健康中国战略是新时代我国经济社会发展的重要引擎.医学本科人才作为国民健康事业有序发展的重要人力支柱,只有协同健康中国战略的规划和进程,不断调节人才培养方式,才能全面契合健康事业、健康产业的发展要求,推进我国健康与经济社会的良性发展.本文就健康中国战略对医学本科人才培养的影响进行综述,在此基础上,展望我国医学本科人才的培养方向.

Objective: The objective of this study was to use DEMATEL method to analyze main influent factors of Chinese scientific Principal Investigators (PI). Methods: Questionnaire survey method, Expert consultation method, DEMATEL method. Results: We found there were 24 factors influence function of PI scientific research management mode. Through questionnaire survey at first, it came out the top five affecting factors-PI autonomy, stable funding for research, academic environment, PI group culture and improvement of auxiliary center. However, through DEMATEL method to analyze 24 factors, we could find the extent ion of affecting determinants, including the strongest and weakest affecting function. Determinants of PI autonomy, stable funding for research, management mechanism of review, personnel incentives and the management mechanism of experimental platform were certainly affecting determinants on the system, which were placed in the cause group and ranked as the first to fifth priorities, respectively. While academic environment, laboratory personnel quality, PI group culture, cultivation mechanism, working enthusiasm were partially affected, which were placed in the effect group and ranked priorities. The results suggested that PI autonomy and working enthusiasm were identified as the most affecting and affected determinants on the coordinates and diagram, respectively. Conclusions: Giving the PI autonomy, increasing the funding for research, keeping the good atmosphere of the scientific research institutions and excellent scientific research teams have positive effects on Chinese scientific Principal Investigators (PI).

Background: A comprehensive evaluation model for the assessment of the humanistic qualities of medical practitioners is not currently available in Mainland China; thus, we aimed to construct one using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method.Methods: We determined the weight of 37 indicators of the humanistic evaluation system.Results: We found that the consistency ratio index provided by each expert upon grading was less than 0.1. Among all the indicators in the scheme layer, "reverence for life" had the highest weight (0.066), whereas "bioethics" and "ability to express empathy" were 0.053 and 0.047, respectively. The results of the AHP model were better than the results of the mean method model.Conclusion: The model of evaluation that was established based on AHP is an objective and effective system and also represents a suitable guide for the selection and evaluation of personnel.

Against the present situation of "two layers of skin" of professional education and humanistic education,The Third Military Medical University explored the reform pathways and methods of medical humanistic accomplishment evaluation in medical examination.Aiming to set up the medical humanities independent examination-station in objective structured clinical examination,the authors researched and conducted examination reform,which included setting up quality-centered assessment criteria of doctor-patient communication skills,carefully designing case database integrated with clinical practice,building standardized scene using standardized patient and standing facilities.The results showed that the reform better played the role of feedback,encouragement and guidance in strengthening the professional education combing with medical humanities education.

为大力推行创新教育,全面检验学生各阶段医学核心课程的学习效果,第三军医大学分别在人才培养的三个关键阶段创设了阶段性基础综合、临床综合和实习综合考试.通过9年来的探索与实践,目前已构建了较为完善的本科生创新人才培养综合考核评价体系,对提高教学质量起到了明显的导引作用.

Purpose– This paper aims to enrich our understanding about the factors which encourage health science researchers’ intrinsic motivation. It integrates leadership theories regarding powers from Western and Eastern cultures to build and test a theoretical model linking two types of leadership (empowering leadership and authoritarian leadership) with intrinsic motivation through psychological empowerment.Design/methodology/approach– This paper tested the hypotheses with a sample of 235 postgraduates working in research groups at a medical university in China, using a two-step analytical strategy of structure equation modeling.Findings– The results showed that the proposed mediation model has a satisfactory fit (χ2/df = 2.24, GFI = 0.92, CFI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.073). This paper found support for the hypotheses that empowering leadership was positively correlated and authoritarian leadership was negatively correlated with intrinsic motivation through psychological empowerment.Originality/value– This paper provides a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism between leadership-employing powers and intrinsic motivation by an initiative examining a conceptual model including empowering leadership, authoritarian leadership, psychological empowerment and intrinsic motivation. It also provides generalized findings by testing the theories from the industrial world in the area of academia and the theories about the West and the East within Chinese culture.

The moral hazard will cause excessive medical treatment , which will cost patients more medical expenses, meanwhile, physician will provide conservative treatment , and the curative effect is not ideal .These is-sues make the physicians -patient conflicts more prominent.From the perspective of moral hazard, the causes of physicians -patient conflicts were put forward , and the suggestions were given as improving the transparency of payment, paying attention on patients'satisfaction, developing the medical liability insurance , expanding psycho-logical intervention and creating positive public relation .

Purpose - This paper aims to enrich our understanding about the factors which encourage health science researchers' intrinsic motivation. It integrates leadership theories regarding powers from Western and Eastern cultures to build and test a theoretical model linking two types of leadership (empowering leadership and authoritarian leadership) with intrinsic motivation through psychological empowerment.Design/methodology/approach - This paper tested the hypotheses with a sample of 235 postgraduates working in research groups at a medical university in China, using a two-step analytical strategy of structure equation modeling.Findings - The results showed that the proposed mediation model has a satisfactory fit (chi(2)/df = 2.24, GFI = 0.92, CFI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.073). This paper found support for the hypotheses that empowering leadership was positively correlated and authoritarian leadership was negatively correlated with intrinsic motivation through psychological empowerment.Originality/value - This paper provides a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism between leadership-employing powers and intrinsic motivation by an initiative examining a conceptual model including empowering leadership, authoritarian leadership, psychological empowerment and intrinsic motivation. It also provides generalized findings by testing the theories from the industrial world in the area of academia and the theories about the West and the East within Chinese culture.

As the understanding of science creativity becomes more profound,people find out that organizational barriers are greatly deterring and discouraging the advent and development of science creativity.Drawing upon the Situation Theory of Creativity and earlier researches,we identified crucial organizational factors that imposed influence on science creativity and considered those factors as gauge to reflect on the current practice of science research management in China.The findings show that science research funding mode,collaboration and communication opportunities and accesses,science researchers' career development and evaluation system,research group leadership,size and diversity of research teams are all key components of the organizational barriers that failed to nurture and spur Chinese researchers to solve long existed and challenging problems with original approaches and creative thinking.Therefore,innovations of science research management are necessary and urgent.

八年制医学教育是实行8年一贯的长学制医学教育，旨在培养高层次临床医学人才。自2004年扩招试办以来，已有10年时间，但是其培养模式备受争议［1］，其中高层次临床医学人才必备的核心能力、临床能力和科研能力的培养就是争议的话题之一［2‐5］。八年制医学生临床能力和科研能力的培养严重困扰着试办八年制医学教育的高等院校［5］，教育实践者和管理者迫切期望能够得到相关理论的指导和借鉴，但是现有文献中针对这一问题的研究却很匮乏。因此，本研究在中国5所开设八年制医学教育的高等院校进行调研，邀请八年制医学教育的教学管理人员和导师填写问卷，期望从这些八年制医学教育的设计者、管理者和参与者对于临床能力和科研能力培养的看法和观点中，挖掘问题根源并确定改革方向。

This study investigated the correlations between science research group members’ perceptions of power bases used by their group(lab, team) leader (coercive, reward, legitimate, expert and referent) and the effect of those perceptions on group members’ attitudinal compliance, behavioral compliance, and satisfaction with supervision. Participants were postdoctoral and Ph.D. students at a research institution in the UK that is a world leader in its fields. Three questionnaires, including the Rahim Leader Power Inventory (RLPI), the Compliance with Supervisor’s Wishes (CSW), and the satisfaction with supervision facet of the Job Descriptive Index (JDI), were used. The results of statistical descriptive analysis indicated that group members perceived expert power used by the leader as the greatest among five power bases; while the results of the multiple regression analysis indicated legitimate power and expert power were positively related to attitudinal compliance; legitimate power, coercive power and expert power had positive correlations with group members’ behavioral compliance; and referent power, reward power, and expert power were positively associated with group members’ satisfaction with supervision. Based on the findings, this study offers recommendations for the effective exercising of power in research groups and draws implications for advancing administration in science institutions.

With long-term war experience abroad,combined with the actual situation of health work in China,Bethune put forward a series of strategy and theory used in battlefield conditions of rescuing the wounded in China,such as "fire rescue,early debridement","emergency blood transfusion in battlefield" and "the crowd blood bank",which effectively improved the rate of saving the battlefield wounded rate in the actual war.Combining with his own practice,he invented a variety of surgical instruments and equipment,such as "lugou bridge" medicine cabinet,"Bipp ointment",which have been widely used in the battlefield.He paid more attention to the construction of battlefield hospital,proposed the establishment of "Model Hospital" and "Special Surgery Hospital" in the rear of Anti-Japanese War,founded the health school,and wrote many battlefield medical books and skills data.Bethune trained a large number of medical personnel for the war front,laid the foundation for the field surgery education of the Eighth Route Army.

Background Translational medicine is attracting much attention worldwide and many translational research organizations (TROs) have been established. In China, translational medicine has developed rapidly, but faces many challenges. This study was aimed at exploring these challenges faced by emerging TROs in China. Method A qualitative, multiple case study approach was used to assess the challenges faced by TROs in China. Data were collected between May and August 2012. Results Eight cases were identified. Overall, four themes that characterized TROs in China emerged from analyses: 1. objectives, organizer, and funding resources, 2. participating partners and research teams, 3. management, and 4. achievements. All TROs had objectives related to translating basic discovery to clinic treatment and cultivating translational researchers. In terms of organizer and funding resources, 7 out of 8 TROs were launched only by universities and/or hospitals, and funded mostly through research grants. As for participating partners and multidisciplinary research teams, all but one of the TROs only involved biomedical research institutions who were interested in translational research, and characterized as clinical research centers; 7 out of 8 TROs involved only researchers from biomedicine and clinical disciplines and none involved disciplines related to education, ethnicity, and sociology, or engaged the community. Current management of the TROs were generally nested within the traditional research management paradigms, and failed to adapt to the tenets of translational research. Half of the TROs were at developmental stages defined as infrastructure construction and recruitment of translational researchers. Conclusions TROs in China face the challenge of attracting sustainable funding sources, widening multidisciplinary cooperation, cultivating multi-disciplinary translational researchers and adapting current research management to translational research. Greater emphasis should be placed on increasing multidisciplinary cooperation, and innovating in education programs to cultivate of translational researchers. Efforts should be made to reform research management in TROs, and establish sustainable funding resources.

Russian field surgery with its long history and distinctive characteristics has accumulated great experience in the long-time practice of warfare. Chinese field surgery was established and developed on the basis of studying from the Russian model, which opened up new areas of traffic medicine, molecular traumatology and assessment of biological effects on weapon destruction and carried out in-depth research on wound ballistics, blast injury, burns and combined injury etc. through decades of construction with continuous development and innovation, and a series of major achievements have been made in these fields. By making comparative study on the historical evolution, structure system, characteristics of campaigns and development of society between Chinese and Russian field surgery, it can be found that there are great gaps between them and we should strengthen the research for more rapid development.

当今科学技术已广泛渗透到经济和社会生活的各个领域,成为推动经济增长、社会进步和提高综合国力的决定性力量.各国经济和科技竞争的实质是技术创新规模和速度的竞争,是科技成果转化速度和规模的竞争.作为"科教兴国"、"科技强军"战略重要组成部分的军队技术院校,更应发挥龙头作用.

本文分析了军队医药卫生科技成果转化过程中存在的问题,并针对问题提出了加快军队医药卫生科技成果转化的对策.

本文分析了军队医学科技成果推广转化现状及存在的主要问题,并针对问题组织了相应对策和建议.

目的评估新概念武器医学防护各相关医药生物技术发展的关键性,研究并提出新概念武器医学防护相关各医药生物技术选择性发展等.方法在资料调研基础上,运用专家咨询、系统分析、科学选择、聚类分析、政策分析等方法进行评估研究.结果遴选了36种新概念武器医学防护相关的医药生物技术,确定了各技术的相关系数、相关指数和现有研究基础分值,进行了评价.结论新概念武器的医学防护相关生物医药技术应根据重要性和现有基础选择不同的发展策略,这种发展策略对我军新概念武器医学防护研究具有指导意义.

新概念武器是我军军事专家对自20世纪60年代起开始出现的一系列工作原理和杀伤机制不同于传统武器的总称.新概念武器是相对于传统武器而言的,即与传统武器在武器原理、形态结构、杀伤机理、作战方式和作战效能上有明显不同,在技术上有重大突破与创新的全新型武器.