To address the issue of electrochemical sensors being susceptible to fouling interference in complex food matrices, this work proposed a high-performance antifouling aptasensor based on a triblock zwitterionic copolymer and a gold nanostars (Au NSs) conductive substrate. Through precise control over the composition of two zwitterionic monomers [2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and carboxybetaine methacrylate (CBMA)] and N, N'-diacryloylcystamine (BAC, a disulfide-containing cross-linker), the triblock zwitterionic copolymer [p(MPC9-co-CBMA1)-BAC] was prepared via free-radical polymerization. The thiol groups derived from BAC in the copolymer facilitated its stable anchoring onto Au NSs, and the carboxyl groups of CBMA enabled the covalent immobilization of amino-functionalized aptamer, affording dual functions of surface anchoring and aptamer immobilization. Antifouling performance of the aptasensor was validated in different simulated solutions (signal suppression as low as 0.26%) and real food samples (2.3% after 2.5 h). The fabricated aptasensor supported the sensitive quantification of chloramphenicol (CAP) with a linear range of 0.005-500 ng/mL and a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.09 pg/mL. Notably, recoveries for spiked honey and milk powder samples ranged from 94.4% to 106.4% with only dilution treatment, showing favorable accuracy and application potential of the strategy. This work provided an effective approach to reduce interference from complex food matrices in electrochemical sensing.

Electrochemical sensors still suffer from challenges associated with interference caused by fouling in complex matrices. To address this issue, we designed a tailored high-performance antifouling sensor interface based on a thiol-terminated zwitterionic terpolymer, [P(MPC-CBMA-MAA)-SH, PMCM-SH], by fine-tuning the composition of two zwitterionic moieties, including 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and carboxybetaine methacrylate (CBMA), along with methacrylic acid (MAA) for post-functionalization. Highly conductive multi-branched gold nanostars (AuNSs) were introduced to assist sensitive assaying. The precise regulation of PMCM-SH enabled to form a dense and stable hydration layer, endowing excellent antifouling performance, which was validated in simulated solutions and food matrices. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations offered molecular-level insights into its superior hydration capacity. The aptasensor exhibited excellent analytical performance with a low limit of detection (LOD, 2.19 pg·mL-1) and high recoveries of 98.9–106.9% for oxytetracycline (OTC) in milk, eggs, and pork, exhibiting great potential in solving the limitation of fouling for sensor interface.

In the aerospace field, defects in carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites during manufacturing and service endanger structural safety, yet the existing planar electrical capacitance tomography (PECT) technology suffers from low detection accuracy, poor image reconstruction quality, and slow processing speed. To solve these prob lems, this paper proposes a planar electrical capacitance tomography based defect detection method for carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites. A genetic algorithm-fuzzy C-means (GA-FCM) method is proposed for data preprocessing and noise suppression, and a preconditioned modified iterative Landweber method with Tikhonov regularization is developed to address the ill-posedness, noise sensitivity, and slow iterative convergence in image reconstruction. A high-precision 12-channel capacitance data acquisition system is constructed with the PCap01 chip and multiplexing module, whose measurement accuracy is improved through stray capacitance compensa tion and software calibration. Experimental results show that the system achieves an absolute error of less than 0.5 pF and a relative error of less than 1% in the 0-40 pF range. The proposed method yields the optimal struc tural similarity index (SSIM) for detecting single-hole, double-hole, and crack defects, with clear defect contours, minimal artifacts, and high computational efficiency-reconstructing double-hole defects in approximately 0.9 s. It outperforms traditional methods in accuracy, image quality and speed, and effectively detects common defects in carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites, providing a feasible technical solution for their defect detection in aerospace applications.

The integration of precise bacterial detection with effective sterilization, while mitigating the risk of bacterial resistance, is of paramount importance in clinical medicine and public health. Herein, we present a novel aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorescent probe, PTZ-PD, engineered for the simultaneous detection and eradication of bacteria in animal models. PTZ-PD features a donor-acceptor (D-A) architecture composed of a phenothiazine donor and a quinoline propionitrile acceptor, which endows the probe with long-wavelength emission (λem ≈ 680 nm) and remarkable AIE characteristics, enabling quantitative detection of bacteria. The probe exhibited high sensitivity, achieving detection limits (LOD) of 1.01 × 103 CFU/mL for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and 2.28 × 103 CFU/mL for Escherichia coli (E. coli) within 1 min. Furthermore, PTZ-PD demonstrated potent light-activated antibacterial activity, achieving inhibition rates of 98.3% against S. aureus and 92.7% against E. coli after only 30 min of sunlight irradiation. Mechanistic studies using reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive fluorescent probes revealed that the bactericidal effect is mediated by light-induced ROS generation. The fluorescence of the probe was also responsive to environmental viscosity. Importantly, in a murine wound infection model, PTZ-PD effectively promoted healing and demonstrated excellent biosafety. This work not only enriches the toolbox of AIE-based theragnostic agents but also provides a promising candidate for combating bacterial infections and informing future drug development.

Rare-earth-based catalysts show promising potential for degrading emerging pollutants in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). In this work, a porous Pr(OH)3 catalyst (denoted as PrH) was successfully synthesized via an alkali-induced self-templating strategy, using an f-d cyanide-bridged coordination framework as the precursor. The unique porous architecture of PrH, combined with its abundant surface hydroxyl groups, synergistically functions as a powerful "adsorption pump", efficiently enriching antibiotic norfloxacin (NOR) on the catalyst surface through ligand exchange. Subsequently, the concentrated pollutants are degraded via PMS activation, driven by the reversible Pr3 +/Pr4 + redox cycle at the Pr sites. This intrinsic adsorption-catalysis synergy, centered on the bifunctional Pr centers, effectively enhances the local concentration of reactants and promotes the utilization of reactive oxygen species, leading to high degradation efficiency even at low catalyst dosages. Furthermore, the PrH catalyst exhibits good cycling stability, maintaining high structural integrity over repeated use. This work not only provides an efficient strategy for designing porous rare-earth catalysts but also offers valuable insights into the synergistic adsorption-catalysis mechanism for antibiotic removal.

Postoperative reocclusion remains a major challenge in lacrimal duct stent implantation, primarily driven by persistent inflammation and fibrosis. To address this issue, we developed a coating system that integrates drug release with interfacial bioactivity regulation. A polydopamine-hybridized zeolitic imidazolate framework (pZIF-8) was synthesized via a one-pot method and co-loaded with mometasone furoate (Elocon Cream) and verteporfin (anti-fibrotic) to construct a reactive oxygen species (ROS)/pH responsive nanocarrier. A trilayered coating consisting of a polydopamine (PDA) adhesive layer, a drug-loaded pZIF-8 middle layer, and an outermost hyaluronic acid (HA) antifouling layer was assembled on a silicone stent using a layer-by-layer approach. In vitro, the coating exhibited significantly reduced protein adsorption and bacterial adhesion compared to Control, supported >75% viability of epithelial cells (RPMI 2650) while reducing macrophage (RAW 264.7) viability to approximately 2% and fibroblast (L929) viability to below 50% of Control, and achieved sustained drug release under inflammatory conditions (pH 6.0 + 0.1 mM H₂O₂). In a rabbit lacrimal duct model, the coated stent attenuated acute inflammation, reduced collagen deposition, and downregulated YAP1 expression compared to bare stents. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that bare stents promoted M2a macrophage polarization, whereas the coated stent promoted M2b polarization, as indicated by negative CD68/CD206 colocalization. These findings demonstrate a coating system that combines a ROS/pH-responsive nanocarrier with an antifouling surface to target inflammation and fibrosis. This approach may offer a strategy for preventing stent restenosis and could be adapted for other implantable luminal devices. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Lacrimal stent implantation is frequently complicated by restenosis due to postoperative inflammation and fibrosis. Current stents serve as passive mechanical supports and do not actively intervene in this pathological process. Here we report a metal-organic framework (MOF)-based trilayer coating designed to address both inflammation and fibrosis. The coating consists of a polydopamine adhesive layer, a pZIF-8 MOF layer co-loaded with mometasone furoate (Elocon Cream) and verteporfin (anti-fibrotic), and an outermost hyaluronic acid antifouling layer. The pZIF-8 nanocarrier exhibits ROS/pH-responsive degradation, while the HA outer layer provides sustained release and antifouling properties. This design may offer a strategy to prevent restenosis and could inform the design of other implantable luminal devices.

Heteropore covalent organic framework membranes are predicted to exhibit excellent uranium extraction capabilities due to their combination of rapid transport and strong affinity. However, the growth orientation of covalent organic framework networks is susceptible to disturbance when a supporting substrate is introduced, posing a major challenge to the fabrication of covalent organic framework membranes with well-defined hierarchical pores. Here, a general synthetic method is introduced for the preparation of heteropore covalent organic framework membranes. By pre-coating covalent organic framework nanoparticles onto a nylon substrate, the subsequent covalent organic framework network grows following the orientation of the nanoparticles under solvothermal conditions. This method demonstrates remarkable versatility across a broad range of covalent organic framework systems, including single-pore (with sql net) and dual-pore (with kgm net) networks. Several heteropore covalent organic framework membranes are fabricated with pore sizes ranging from 7.1/26.9 Å to 11.2/34.3 Å and 14.0/42.1 Å. The covalent organic framework membrane with 7.1/26.9 Å dual-pores exhibits the fastest uranyl ion transport rate among all Schiff-base porous membranes, which is 4.3 times faster than that of typical covalent organic framework membranes with single-pore channels. After irradiation treatment, the covalent organic framework membrane enables the conversion of uranium (VI) ions from seawater into insoluble precipitates, which suggests a versatile design paradigm for heteropore covalent organic framework membranes with synthetically engineered functionalities.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) performs essential functions in several physiological and pathological procedures, such as redox status modulation, anti-inflammation, and so on. It also occurs in wastewater and is associated with food spoilage. In this study, a fluorescent probe NLH was designed and synthesized for the specific recognition of H2S, employing Nile Red as the fluorophore and a cyanate ester group as the recognition unit. The performance of the probe was characterized by excellent stability, a rapid response (30 s), a low detection limit of 0.626 mu M, minimal cytotoxicity, and a wide pH tolerance range (4-9) under physiological conditions. Rapid test strips and swabs fabricated based on probe NLH were capable of both quantifying H2S in water samples across a range of concentrations and dynamically monitoring its production during the spoilage of different foods. Furthermore, probe NLH successfully imaged both exogenous and endogenous H2S in nude mouse models and was effectively applied to models of LPS-induced arthritis and acute liver injury, visually monitoring H2S concentration fluctuations during disease progression, thereby providing a novel molecular tool and visual method for investigating the development as well as monitoring and treatment of these diseases.

Taurine, an important osmotic regulator and neuromodulator in the brain, is widely recognized as a novel biomarker for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases because of its cytoprotective and neuroprotective effects. Therefore, developing accurate and reliable detection methods for low concentrations of taurine is crucial for health monitoring and research into its biological toxicity under pathological conditions. This work presents the development of sensitive and cost-effective electrochemical biosensors for taurine detection that use manganese molybdate nanomaterials on nickel foam integrated with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The chemical and morphological characteristics of the above materials were evaluated via X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. This electrochemical biosensor has a notably low detection limit of 0.2 nM (S/N = 3). Additionally, this biosensor presents two wide-ranging linear response ranges, from 0.6 nM to 90 nM and from 90 nM to 22 µM, for taurine determination. In addition, the biosensor exhibited high binding affinity and selectivity for taurine, with excellent reproducibility and stability. The reliability of this biosensor for taurine detection was assessed through testing on real samples. This investigation reveals the potential of the proposed biosensor for rapid, precise, and selective detection of taurine, contributing to the monitoring of neurotransmitters and biological samples.

The overuse of tetracycline (TC) a novel reverse ELISA assay integrating quantum dots (QDs) with an allosteric transcription factor (TetR) was developed for rapid tetracycline (TC) detection. Specifically, biotin-modified double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) was immobilized on a streptavidin-coated 96-well plate, after which QD-TetR conjugates were added. In the presence of TC, the QD-TetR conjugate binds TC and undergoes allosteric changes that result in its dissociation from the dsDNA. The developed QD-TetR-based reverse ELISA achieved quantitative TC detection within a linear dynamic range of 0.05–100 μM in just 5 min, with a method detection limit of 0.02 μM. The recoveries ranged from 93.43

While studies of various carcinomas have reported aberrant metal metabolism, much remains unknown regarding their spatial accumulation and regulatory impacts in tumors. Here, elevated copper levels are detected in breast cancer tumors from patients and animal models, specifically exhibiting a zonate spatial pattern. Spatially resolved multiomics analyses reveal that copper zonation drives a tumor metabolic preference for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) over glycolysis and promotes tumor metastatic and immune-desert phenotypes. Then, a copper-depleting nanoagent is developed based on copper chelator tetrathiomolybdate (TM)-loaded hybridized bacterial outer membrane vesicles (hOMVs) from both Akkermansia muciniphila bacteria and CD326-targeting peptide-engineered Escherichia coli (TM@CD326hOMV). Systemic administration of TM@CD326hOMV reduces the labile copper level in tumors and inhibits both tumor growth and metastatic phenotypes, specifically through metabolic reprograming of OXPHOS toward glycolysis and restoration of antitumor immunity responses involving natural killer cells, CD4+ T cells, and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in tumors. Assessing survival in murine breast cancer models, a combination of TM@CD326hOMV and a checkpoint blockade agent outperforms monotherapies. Notably, a copper-rich diet undermines the therapeutic efficacy of TM@CD326hOMV. Beyond demonstrating an effective nanoagent for treating breast cancer, this study deepens the understanding of how the pattern of copper accumulation in tumors affects pathophysiology and immunity.

A fluorescence/magnetic resonance (MR) dual-mode molecular probe H1 based on cobalt(III) complexes was designed and synthesized in this work for the detection of sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4) and real-time biological imaging in vivo. The probe combines highly sensitive fluorescence imaging technology and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology to address the limitations of each individual modality. Probe H1 used Co3+ as the MRI unit and 3-acetylacetone-7-diethylamino-coumarin as the fluorescence unit. The diamagnetic Co3+ is reduced to paramagnetic Co2+ through the strong reductivity of Na2S2O4, and the MR signal and the fluorescence signal can be activated simultaneously due to the change in magnetic properties of the cobalt ion and the paramagnetic quenching effect of Co2+. Probe H1 demonstrates excellent detection performance in monitoring Na2S2O4, including excellent selectivity, high sensitivity (LOD = 9 μM), and anti-interference. Furthermore, probe H1 was successfully applied to the detection of exogenous Na2S2O4in vivo through magnetic resonance/fluorescence dual-mode imaging, which can potentially be used in the pathological hypoxic microenvironment field in the future.

Linalyl acetate (LA), a key volatile component in essential oils, is extensively utilized in fragrance, food, and cosmetic industries. Nevertheless, its practical applications are constrained by rapid evaporation and physicochemical instability. This study developed novel cyclodextrin–metal–organic frameworks (CD-MOFs) crystallized from β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) with potassium hydroxide, demonstrating superior structural properties for LA encapsulation. Through comparative analysis with native CDs, the synthesized CD-MOFs exhibited highly ordered crystalline architectures and uniform morphological characteristics. The LA encapsulation capacity of the γ-CD-MOF was systematically evaluated under different conditions using a three-level factorial design via RSM. Optimization revealed maximum encapsulation efficiency (25.9%) under ideal conditions—an LA:γ-CD-MOF mass ratio of 3.8:1, 60.9 °C incubation temperature, and 49.3 min processing time—representing a 2.39-fold enhancement over conventional CD encapsulation. Thermal stability analysis demonstrated remarkable improvement, with LA-γ-CD-MOF complexes showing an onset decomposition temperature of 215 °C, 135 °C higher than that of free LA. Compared with LA-γ-CD, LA coated with γ-CD-MOFs still retained 55.7% at 80 °C for 75 min, with the release rate reduced by about 45.3%. These findings establish the potential of γ-CD-MOFs as effective carriers for thermolabile and volatile compounds in functional food and cosmetic industries.

Challenge-associated fouling aroused by non-specific attachment of non-target substances on sensor surface from complex food matrix urgently needs to be addressed. Herein, a Y-shaped glycopeptide-based electrochemical aptasensor with highly efficient antifouling capacity was proposed. The glycopeptide (CPPPPEK[KS(Glc)RE]DER) was designed by integrating a glucose molecule onto one of the side chain of the Y-shaped peptide and outperformed in antifouling performance in both simulated and real food matrices compared to not only the EK-based frequently reported linear peptide but also the original Y-shaped peptide. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations further explained its antifouling ability from the molecular hydration behavior. Platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) were electrodeposited onto the electrode surface to enhance conductivity and immobilize glycopeptides and aptamers to construct the antifouling electrochemical aptasensor. The proposed strategy supports accurate analysis of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in soy sauce, milk powder, chestnuts with satisfactory recoveries within 100.3 %-111.5 %, showing its great potential for practical applications.

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), a crucial gaseous signaling molecule, plays a pivotal regulatory role in various physiological and pathological processes. In this study, we successfully developed a novel H₂S fluorescent probe NR based on the Nile red fluorophore. The probe achieves specific recognition of H₂S through an isothiocyanate functional group, and its recognition mechanism was confirmed by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Probe NR exhibits excellent stability and high sensitivity, with a detection limit of 3.66 μM. Demonstrating low cytotoxicity and suitability for physiological pH conditions, probe NR has been successfully applied for real-time monitoring of H₂S in vivo. In an LPS-induced arthritis model in nude mice, probe NR effectively enabled dynamic monitoring of H₂S levels at inflammatory sites. The successful development of this probe provides a powerful tool for investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms of H₂S in inflammatory diseases, demonstrating promising potential for disease diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring.

The growing interest in wearable devices for wireless real-time communication has underscored the challenges of practical implementation and the need for greater functional diversity. This work introduces a flexible, fluorescent wearable bracelet equipped with gradient ionogel (IG)-based pressure sensors, enabling instant wireless communication in various outdoor scenarios, both aerial and underwater, as well as passive rescue operations for individuals in distress. The device seamlessly connects to smartphones and personal computers through customized applications, allowing direct visualization of communication signals. The gradient multilayer ionogel (IG), regulated by multiarm ionic liquid cross-linkers, can achieve an ultrabroad pressure detection range from 1 Pa to 8.7 MPa with an extremely low detection limit of approximately 1 Pa, and an ultrahigh sensitivity (490.1 kPa-1 at low pressure). The high measurement accuracy and sensitivity are attributed to the modular macroporous structure of the IGs. Given its direct contact with human skin, the device was subjected to skin irritation tests to ensure its biocompatibility and safety. Furthermore, the IG-derived wearable bracelet leverages its fluorescent properties to potentially reduce the rescue time for wearers in peril. Overall, we demonstrate a highly promising wearable electronics system that performs durably, reliably, accurately, and sensitively under challenging conditions, offering broad and versatile applications.

The challenge of non-specific adsorption of non-target substances from complex matrices severely constrains the analytical reliability of electrochemical sensors. To address this issue, this work proposed a dual-block zwitterionic polymer (trimethylamine N-oxide analogue-sulfobetaine methacrylate copolymer, PTMAO-SBMA) based antifouling surface by in-situ polymerizing trimethylamine N-oxide analogues (TMAOMA) and sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) on the sensor surface via efficient photoinitiation. Highly conductive nanodimers (Ag-Cu NDs) with segregated structural domains were synthesized using a seed-mediated method and then doped onto PTMAO-SBMA to facilitate electrochemical signal conversion and enable the loading of SH-terminated aptamers for target capture. Excellent antifouling performance of the engineered sensor surface were demonstrated in different single protein and carbohydrate solutions (signal suppression as low as 1.61 %). Notably, compared to common PSBMA, PTMAO-SBMA based surface exhibits superior antifouling performance in simulated protein solutions, with a 31.9 % reduction in signal suppression. The superiority of PTMAO-SBMA over PSBMA was systematically elucidated from dual perspectives of hydrophilicity and hydration layer stability by calculating the number of hydrogen bonds, bond lifetime, and solvent-accessible surface area (SASA) through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Taking the detection of chloramphenicol (CAP) in honey and pork liver as representative cases, the feasibility of the antifouling surface for sensing was systematically validated. This approach enables sensitive (LOD of 0.33 pg mL-1) and accurate detection (recoveries ranging from 99.5 % to 105.4 %). The work proposed a holistic solution for hazard detection in complex matrix and its application scope can be expanded by replacing specific aptamers, highlighting its adaptability to diverse targets.

Minimizing sample pretreatment while maintaining specific analyte binding and eliminating non-target interference from food matrices remains challenging in food safety analysis. Here, we fabricated an antifouling surface using a dopamine-triggered polyzwitterion copolymer, polydopamine-poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate-co-N-(2-aminoethyl) methacrylamide hydrochloride) [pDA-p(CBMA90-co-AEMA10)], via in-situ polymerization and the Michael addition reaction. Compared with homopolymers that were prepared using a single carboxybetaine methacrylate (CBMA), the copolymer formed by regulating the proportions of CBMA and (2-aminoethyl)methacrylamide hydrochloride monomers outperformed in terms of antifouling ability. Thiol-modified aptamers were subsequently immobilized on the polydopamine layer via Michael addition to construct an electrochemical sensor for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The sensor exhibited strong antifouling performance in various simulated and real food matrices, with signal suppression as low as 0.54 %. It also achieved a low detection limit of 0.19 pg mL-1 and enabled sensitive AFB1 detection using a simple sample pretreatment method, with recovery rates ranging from 94.6 % to 105.8 %.

Wildfires pose significant threats to human safety and the environment, necessitating prompt detection and localization. Deep learning algorithms, particularly those for image segmentation, show promise but often struggle with computational delays, hindering real-time applications. This paper introduces LSNet, a lightweight segmentation network tailored for real-time wildfire detection. LSNet comprises an encoder equipped with a parallel feature multiplier and a residual feature extractor to reduce computational load and expedite segmentation. The decoder incorporates an attentional feature pyramid to enhance segmentation accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that LSNet achieves a speed of 31 FPS, an AP50 of 65.1%, and a model size of 274 MB during training, outperforming both CNN-based SOLOv2 and transformer-based SegFormer. Testing results further confirm its efficacy with 30 FPS and an AP50 of 72.3%, meeting the demands of real-time wildfire detection. Thus, LSNet presents a viable solution for timely wildfire identification and localization. Source code is available at: https://github.com/xiaoyjing/LSNet.

The high-energy (H2dabco)[NH4(ClO4)3] (DAP-4) with excellent energetic performance attracts wide attention from researchers. The investigation of its interaction with the Aluminum (Al) is of great importance. However, the higher ignition threshold of DAP-4 and the dense oxide layer (Al2O3) of Al severely limit the energy release efficiency of Al/DAP-4. In this study, a new idea to is first proposed to improve and adjust the thermal decomposition and combustion performance of Al/DAP-4 by constructing a highly dispersed iron (Fe) nanoparticle interfacial layer. It acts as a gradient catalyst to promote the thermal decomposition and combustion of DAP-4 and Al, and it also act as an oxygen transport channel to promote the contact and reaction of oxidizing gases with the internal reactive Al powder. It reduces the thermal decomposition temperature of Al@Fe-3/DAP-4 from 386.30 degrees C (Al/DAP-4) to 349.48 degrees C and leads to the vigorous combustion. Theoretical calculations show that Fe nanoparticle interfacial layer can facilitate the transport of oxygen through the established oxygen transport channels, and it can also significantly improve the energetic properties of Al@Fe-3/DAP-4 composites. In conclusion, the new approach is proposed to improve the performance of metal fuel/oxidizer composites by constructing interfacial layers, which is expected to promote their practical applications. The Fe nanoparticle interfacial layer with gradient catalytic effect is constructed on the surface of Al powder using a one-step in situ reduction method, which also improves the energy release efficiency of the composites by establishing oxygen transport channels. image