With the global loss of grassland ecosystems, biodiversity and ecological stability are declining at an alarming rate. One way to counteract this trend is grassland restoration on abandoned fields. A widely used method is sowing competitive native grasses at high density to rapidly establish a vegetation matrix. Here, we studied the long-term effectiveness of sowing the regionally dominant native grass species, Festuca valesiaca, in an abandoned field in Hungary to restore the region’s natural vegetation, the endangered Pannonic loess meadow steppe. The grass was sown at high density, supplemented by additional seeding of 14 characteristic forbs. We compared vegetation development in this sown site with a neighbouring spontaneously recovering field and an adjacent ancient loess meadow steppe as reference. Vegetation was surveyed annually for 13 years in the restored sites and seven in the ancient grassland. F. valesiaca became dominant four years after sowing, and its cover quickly surpassed that of the ancient grassland. Regeneration was initially rapid but slowed markedly by year six after sowing, showing only small further progress thereafter. In contrast, although weed cover remained high for longer in the spontaneous site, species composition progressed steadily toward the target state, with better establishment of non-sown target forbs. Our findings indicate that a fast-emerging, dense grass cover shortens the weed-dominated phase but slows regeneration later. We highlight the importance of prioritizing long-term continuous monitoring in restoration decisions, as treatments may lead to contrasting outcomes over time.

Sown wildflower patches are key elements of agri-environment schemes, designed to deliver rapid biodiversity and ecosystem service benefits. With longer-term maintenance, they may also be involved in habitat restoration by supporting ecological processes. However, successional trajectories of sown communities remain insufficiently understood, particularly regarding the role of spontaneous colonisation. To assess the succession of sown and spontaneous species, we established native, diverse wildflower patches in an agricultural region of Hungary. Patches were placed in homogeneous or heterogeneous landscapes and arranged as one large or three smaller patches. Plant communities were surveyed in early summer for five years, recording cover, species richness and diversity. Spontaneous colonisation strongly complemented sown assemblages: 240 species emerged from the soil seed bank during the study. The two species groups showed distinct temporal patterns. Spontaneous species dominated cover initially, but sown species surpassed them by the third year. However, spontaneous species’ richness remained higher for five years. Community composition shifted steadily. Sown species formed a more consistent component of the community, whereas spontaneous species showed higher temporal variability. Landscape context and spatial configuration had only weak effects on structural and compositional attributes, indicating that local processes and the soil seed bank primarily shaped early succession. These results demonstrate that, in species-rich novel habitats, spontaneous colonisation and sown species jointly drive early successional dynamics, highlighting the value of integrating natural assembly processes with targeted sowing in agri-environment schemes.

Spontaneously developed forests (SDFs) dominated by native tree species have expanded across vast areas of abandoned farmland in Central and Eastern Europe in the last decades. These forests hold considerable potential for contributing to the semi-natural forest restoration objectives of the European Union’s Nature Restoration Regulation. However, their effective management requires robust, comparative, and evidence-based research, while SDFs remain insufficiently studied in the Carpathian Basin. We aimed to assess how site locality, historical land use, and time since abandonment shape the species composition of spontaneously developed semi-natural forests across three forest landscape types in Hungary (riverine oak–ash–elm forests, mesic hornbeam–sessile oak forests, and thermophilous turkey oak–sessile oak forests). We surveyed the species composition of the canopy, shrub, and herb layers at 358 sampling points. Ordination analyses based on species cover data revealed that site locality, land-use history, and time since abandonment each contribute to deviations from general species-compositional patterns within forest layers and across landscape types. We found that the number of forest-generalist herbaceous species increased markedly following abandonment, reaching levels comparable to reference ancient forests already in 25–50-year-old stands across all habitat and land-use categories. In contrast, the number of forest-specialist species exhibited habitat-specific successional trajectories. These findings highlight the importance of management approaches that maintain the distinct species-compositional patterns of spontaneously developed forests on former farmland, thereby favouring close-to-nature and low-intensity forestry practices.

The Hungarian meadow viper (Vipera ursinii rakosiensis) is one of the most threatened vertebrates in Hungary, whose populations are not growing significantly despite enormous conservation efforts. Previous studies suggested an influence of vertical vegetation structure on habitat use, while the role of horizontal vegetation structure is still poorly understood. In the present study, we used vegetation survey data to investigate the effects of variables related to the horizontal structure and functional composition of vegetation on the occupancy and density of the Hungarian meadow viper. During a spring survey period, we collected viper occurrence data in 59 sampling quadrats alongside plant community samples, then used single-season occupancy models and N-mixture models for analysis. After model selection, the best models included the moisture-related vegetation gradient, species richness, graminoid-forb ratio, and height of plants as explanatory variables for both occupancy and density. Wetter meadows with fewer plant species, a higher graminoid/forb ratio, and habitats with characteristically lower-growing plant species were more probable to be used by the vipers. Our results suggest that the horizontal structure of the vegetation influences the habitat use of vipers and also draw attention to the threats posed by more frequent droughts and heatwaves.

Biodiversity continues to decline in European agricultural landscapes despite policies that promote biodiversity-friendly farming. While the ecological drivers of the effectiveness of biodiversity-friendly practices are well-studied, less is known about how farmers' attitudes influence biodiversity outcomes. We examined, in eight European countries, whether positive farmer attitudes towards biodiversity are related to higher on-field biodiversity levels and effectiveness of biodiversity-friendly practices. We combined farmer attitude surveys with field inventories of wild plants, bees and spiders in biodiversity-friendly managed and control fields. We found that, in control fields, none of the examined taxa were associated with farmers' biodiversity attitudes. However, in biodiversity-friendly managed fields, both wild bee abundance and species richness increased with a more positive attitude, resulting in a positive relation between farmers' attitude and the effectiveness of biodiversity-friendly management. This relationship was mainly driven by farmers' perceived necessity of considering biodiversity in their farm management, rather than by general biodiversity attitudes. For wild plants and spiders, no relationship between attitude and effectiveness was observed, possibly because these taxa are less conspicuous and less positively perceived. We additionally found that farmers' attitude was positively related to the diversity of biodiversity-friendly practices implemented on farms. Our results suggest that, while agronomical and economic motivations predominate in conventionally managed fields, farmers' biodiversity attitudes can play a role in both the uptake and the effectiveness of biodiversity-friendly practices, although the latter is taxon-dependent. To improve the effectiveness of biodiversity-friendly practices, our findings stress the importance of addressing the social and motivational drivers of farmers.

Semi-natural grasslands and their biodiversity decline rapidly, although they are key elements of agricultural landscapes. Therefore, there is a need for the re-establishment of semi-natural grasslands in intensively managed farmlands (e.g., via sowing wildflower seeds). Our knowledge, however, is limited on how different arthropod groups may respond to such newly established wildflower fields. This knowledge gap is especially relevant for the Pannonian biogeographical region, and more generally for Central Europe, where there is little to no evidence so far. We aimed to compare three different habitats (i.e., sown wildflower fields (WFF), semi-natural road verges and adjacent crop fields) in terms of their species and individual numbers and assemblage compositions to reveal differences between primary producers (plants), pollinators (bees and hoverflies) and predators (spiders). We selected eight landscapes in Central Hungary within conventionally managed crop areas. We analysed species and individual numbers by generalised linear mixed models (GLMM) and the assemblage composition with non-metric multidimensional scaling for each taxon in the three habitats. Crop, road verge and WFF habitats had distinct assemblages for each studied group, indicating clear separation among habitats. There are, however, contrasting patterns in the diversity measures of the studied groups. Crop fields are the poorest in both species and individual numbers, road verges harboured the highest abundance of spiders, while WFF had the most bees and plants. No clear pattern for hoverflies emerged. Our results suggest that the studied habitats do not harbour all groups in equal share. We propose that the design of future restorations in Central European farmlands should target a diversity of habitat types needed to support a wide range of functional groups.

Abstract Ecosystems and landscapes shaped by the intricate relationship between people and their natural environment embody the impact of many different past land‐use practices and historical events. However, in some regions, classical historical records of landscape change do not exist or are insufficiently detailed. Local communities' ecological memory can play an important role in filling this gap by reconstructing the socio‐ecologically relevant indirect drivers and their interactions, as well as identifying vegetation characteristics that are legacies of previous land‐use practices. We studied a rapidly transforming cultural landscape in Transylvania (Romania) by conducting 144 oral history interviews covering the last 70 years (before, during and after collective farming). The interviews revealed complex interactions of indirect drivers. Country‐scale political and economic changes affected the landscape with crop outflow during the collective system (1962–1989), resulting in labour outflow to cities from the 1960s. The latter reduced the time and attention devoted to haymaking and affected population ageing. Together with other drivers, this demographic change led to a major transformation of the traditional landscape by the 2010s. We identified 47 vegetation characteristics as land‐use legacies related to grasslands and classified them into general legacy types. Our results support that there was an opportunity to innovatively revive the traditional cultural landscape after the fall of communism, when local knowledge, and willingness to manage the landscape were still present, but financial assets and government support were lacking. The indirect driver interactions led to the abandonment of traditional hay meadow management, resulting in a homogenising landscape with simplified land use dominated by sheep grazing and increasingly dependent on agricultural subsidies. We found that many vegetation characteristics of the studied species‐rich grasslands are only legacies of former land‐use activities, still known by locals but no longer applied. By creating knowledge partnerships, we can still learn about the past management and the functioning of such biodiversity‐rich cultural landscapes from the people who actively maintained them. We argue that this type of knowledge is essential to revive and adapt practices for protecting and managing species‐rich habitats across European cultural landscapes and for supporting the planning of appropriate conservation management and subsidy schemes. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

The paper presents 1593 current chorological data of 584 taxa (species, subspe­cies, varietas, hybrids) from Hungary, collected during the last few years. All of these connec­ted also to a total of 184 CEU quadrats. Among the species characteristic to the natural habi­tats, we high­lighted the records of several species protected in Hungary (Adoxa moschatelina, Althaea canna­bina, Cardamine parviflora, Centaurium pulchellum, Gagea pusilla, Orobanche reticulata, Potentilla patula, Rosa zagrabiensis, Spergula pentandra, Trifolium diffusum, Vale­rianella dentata, V. rimosa, Veronica officinalis, Viola collina and V. pumila). In the Northern part of Hungary, we observed the establishment of Cerastium dubium and Ranunculus peda­tus at several places along road­sides, which species have been known from the surrounding saline areas for a long time, but their appearance at roadsides is relatively new phenomenon. In addition, Aegilops cylindrica, Crypsis schoenoides, and Fumaria vaillantii subsp. vaillantii were found in one location – each species on roadsides. Along the railway tracks, we found disturbance-tolerant pioneers of rocky grasslands, open sandy and loess grasslands, e.g. many population of the native Androsace elon­gata, Anthemis ruthenica, Centaurea arenaria, Draba nemorosa, Erodium ciconium, Medicago monspeliaca, Microrrhinum minus, Saxifraga tridactylites and Vulpia myuros were found, as well as numerous ruderalia and the archae­ophyt such as Aegilops cylindrica. In addition to the more common species from the urban flora, we present some new data on the occurrence of the rarer Amaranthus blitum subsp. emarginatus, Chenopodium glaucum, Ch. murale, Ch. opulifolium, Ch. vulvaria and Euphorbia peplus. We have also listed some of the rarer field weeds and species that can establish in younger and older old-fields. Bromus secalinus has been found in several places in the north­eastern part of Hungary. We also observed Calepina irregularis, Centaurea solstitialis, Centau­rium pulchellum, Erysimum cheiranthoides, Filago lutescens, Fumaria officinalis subsp. of­ficinalis, Geranium dissectum, Misopates orontium, Myagrum perfoliatum, Reseda phyteuma, Sper­gularia salina and Veronica anagalloides populations. Erodium hoefftianum is a member of the natural flora, but is now found only in old-fields. We found some pasture weeds in re­gions where they are not common (e.g. Bupleurum tenuissimum, Cerastium dubium and Tri­folium striatum). The study also presents some species that are data deficient for taxonomic reasons, but not very rare ones (or we don’t know that). This group includes Arabis sagittata, Bolboschoenus glaucus, Bromus commutatus, B. racemosus, B. ramosus, Fumaria vaillantii subsp. schrammii, Ononis spi­nosiformis subsp. semihircina, Potentilla collina and Viola suavis “white morfotype”. We have drawn attention to the effect of ecological-botanical works on flora-influencing. We found An­themis ruthenica (species of sandy grasslands) in a moun­tain meadow, which is probably the result of seeds accidentally introduced by researchers. Finally, the paper provides data on the current distribution of hybrid taxa. A new individual of Betula ×rhombifolia was established in the Mátra Mts. We found some Euphorbia individuals that appeared to be a transitional form between E. esila and E. virgata (E. ×intercedens; Eu. esula subsp. saratoi). We also present some Verbascum and Viola hybrids. Hybrids were determined on a macromorphological basis.

Floristical records of one fungus and ten flowering plants are presented from Hungary. We report a new occurrence of Calvatia candida in a valuable Pannonian sandy steppe habitat. Some of our floristical data present new occurrences of species that are rare in Hungary, but in the case of Orobanche minor, Minuartia viscosa, due to the low number of recent floristical data, we also try to clarify the distribution pattern of the species with data from specimens documented in the BP herbarium. The first occurrences of the rare, red-listed species Papaver hybridum was detected from the Duna-sík region. We report the first data of Orobanche minor from the Hungarian Middle Mountain Ranges, Minuartia viscosa is new for the southern part of the Mezőföld. A new record of Dactylorhiza sambucina from the Vértes Mts, which is in decline in our low-middle mountain areas, is published, an important observation from a conservation point of view. The data of Potentilla patula reported here is a new observation for the area of Cserhát-vidék. Our other data are from ruderal habitats, where we report observations of taxa that are mainly expanding but with few records in Hungary. The second Hungarian record of Senecio × helwingii is from the district of Zugló in Budapest. Erigeron sumatrensis has been found in several regions of Hungary, Euphorbia glyptosperma, Gypsophila perfoliata new occurrences were found in the border of Kecskemét. The recently suggested spreading of Medicago orbicularis is confirmed by new occurrence data from the Tihany Peninsula.

The general shape (from linear to complex curve), direction (negative and positive) and strength (steepness of the slope) of abundance–impact relationships for different impact metrics are poorly known, despite their importance in understanding and predicting ecological repercussions of invasive species. It is also an open question how the functional traits of invasive species may influence the abundance–impact relationship. We studied 11 widespread herbaceous invasive alien species of East‐Central Europe and their 16 impact metrics (resident plant communities' ecological characteristics, trait composition, functional diversity and soil parameters) by sampling invaded and similar, uninvaded sites (space‐for‐time substitution method). Our aim was to (1) investigate the detailed ecological impacts of invasive plants on native plant communities; (2) explore the type of cover–impact relationships across impact metrics and their consistency across species and (3) study whether the cover–impact relationship depends on functional traits of invasive species. When considering all invasive species together, we found that invaded plant communities were less species rich and less functionally even but showed higher values of Rao's Q diversity index, and higher nitrogen, phosphorus and organic carbon soil nutrient content compared to uninvaded communities. However, the species‐wise analyses revealed strikingly different impacts among the 11 invasive species and also among impact metrics. Regarding the type of cover–impact relationships, we found no consistencies across invasive species and impact metrics. Still, nonlinear relationships prevailed when species were analysed together and linear relationships when species were studied individually. The functional traits of the invasive species explained only a small part of this response heterogeneity; mostly, the small‐seeded perennial invasive species affected the cover–species richness relationship. Synthesis : Herbaceous invasive plant species have a cover‐dependent impact on resident plant communities, but there are no consistent patterns across impact metrics and invasive species. Specific traits or trait syndrome of invasive species may affect the heterogeneity of cover–impact relationships, but that would need further study. We highlighted the importance of impact assessments involving invasive species' abundance to unmask cryptic impacts for species that show contrasting effects along an abundance gradient.

Ornamental plants constitute a major source of invasive species. Gaillardia aristata (great blanketflower) is planted worldwide and its escape has been reported in several European countries without ecological impact assessment on the invasive potential. As there is a markedly spreading population with invasive behaviour in Hungary, we aimed to reveal the distribution, impacts and traits of G. aristata. We gathered occurrence data outside the gardens in Hungary, based on literature, unpublished observations by experts and our own records. We investigated the impacts of an extended population, where the species invaded sandy old-fields within a 25 km2 area. Here, we compared the species richness, diversity, community composition and height of invaded and uninvaded vegetation. Furthermore, we evaluated the traits potentially associated with the invasiveness of G. aristata in comparison with other herbaceous invasive species in the region. We found that G. aristata occurred mostly by casual escapes, but naturalised and invasive populations were also detected in considerable numbers. G. aristata usually appeared close to gardens and ruderal habitats, but also in semi-natural and natural grasslands and tended to spread better in sandy soils. We found lower plant species richness and Shannon diversity in the invaded sites and the invasion of G. aristata significantly influenced the composition of the plant community. The trait analyses revealed that the invasive potential of G. aristata is backed by a wide germination niche breadth, extremely long flowering period, small shoot-root ratio (large absorption and gripping surface), large seeds (longer persistence) and dispersal by epizoochory of grazing livestock (mostly by sheep), probably helping the species’ survival and spreading in the disturbed, species-poor, sandy, open habitats. These functional traits, as well as the ornamental utilisation, may act together with the aridisation of the climate and the changing land-use practices (e.g. abandoned, disturbed sites) in the success of G. aristata. We raise awareness of the rapid transition of G. aristata from ornamental plant to casual alien and then to invasive species in certain environmental conditions (i.e. sandy soils, species-poor communities, human disturbances), although it seems to be not a strong ecosystem transformer so far. Nonetheless, banning it from seed mixtures, developing eradication strategy and long-term monitoring of this species would be important to halt its spreading in time.

The present part of the series provides miscellaneous new records of six lichen-forming, two lichenicolous and six flowering plant species from Hungary, Romania and Serbia. New Hungarian chorological records for the flowering plants are: Juncus sphaerocarpus new for the Putnok Hills and Sorbus semiincisa for Mezőföld. The second recent occurrence of Crepis mollis subsp. succisifolia very rare in Hungary is presented here from the Bakonyalja region. Sporobolus cryptandrus agressively spreading in the Hungarian sandy areas was found in the Nyírség area. The old records of Lappula heteracantha in the Mezőföld (Balatonkenese) and those of Sherardia arvensis in the Zemplén Mts are confirmed. Regarding the lichen-forming fungi Bacidia fraxinea and Toniniopsis subincompta are new to the Vértes Mts (Hungary), Bacidia rubella is new to Mt Pilis (Hungary), Flavoparmelia soredians is new to the Hajdúság area (Hungary), and Oxneria huculica is new to Romania and Serbia. Second or further additional records are reported for Bacidia rubella (Vértes Mts), and for Parmotrema perlatum (Nyírség area). Several new Hungarian records of the lichenicolous fungi Scutula tuberculosa and Stigmidium solorinarium for the Bakony, Buda, Bükk and Vértes Mts are also listed here.

A tanulmány 44 neofiton faj 272 új elterjedési adatát tartalmazza Magyarország területéről az elmúlt néhány évből. Először sikerült kimutatni Magyarországról az Iris orientalis-t, melynek meghonosodott populációját találtuk kiszáradt, sztyeppesedő mocsárréten. A közelmúltban megtelepedett, de vélhetően vasút mentén gyorsan terjedő faj lesz a Lepidium oblongum. Kerti szökevényként a Buddleja davidii és a Broussonetia papyrifera természetközeli élőhelyeken napjainkban válik átalakító fajjá és zavart cserjésben, erdőben a Vinca major lokális invázióját is megfigyeltük. Ruderális élőhelyeken az Euphorbia prostrata, Kochia scoparia subsp. densiflora és a Lepidium virginicum gyorsuló terjedésére hívjuk fel a figyelmet. Szintén gyors és tömeges terjedését figyelhetjük meg számos korábban meghonosodott fajnak, melyek egyre gyakrabban telepednek meg urbánus területeken kívül, természetközeli növényzetben is (Eleusine indica, Euphorbia maculata, Chorisposa tenella, Galinsoga ciliata, Lepidium densiflorum, Phytolacca esculenta, Tragus racemosus, Viola sororia). Bemutatunk lassabban, de kitartóan terjedő, régebb óta jelen lévő meghonosodott fajokat (Aster novae-angliae, Erechtites hieracifolia, Humulus scandens, Oenothera depressa, Oe. suaveolens, Oxybaphus nyctagineus, Sedum rupestre, S. spurium) és korábban elterjedt, majd visszaszorult, napjainkban újra terjedő fajokat is (Amaranthus crispus, Taeniatherum caput-medusae). A városi flórában közönséges Commelina communis vasúti sínek mentén is terjedésnek indult. Talán alkalmi behurcolással érkezhetett egy Tisza melletti nyírt gyepbe az Ecballium elaterium. Mezőgazdasági kultúrából maradt parlagi túlélő a Trigonella caerulea. Vélhetően kerti szökevény a karsztbokorerdőben, cserjésben megjelenő Cotoneaster zabelii. Erdei utak mentén figyeltük meg az Euphorbia marginata terjedését. Ezen felül bemutatunk számos alkalmi kivadulást (Lamium galeobdolon subsp. argentatum, Nassella tenuissima, Oenothera glazioviana, Ophiopogon japonicus, Papaver dubium subsp. lecoqii cv. ’Beth’s Poppy’), melyek között kiemelt helyet foglalnak el az alkalmi hulladéklerakók (Antirrhinum majus, Eschscholzia californica, Euphorbia lathyris, Galanthus plicatus, Hordeum jubatum, Yucca filamentosa). Végül bemutatunk 2 taxonómiai nehézségek miatt adathiányos taxont is (Amaranthus blitum subsp. emarginatus, Azolla filiculoides).

A gyepterületek kiterjedésének drasztikus csökkenése a hozzájuk kötődő életközösségek összeomlásához vezethet, ezért kiemelten fontos a meglévő állományok megóvása, illetve a specialista fajok és együttesek élőhelyének helyreállítása. Kutatásunkban a megfogyatkozott, beszántások által leginkább fenyegetett löszgyepvegetáció felülvetéses rekonstrukciójának eredményeit vizsgáltuk alföldi környezetben, hogy pontosabb képet kapjunk a módszer mezőségi (csernozjom) talajon való alkalmazásáról. Vizsgálatunkat a fokozottan védett battonyai Tompapusztai-löszgyepen (Körös–Maros Nemzeti Park) és közvetlen szomszédságában, egy 2009-ben felhagyott szántóföldi parcellán végeztük. A parlag egy kijelölt részét 2011-ben felülvetéssel kezelték. A felülvetéshez kizárólag a Tompapusztai-löszgyepről származó propagulumot használtak. A rekonstrukció során legnagyobb mennyiségben az ősi löszpusztagyep domináns pázsitfűfaja, a vékony csenkesz (Festuca valesiaca) került elvetésre. Kisebb mennyiségben, szintén az ősgyepről származó, összesen 28 célfajt tartalmazó, különböző arányban összeállított magkeveréket juttattak ki a talajfelszínre. A gyepképződési folyamatot 4×4 m-es állandó kvadrátok ismételt cönológiai felvételezésével monitoroztuk. 2015-ben, a felülvetés utáni 4. évben már a Festuca valesiaca, vagyis a természetes állapotú löszgyep domináns pázsitfűfaja volt a legnagyobb borítást elérő faj a vetett gyepben. Ugyanakkor ebben az évben a vegetáció még meglehetősen heterogén volt, illetve még a szukcesszió korai stádiumának jellegzetességét is mutatta. 2020-ban, a felülvetést követő 9. évre már csökkent a gyomfajok száma, jelentősen nőtt a diverzitás és a célfajok borítása, illetve a vegetáció homogénebbé vált. Azonban a Festuca valesiaca referencia-területhez képesti túlzott dominanciája, és számos célfaj jóval alacsonyabb borítása miatt a löszgyepek változatos borításértékekkel jellemezhető struktúrája nem alakult ki. Emellett a felülvetéssel érintett terület növényzete fajszámban és diverzitásban is szignifikánsan alulmaradt a természetes löszgyephez képest. A felülvetett gyepben készített felvételek főkoordináta-analízis alapján is elkülönültek az ősgyepi kvadrátoktól. A löszgyepek rekonstrukciója, azok fajgazdagsága és változatos szerkezete miatt rendkívüli kihívást jelent, az eredeti állapotok megközelítéséhez valószínűleg a vizsgált időszaknál nagyságrenddel hosszabb időtartamra van szükség. A domináns pázsitfűfaj felülvetésén alapuló módszerrel tíz év alatt habitusában hasonló, azonban vegetációs sajátságaiban még erősen eltérő gyepet sikerült kialakítani.

The present part of the series provides miscellaneous new records of 15 taxa of vascular plants from Hungary. New chorological records are provided here: Androsace maxima, Helminthia echioides and Hypericum elegans are new for the ‘Közép-Tisza-vidék’, Helminthia echioides is also new to the ‘Duna-sík’, Aphanes arvensis and Medicago rigidula are new in the ‘Hajdúság’, Bolboschoenus maritimus is new for the Putnok Hills and Sajó Valley, Draba muralis is new for the Mátra Mts, Eriochloa villosa is a new alien weed in Western Hungary, Erucastrum nasturtiifolium is new for the ‘Zagyva-völgy’ microregion, Gagea minima is new for the ‘Cserhát’, Polycarpon tetraphyllum is new to the flora of the Transdanubian Mountains, a new population of Reseda inodora has been found in the Kiskunság (Harta), Sherardia arvensis is new both for ‘Nyírség’ and ’Hajdúság’, Tordylium maxmimum is new for the ‘Marosszög’ microregion, and the rare hybrid Tragopogon ×crantzii is new for the Jászság.

This paper includes 4 hawthorn species (C. laevigata, C. lindmanii, C. ovalis, C. rosaeformis subsp. rosaeformis) and 8 hawthorn hybrid taxa (C. ×macrocarpa nothosubsp. baranecii, C. ×media, C. ×plagiosepala nothosubsp. dunensis, C. ×pseudoxyacantha, C. ×radnoti-gyarmatii, C. subsphaerica nothosubsp. jacquinii and nothosubsp. subsphaerica) from the North Hungarian Mountains, giving the exact location data and site conditions of the new discoveries. It points out that approximately 10% of the hawthorn individuals in the studied forests are microspecies or hybrids, and that hybrid taxa are often present more frequently than their parent species.