Oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.)is an allotetraploid(AACC,2n=38)crop,valued for its edible oil and protein content.seed yield and nutritional composition of rapeseed are influenced by its yield and oil quality traits.However,the genetic basis of yield-related and oil-quality traits remain ambiguous.A panel of 266 diversified oilseed rape accessions was genotyped using 223 simple sequence repeat(SSR)markers covering all 19 chro-mosomes to identify significant markers associated with yield and quality traits.Twelve yield-related and six quality traits were investigated in two consecutive years(2014 and 2015),with three replications in two envi-ronments(Changshun,CS;and Qinghe,QH).Using the model GLM with population structure and kinship(Q+K),a total of 25 significant SSR markers(P＜0.001)were detected to be associated with these twelve yield-related and six quality traits,explaining 4.56％-19.17％of the phenotypic variation for each trait.Based on these markers,BnaA03g23490D,BnaC09g46370D,BnaA07g37150D,BnaA01g32590D,and BnaC09g37280D were identified as pleiotropic genes controlling multiple traits.These candidate genes illustrated the potential for the genetic understanding of yield and oil quality traits.Most importantly,these significant markers can be used for marker-assisted breeding of oilseed rape in different environments.

以脱脂紫苏饼粕为原料,采取碱溶酸沉法提取紫苏饼粕蛋白.在单因素试验基础上,选取碱提pH、碱提温度、碱提时间3个考察因素,以紫苏饼粕蛋白提取率作为评价指标,采用响应面优化结合Box-Behnken设计试验获得最佳提取工艺条件.结果 表明,紫苏饼粕蛋白提取的最佳工艺参数为:饼粕颗粒大小＜0.25 mm,料液比1∶25(g/mL),碱提pH 8.9,碱提温度53℃,碱提时间120 min,搅拌速度150 r/min.在此工艺条件下紫苏饼粕蛋白提取率为29.7652％,蛋白纯度为85.36％.

农作物品种系谱蕴含亲本来源、亲缘关系等大量信息,对揭示品种演变规律并最终指导育种实践具有重要意义.为了阐明贵州省1930-2019年油菜育成品种系谱关系,并提炼出核心亲本和骨干亲本.本研究对贵州省过去90年间油菜育成品种的信息进行搜集整理,运用相关性和分层聚类分析、系谱溯源分析以及分子标记聚类分析等方法,明确了贵州省90年间共育成油菜品种124个,其中在贵州省审定的油菜品种可明显分为早熟和中晚熟2类,随着育种进程的发展,品种的生育期、株高、一次有效分枝数、单株角果数和角粒数等5个性状均呈显著升高趋势,至"十二五"后呈现降低趋势;而千粒重则呈现减小趋势,含油量和单产则一直持续得到提升.124个品种源自133个祖先亲本,其中'Oro'、'胜利油菜'、'Marnoo'和'甘蓝型油菜737'等10个祖先亲本属于核心亲本;直接亲本共有149个,包含'117A'和'甘蓝型油菜737'等5个骨干亲本.本研究发现,单株有效角果数和角粒数对贵州省育成品种的单产贡献较大,在现有育种基础上,提高千粒重可能是实现单产突破的有效途径;直接亲本中,'117A'、'中双2号'和'甘蓝型油菜737'适合选育母本,而'黄籽双低94-2'和'中双4号'比较适合选育父本.本研究结果为未来油菜种质创新和育种提供重要参考信息.

[目的]介绍甘蓝型隐性上位核不育系杂交油菜新品种油研585的选育过程,为其新品种的选育提供参考.[方法]利用结实(荚)好、配合力强的优良目标亲本2716R多次与原始不育系118A杂交、回交、自交、测交进行新品种选育.[结果]改良不育系118A的结实缺陷,育成结实性好的优良不育系5824A,并成功育成了新一代优良隐性上位核不育系杂交油菜新品种油研585;该品种(组合)于2015-2017年参加贵州省油菜区试,比对照油研50增产5.97％,于2019年完成品种登记[登记编号:GPD油菜(2018)520129];2018-2020年参与重庆、四川、湖南、湖北、江西及安徽等省市的新品种鉴定试验,2年平均比对照油研50增产5.64％,已完成扩区登记.[结论]品种的丰产稳产性及整齐一致性较好,综合性状好,角粒数较多,粒大粒重,生长势较强,较抗耐病毒病等优点.

以凯氏定氮法结果为标准,比较常用的3种蛋白质定量方法,建立紫苏饼粕分离蛋白中蛋白质含量的测定方法.凯氏定氮法、Lowry法、BCA法、Bradford法的测定结果分别为86.52％±0.51％、89.71％±0.79％、94.64％±1.06％、85.88％±0.51％.经比较分析,Bradford法精确度高,重现性好,消耗样品量少,用时短,操作简单,可以准确简便地测定紫苏饼粕分离蛋白中的蛋白质含量.

[目的]开展富含亚麻酸油菜种质资源研究,为高亚麻酸保健功能油菜新品种(系)选育与应用提供参考.[方法]采用近红外光谱分析技术(NIR)结合化学分析法对3 500余份油菜种质资源进行高亚油酸高亚麻酸材料筛选,获得2份高亚油酸高亚麻酸的油菜品种资源,采用穿梭育种方法创新育成高亚麻酸保健功能油菜新品种(系)高亚麻酸908(暂定名).[结果]高亚麻酸908菜籽经脱皮冷榨获得菜胚油脂肪酸组成为饱和脂肪酸7％、芥酸0.1％、油酸50.6％、亚油酸26.4％、亚麻酸15.9％;亚麻酸含量比普通油菜(8％)高7.9百分点.[结论]高亚麻酸908的亚麻酸含量高,脂肪酸组成符合《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(2013版)》的脂肪酸组成比例;产量中等,可作为特殊(高亚麻酸)需求品系实行订单化生产应用.

[目的]为生产高亚麻酸食用油提供优质原料,更好满足人们对优质健康(保健功能)食用油的需求.[方法]对3500余份油菜种质资源采用近红外光谱分析技术(NIR)及化学分析筛选获得埃甘5771R和白甘5602R高亚麻酸资源,利用萝卜胞质类型杂种优势,将不同遗传背景的2份高亚麻酸资源分别转育成萝卜胞质不育系5771A和恢复系5602R,分别以其为母本和父本配制高亚麻酸萝卜胞质类型杂交油菜新品种油研712.[结果]油研712平均产量为194.14 kg/667m2;脂肪酸组成为饱和脂肪酸6.8％、油酸51.3％、亚油酸25.4％、亚麻酸16.2％、芥酸0.3％.[结论]油研712的亚麻酸含量高,脂肪酸组成符合《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(2013版)》的脂肪酸组成比例,同时丰产性较好.

In order to provide basic materials of rapeseed breeding, a dwarf mutant selected from5824 CA×5771 Rhybridized combination in comparison test of rape varieties in 2008 was bred after six years' systematic breeding.Its hereditary was analyzed by Chi-square test.Results:It is named as 3862 Sd with genetic stability and 135 cm plant height.The plant height of reciprocal cross F1 from 3862 Sd×traditional high-stalk rape variety is less than the mid-parent value and tends to the dwarf parent.The segregation ratio of tall and dwarf plants in corresponding F2 and BC1 F1 population accords with 1:3 and1:1, which indicates that the dwarf trait of 3862 Sd is mainly controlled by apair of incomplete dominant genes.

Plant architecture is one of the key factors related to lodging resistance and yield. The dwarf and compact plant architecture has substantial significance in accelerating the yield of rapeseed. The new dwarf line DW871 had more advantages than the wild type rapeseed in marked characterizations, including the similar inflorescence growth characteristics and flowering habits with the cabbage, the straight inflorescences or branches during the whole development stages, short branches, high density of siliques, rigid stems, compact plant type and lodging resistance, and so on. In this study, the inheritance of plant height was analyzed in the different gene rations selected from the crosses between the parent DW871 and other accessions, which were further identified by other marked traits. The results showed that the plant height of DW871 showed the typical quality trait characterization, which was determined by one dominant gene with no cytoplasmic effects. In addition, the plant height of DW871 was affected by modifier gene and conformed to the quantitative traits characteristics. The line SW871 provided the novel rape germplasm resources for selecting the semi-dwarf rapeseed cultivars suitable for mechanizedharvesting and simplified planting.

株高是作物重要的农艺性状之一,它直接影响作物的抗倒性和丰产潜力.矮杆及半矮杆株型油菜品系选育有利于提高植株抗倒伏能力和经济系数.2008年,从配制的甘蓝型油菜隐性核不育三系杂交组合5824 CA×5771 R F1代发现1株矮杆突变株,经过4年自交纯化,育成甘蓝型油菜特异型矮杆直立株型材料DW 871,该品系具有生长势强,育苗移栽平均株高139.1 cm,直播100.8 cm;植株总叶数多,节间短,木质部较厚,分枝位低,株型紧凑,抗倒性特强,一次有效枝多,果枝硬,着果密度达1.8个/cm以上,收获指数0.37,丰产性与同源高杆系相当,杂黄籽,品质双低,含油量47.6％;花蕾段比同源正常高杆系长12.5 cm,具有花序生长特性和开花习性与甘蓝类似的标记性状和矮杆直立株型等特性,是适宜机械化或轻简化种植的中矮杆甘蓝型油菜新种质,具有较高的利用价值和广阔的应用前景.

利用育性稳定的细胞质不育系9171 A的保持系为母本,与半矮秆品系3862 Sd进行杂交,其F1再与该保持系回交,将半矮秆基因导入可育胞质保持系中,育成株高为135 cm左右的半矮秆保持系,再利用半矮秆保持系与不育系连续回交,于2018年育成不育性稳定的半矮秆细胞质不育系9162 A.利用半矮秆细胞质不育系9162 A与正常高秆恢配制的新组合株高均为155 cm左右,具有半矮秆 、抗倒伏 、适宜机械化收割的特点.

本课题组于2008年发现1株育性彻底的质不育株,经过6年的杂交 、自交 、回交选育,2015年育成新质不育系9171 A.新不育系育性稳定 、彻底 、不受温度影响.经恢保关系鉴定,新不育系9171 A与波里马类型质不育具有相同的恢复系,两者互换保持系均能保持全不育且均有微量花粉(育性不彻底);连续用新不育的保持系9171 B与波里马类型质不育多代回交,替换其核基因后仍然表现为育性稳定 、彻底 、不受温度影响的特征.

A sterile plant found in 891 line was pollinated by the fertility plants in 891 line to maintain its sterile source and cytoplasmic sterile two-type line 891AB (the fertility of the sterile plant without micro-pollen is not affected by temperature) was bred by self-cross and test cross.The maintainer line 9171B with 891AB sterile gene was bred from 5771R with fertile cytoplasm×891AB fertile plant to transfer the sterile gene in cytoplasmic sterile two-type line 891AB to the fertile cytoplasm. 9171A sterile line was bred from continuous backcross of 9171B sterile plant 891AB sterile plant. The fertility of 9171A with complete sterility is not affected by temperature.

通过采取超前制定切合生产实际的育种目标,充分考虑所用转育基础材料目标性状的互补性,在不育系的转育中选用白菜型和具有新的白菜型血缘的新的甘蓝型油菜品系作基础材料,导入新的白菜型油菜的功能基因组,再加上选用欧洲地理远缘的甘蓝型油菜基础材料,使不育系与恢复系两亲本间具有尽可能大的遗传距离(经鉴定两亲本间遗传距离达0.65),创造相应目标的选择(表达)条件,加强要达到目标的选择压力等育种方法和手段.于2007年(贵州省审定)、2010年(国家审定)育成集聚了最初所设定多项育种目标的高效杂交油菜新品种油研50.是目前为止极少数通过国审的抗裂角性强而适宜机播机收的优质轻简高效杂交油菜新品种之一.

对油研50参加贵州省区试和国家区试的资料进行综合分析.油研50丰产稳产性突出.油研50在“十二五”期间作贵州省区试对照品种,5年参试新组合共67个,正式通过审定的只有1个,审定通过率仅1.8％.而“十五”和“十一五”期间分别达17.1％00,22.7％.油研50的平均单产水平比“十一五”期间的对照品种油研10号提高了20.74 kg/667m2,单产水平提高13.47％,比“十五”期间的对照品种油研七号提高了31.5kg/667m2,单产水平提高22.0％.连续8个参试年度,其稳产性均位居前列,表现很好.而且株高适中,平均为176.7 cm、株型较紧凑、结荚结实性好、角粗长、千粒重较大,平均达4 g左右.对茵核病抗性为低感、较抗病毒病、抗倒性强,与对照中油杂2号相当,其抗寒性强于中油杂2号.抗裂角指数为0.47,至目前为止油研50是极少数通过国审的抗裂角性强而适宜机播机收的优质轻简高效杂交油菜品种之一.

Recessive epistatic genic male sterile line 6515A with yellow seed and high oil content was bred from 5602R with yellow seed and high oil content ,homozygous two-type line 118AB with recessive epistatic genic male sterile and temporary maintainer line 118C by hybridization,inbred,backcross and so on to provide good parents for breeding of hybrid rape variety in B.napus.The content of erucidic acid, glucosinolates and oil of 6515 A is 0.1%~0.4%,18~2 222 μmol/g/cake and 45.5%~46.5%respectively.The sterile plant rate of complete sterile line from homozygous two-type line 6515AB × temporary maintainer line in artificial hybridization and field large-scale production is 100% and over 97%respectively.

油科1号在贵州省油菜区域试验中,平均产量163.52 kg/667 m2,比对照(油研10号)增产17.08％,增产达极显著水平,平均产油量为74.76 kg/667 m2,比对照增产21.82％;平均生育期为214.2d,比对照早熟2.8d.含油量45.72％,芥酸0.1％,硫甙28.23μmol/(g·饼),种子蛋白质24.16％;抗倒性和抗寒性强,耐菌核病.推广应用前景好.

为了加快隐性上位核不育系杂交油菜在生产上的大面积应用,贵州省油菜研究所与贵州省禾睦福种子有限公司、永州市农业科学研究所联合研发,于2009年育成隐性上位核不育优质杂交油菜新组合油10-3,2010年秋参加湖南省预备区域试验并荻通过,2011年秋进入第1年区试,2012年进入第2年区试并同步进行生产试验,2年平均产量160.42 kg/667m2,比对照增产2.90％,14点次有11个点次增产.产油量73.57 kg/667 m2,比对照增产10.97％,14点次有11个点次增产.全生育期平均217.45 d,比对照长2.4d.含油率45.57％,芥酸平均0.6％,硫苷29.14μmol/g(饼).品质优、含油量高.

针对原有的隐性核不育两型系繁殖技术在较大面积应用时存在不育株率低的问题,本研究将传统法于初花期后7～10d用红油漆标记不育株方法进行改进,于现蕾至初花期人为将繁殖田按1∶3行比划分,即1行可育株保留作授粉株并标记,另3行的可育株全部拔除,并于尾花期将标记保留作授粉株的可育株砍除运离繁殖田外,成熟期由农户自行收割脱粒的种子即为不育系原种.通过对隐性核不育两型系繁殖技术的改进,繁殖亲本的不育株率提高了5.5％,达显著水平.

应用二次回归正交旋转组合设计,通过建立数学模型的优化与解析,对杂交油菜品种金农油1号产量与密度、氮肥、磷肥、钾肥四因素的定量关系进行系统研究。结果表明:在4因素中,对金农油1号产量的影响效应大小依次为氮肥>密度>磷肥>钾肥;要获得≥250 kg/hm2的产量,其最佳栽培措施组合是:密度13.2万～15.0万株/hm2,施氮量262.5～330.0 kg/hm2,施磷量102.3～119.6 kg/hm2,施钾量102.3～129.2 kg/hm2。