-dependent differences between half-light and half-mass radii that result from spatially varying dust columns within -- especially massive -- star-forming galaxies.

Tidal disruption events (TDEs) occur when a star gets torn apart by a supermassive black hole as it crosses its tidal radius. We present late-time optical and X-ray observations of the nuclear transient AT2019qiz, which showed the typical signs of an optical-UV transient class commonly believed to be TDEs. Optical spectra were obtained 428, 481 and 828 rest-frame days after optical lightcurve peak, and a UV/X-ray observation coincided with the later spectrum. The optical spectra show strong coronal emission lines, including [Fe VII], [Fe X], [Fe XI] and [Fe XIV]. The Fe lines rise and then fall, except [Fe XIV] which appears late and rises. We observe increasing flux of narrow H-alpha and H-beta and a decrease in broad H-alpha flux. The coronal lines have FWHMs ranging from 150 - 300km/s, suggesting they originate from a region between the broad and narrow line emitting gas. Between the optical flare and late-time observation, the X-ray spectrum softens dramatically. The 0.3-1 keV X-ray flux increases by a factor of 50 while the hard X-ray flux decreases by a factor of 6. WISE fluxes also rose over the same period, indicating the presence of an infrared echo. With AT2017gge, AT2019qiz is one of two examples of a spectroscopically-confirmed optical-UV TDE showing delayed coronal line emission, supporting speculations that Extreme Coronal Line Emitters in quiescent galaxies can be echos of unobserved past TDEs. We argue that the coronal lines, narrow lines, and infrared emission arise from the illumination of pre-existing material likely related to either a previous TDE or AGN activity.

Despite the importance of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) in galaxy evolution, the mechanisms that fuel AGN activity remain poorly understood. Theoretical models suggest that major mergers of galaxies contribute strongly to AGN fuelling, particularly at high AGN luminosities. The connection between mergers and AGN activity has therefore been widely studied, although with contradictory results. Some studies find a strong connection between mergers and AGN, while others find merger fractions in AGN hosts to match those in the inactive galaxy population. To address these apparent contradictions, I present a complete and systematic analysis of detected merger fractions in AGN hosts from the literature. I assess if discrepancies between studies are indicative of systematic uncertainties and biases and analyse the detected merger fraction as a function of luminosity, redshift, and AGN selection method. X-ray selected AGN samples show comparable detected merger fractions across studies and major mergers do not dominate triggering in this AGN population. On the other hand, signatures of significant merger contribution to the AGN population are observed in a small fraction of primarily radio selected and reddened AGN samples. It is unclear if this is due to observational biases or physical differences in the host galaxies. There is no correlation between the detected merger fraction and AGN luminosity. This lack of correlation between detected merger fraction and AGN luminosity, which has previously been reported in the literature, cannot be explained by systematic uncertainties and observational biases.

ABSTRACT The relative roles of mergers and star formation in regulating galaxy growth are still a matter of intense debate. We here present our decode, a new Discrete statistical sEmi-empiriCal mODEl specifically designed to predict rapidly and efficiently, in a full cosmological context, galaxy assembly, and merger histories for any given input stellar mass–halo mass (SMHM) relation. decode generates object-by-object dark matter merger trees (hence discrete) from accurate subhalo mass and infall redshift probability functions (hence statistical) for all subhaloes, including those residing within other subhaloes, with virtually no resolution limits on mass or volume. Merger trees are then converted into galaxy assembly histories via an input, redshift-dependent SMHM relation, which is highly sensitive to the significant systematics in the galaxy stellar mass function and on its evolution with cosmic time. decode can accurately reproduce the predicted mean galaxy merger rates and assembly histories of hydrodynamic simulations and semi-analytical models, when adopting in input their SMHM relations. In this work, we use decode to prove that only SMHM relations implied by stellar mass functions characterized by large abundances of massive galaxies and significant redshift evolution, at least at $M_\star \gtrsim 10^{11} \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$, can simultaneously reproduce the local abundances of satellite galaxies, the galaxy (major merger) pairs since z ∼ 3, and the growth of Brightest Cluster Galaxies. The same models can also reproduce the local fraction of elliptical galaxies, on the assumption that these are strictly formed by major mergers, but not the full bulge-to-disc ratio distributions, which require additional processes.

This is the second paper in a series aimed at modeling the black hole (BH) mass function from the stellar to the (super)massive regime. In the present work, we focus on (super)massive BHs and provide an ab initio computation of their mass function across cosmic time. We consider two main mechanisms to grow the central BH that are expected to cooperate in the high-redshift star-forming progenitors of local massive galaxies. The first is the gaseous dynamical friction process, which can cause the migration toward the nuclear regions of stellar mass BHs originated during the intense bursts of star formation in the gas-rich host progenitor galaxy and the buildup of a central heavy BH seed, M • ∼ 103−5 M ⊙, within short timescales of ≲some 107 yr. The second mechanism is the standard Eddington-type gas disk accretion onto the heavy BH seed through which the central BH can become (super)massive, M • ∼ 106−10 M ⊙, within the typical star formation duration, ≲1 Gyr, of the host. We validate our semiempirical approach by reproducing the observed redshift-dependent bolometric AGN luminosity functions and Eddington ratio distributions and the relationship between the star formation and the bolometric luminosity of the accreting central BH. We then derive the relic (super)massive BH mass function at different redshifts via a generalized continuity equation approach and compare it with present observational estimates. Finally, we reconstruct the overall BH mass function from the stellar to the (super)massive regime over more than 10 orders of magnitudes in BH mass.

To understand the active galactic nuclei (AGNs) phenomenon and their impact on the evolution of galaxies, a complete AGN census is required; however, finding heavily obscured AGNs is observationally challenging. Here we use the deep and extensive multiwavelength data in the COSMOS field to select a complete sample of 578 infrared (IR) quasars (L-AGN,L-IR > 10(45) erg s(-1)) at z < 3, with minimal obscuration bias, using detailed UV-to-far-IR spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting. We complement our SED constraints with X-ray and radio observations to further investigate the properties of the sample. Overall, 322 of the IR quasars are detected by Chandra and have individual X-ray spectral constraints. From a combination of X-ray stacking and L2-10 kev - L-6 mu m analyses, we show that the majority of the X-ray faint and undetected quasars are heavily obscured (many are likely Compton thick), highlighting the effectiveness of the mid-IR band to find obscured AGNs. We find that 355 (approximate to 61 percent) IR quasars are obscured (N-H > 10(22) cm(-2)) and identify differences in the average properties between the obscured and unobscured quasars: (1) obscured quasars have star formation rates approximate to 3 times higher than unobscured systems for no significant difference in stellar mass and (2) obscured quasars have stronger radio emission than unobscured systems, with a radio-loudness parameter approximate to 0.2 dex higher. These results are inconsistent with a simple orientation model but in general agreement with either extreme host-galaxy obscuration towards the obscured quasars or a scenario where obscured quasars are an early phase in the evolution of quasars.

ABSTRACT We study the intrinsic 3D shapes of quiescent galaxies over the last half of cosmic history based on their axial ratio distribution. To this end, we construct a sample of unprecedented size, exploiting multiwavelength u-to-Ks photometry from the deep wide-area surveys KiDS+VIKING paired with high-quality i-band imaging from HSC-SSP. The dependences of the shapes on mass, redshift, photometric bulge prominence and environment are considered. For comparison, the intrinsic shapes of quenched galaxies in the IllustrisTNG simulations are analysed and contrasted with their formation history. We find that over the full 0 < z < 0.9 range, and in both simulations and observations, spheroidal 3D shapes become more abundant at $M_* \gt 10^{11}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$, with the effect being most pronounced at lower redshifts. In TNG, the most massive galaxies feature the highest ex situ stellar mass fractions, pointing to violent relaxation via mergers as the mechanism responsible for their 3D shape transformation. Larger differences between observed and simulated shapes are found at low to intermediate masses. At any mass, the most spheroidal quiescent galaxies in TNG feature the highest bulge mass fractions, and, conversely, observed quiescent galaxies with the highest bulge-to-total ratios are found to be intrinsically the roundest. Finally, we detect an environmental influence on galaxy shape, at least at the highest masses, such that at fixed mass and redshift, quiescent galaxies tend to be rounder in denser environments.

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the neutral gas phase of galactic winds via the Na i Dλλ5890, 5895Å feature within z ∼ 0.04 MaNGA galaxies and directly compares their incidence and strength to the ionized winds detected within the same parent sample. We find evidence for neutral outflows in 127 galaxies (∼5 per cent of the analysed line-emitting sample). ${\rm Na\, \small {\rm I}\ D}$ winds are preferentially seen in galaxies with dustier central regions and both wind phases are more often found in systems with elevated star formation rate (SFR) surface densities, especially when there has been a recent upturn in the star formation activity according to the $\rm SFR_{5 \, Myr}/SFR_{800 \, Myr}$ parameter. We find the ionized outflow kinematics to be in line with what we measure in the neutral phase. This demonstrates that, despite their small contributions to the total outflow mass budget, there is value to collecting empirical measurements of the ionized wind phase to provide information on bulk motion in the outflow. Depending on dust corrections applied to the ionized gas diagnostics, the neutral phase has ∼1.2−1.8 dex higher mass outflow rates ($\dot{M}_{\rm out}$), on average, compared to the ionized phase. We quantify scaling relations between $\dot{M}_{\rm out}$ and the strengths of the physical wind drivers (SFR, LAGN). Using a radial–azimuthal stacking method, and by considering inclination dependencies, we find results consistent with biconical outflows orthogonal to the disc plane. Our work complements other multiphase outflow studies in the literature that consider smaller samples, more extreme objects, or proceed via stacking of larger samples.

We analyse Near-Infrared Integral Field Spectrograph (NIFS) observations of the type-2 quasar (QSO2) SDSS J094521.33+173753.2 to investigate its warm molecular and ionized gas kinematics. This QSO2 has a bolometric luminosity of 1045.7erg s−1and a redshift ofz = 0.128. TheK-band spectra provided by NIFS cover a range of 1.99–2.40 μm where low ionization (Paαand Brδ), high ionization ([S XI]λ1.920 μm and [Si VI]λ1.963 μm), and warm molecular lines (from H21-0S(5) to 1-0S(1)) are detected, allowing us to study the multi-phase gas kinematics. Our analysis reveals gas in ordinary rotation in all the emission lines detected and also outflowing gas in the case of the low and high ionization emission lines. In the case of the nuclear spectrum, which corresponds to a circular aperture of 0.3″ (686 pc) in diameter, the warm molecular lines can be characterized using a single Gaussian component of full width at half maximum (FWHM) = 350 − 400 km s−1, while Paα, Brδ, and [Si VI] are best fitted with two blue-shifted Gaussian components ofFWHM ∼ 800 and 1700 km s−1, in addition to a narrow component of ∼300 km s−1. We interpret the blue-shifted broad components as outflowing gas, which reaches the highest velocities, of up to −840 km s−1, in the south-east direction (PA ∼ 125°), extending up to a distance of ∼3.4 kpc from the nucleus. The ionized outflow has a maximum mass outflow rate ofṀout,max= 42–51M⊙yr−1, and its kinetic power represents 0.1% of the quasar bolometric luminosity. Very Large Array (VLA) data of J0945 show extended radio emission (PA ∼ 100°) that is aligned with the clumpy emission traced by the narrow component of the ionized lines up to scales of several kiloparsecs, and with the innermost part of the outflow (central ∼0.4″ = 915 pc). Beyond that radius, at the edge of the radio jet, the high velocity gas shows a different PA of ∼125°. This might be an indication that the line-emitting gas is being compressed and accelerated by the shocks generated by the radio jet.

We report the discovery of a 'folded' gravitationally lensed image, 'Hamilton's Object', found in a HST image of the field near the active galactic nucleus SDSS J223010.47-081017.8 (which has redshift 0.62). The lensed images are sourced by a galaxy at a spectroscopic redshift of 0.8200 +/- 0.0005 and form a fold configuration on a caustic caused by a foreground galaxy cluster at a photometric redshift of 0.526 +/- 0.018 seen in the corresponding Pan-STARRS PS1 image and marginally detected as a faint ROSAT All-Sky Survey X-ray source. The lensed images exhibit properties similar to those of other 'folds' where the source galaxy falls very close to or straddles the caustic of a galaxy cluster. The folded images are stretched in a direction roughly orthogonal to the critical curve, but the configuration is that of a tangential cusp. Guided by morphological features, published simulations and similar 'fold' observations in the literature, we identify a third or 'counter'-image, confirmed by spectroscopy. Because the fold-configuration shows highly distinctive surface brightness features, follow-up observations of microlensing or detailed investigations of the individual surface brightness features at higher resolution can further shed light on kpc-scale dark matter properties. We determine the local lens properties at the positions of the multiple images according to the observation-based lens reconstruction of Wagner. The analysis is in accordance with a mass density which hardly varies on an arcsecond scale (6 kpc) over the areas covered by the multiple images.

In this contribution, we achieve the primary goal of the active galactic nucleus (AGN) STORM campaign by recovering velocity–delay maps for the prominent broad emission lines (Ly α , C iv , He ii , and H β ) in the spectrum of NGC 5548. These are the most detailed velocity–delay maps ever obtained for an AGN, providing unprecedented information on the geometry, ionization structure, and kinematics of the broad-line region. Virial envelopes enclosing the emission-line responses show that the reverberating gas is bound to the black hole. A stratified ionization structure is evident. The He ii response inside 5–10 lt-day has a broad single-peaked velocity profile. The Ly α , C iv , and H β responses extend from inside 2 to outside 20 lt-day, with double peaks at ±2500 km s −1 in the 10–20 lt-day delay range. An incomplete ellipse in the velocity–delay plane is evident in H β . We interpret the maps in terms of a Keplerian disk with a well-defined outer rim at R = 20 lt-day. The far-side response is weaker than that from the near side. The line-center delay τ = ( R / c ) ( 1 − sin i ) ≈ 5 days gives the inclination i ≈ 45°. The inferred black hole mass is M BH ≈ 7 × 10 7 M ⊙ . In addition to reverberations, the fit residuals confirm that emission-line fluxes are depressed during the “BLR Holiday” identified in previous work. Moreover, a helical “Barber-Pole” pattern, with stripes moving from red to blue across the C iv and Ly α line profiles, suggests azimuthal structure rotating with a 2 yr period that may represent precession or orbital motion of inner-disk structures casting shadows on the emission-line region farther out.

In this work, we investigate the strength and impact of ionised gas outflows within I ∼ 0.04 MaNGA galaxies. We find evidence for outflows in 322 galaxies (12% of the analysed lineemitting sample), 185 of which show evidence for AGN activity. Most outflows are centrally concentrated with a spatial extent that scales sublinearly with 'e. The incidence of outflows is enhanced at higher masses, central surface densities and deeper gravitational potentials, as well as at higher SFR and AGN luminosity. We quantify strong correlations between mass outflow rates and the mechanical drivers of the outflow of the form ¤ "out ∝ SFR0.97 and ¤ "out ∝ ! 0.55 AGN. We derive a master scaling relation describing the mass outflow rate of ionised gas as a function of "★, SFR, 'e and !AGN. Most of the observed winds are anticipated to act as galactic fountains, with the fraction of galaxies with escaping winds increasing with decreasing potential well depth. We further investigate the physical properties of the outflowing gas finding evidence for enhanced attenuation in the outflow, possibly due to metal-enriched winds, and higher excitation compared to the gas in the galactic disk. Given that the majority of previous studies have focused on more extreme systems with higher SFRs and/or more luminous AGN, our study provides a unique view of the non-gravitational gaseous motions within ‘typical’ galaxies in the low-redshift Universe, where low-luminosity AGN and star formation contribute jointly to the observed outflow phenomenology.