The consumption of antidepressants has increased markedly in recent years. Among them, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the pharmacological treatment of choice for depression, with fluoxetine being the most widely used and prescribed worldwide. Therefore, fluoxetine has been detected in Waste Water Treatment Plants effluents, and the reuse of these effluents for irrigation and soil amendments constitutes a route for the introduction of fluoxetine into the agricultural environment. For this reason, the objective of this work was to evaluate the phytotoxic effect, uptake, and translocation of fluoxetine in chicory (Cichorium intybus) at early stages of seedling development and in a soil-plant system. This antidepressant showed a distinctive physiological response in chicory plants at 1 and 10 mg/L, increasing the growth parameters and the water retention capacity in seedlings. Additionally, a promotion of the chlorophyll biosynthesis at 0.01 and 0.10 mg/L in leaves was observed, resulting in a maintenance of photosynthetic functionality. Furthermore, no significant activation of the endogenous antioxidant system was detected, suggesting that the compound did not induce oxidative stress. Finally, the presence of fluoxetine in soil and a restricted transfer to different parts of the plant were confirmed. To our knowledge, it is the first work studying both the uptake and phytotoxicity of fluoxetine on a terrestrial plant, chicory.

BACKGROUND:Replacement of synthetic colorants with stable natural alternatives remains a major challenge for the food industry. While pyranoanthocyanins (PACNs) offer superior stability compared to their anthocyanin (ACN) precursors, their scarce natural occurrence and slow formation kinetics restrict their industrial applicability. This study aims to develop a sustainable valorization strategy for grape pomace by utilizing a reactive vinyl cofactor for the transformation of ACN-rich crude extracts into high-value PACNs, and to evaluate their application in a real food system. RESULTS:PACN formation was achieved in 72 h at 25 °C using a 1:5 ACN-to-cofactor molar ratio, reaching ca 40% yield. By utilizing bioproduced 4-vinylcatechol (4-VC) as cofactor, the process bypassed the extended reaction times and high cofactor requirements associated with PACN synthesis. Notably, the direct derivatization of crude grape pomace extract outperformed the semi-purified extract, eliminating purification steps commonly required. Furthermore, the use of biotransformation broth as the source of 4-VC yielded results comparable to those of the purified cofactor, further streamlining the process. The resulting PACNs exhibited superior chromatic stability across a wide pH range and higher antioxidant capacity than native ACNs. When incorporated into yogurt, they maintained stable coloration for 14 days without affecting the viability of lactic acid bacteria. CONCLUSION:This study demonstrates a streamlined and promising approach for producing stable PACNs directly from agro-industrial byproducts. By integrating efficient transformation under mild conditions with validation in a real food matrix, this strategy overcomes kinetic limitations and supports the development of clean-label colorants from sustainable sources. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

Oxytetracycline (OTC), a key antibiotic used in global aquaculture, has still unclear ecotoxicological effects. In this study, freshwater fish Piaractus mesopotamicus were fed diets containing 750 mg kg-1 of either pure OTC (ATB1) or commercial OTC (ATB2) for 10 days (treatment period-TP), followed by a 21-day withdrawal period (depuration period-DP). Fish fed with ATB2 showed decreased hematocrit (at DP) and increased glucose levels (TP and DP). In general, catalase activity increased in the liver, gills, and muscle of OTC-treated individuals at both TP and DP, particularly with ATB2. Similarly, glutathione S-transferase activity rose in the brain, gills, and muscle (TP and DP). Conversely, alkaline phosphatase activity in the liver decreased in both treated groups (TP and DP). Additionally, only ATB2 induced lactate dehydrogenase in fish muscle after 1-day depuration. Principal component analysis identified most antioxidant enzymes, hematocrit, weight, length, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration as key biomarkers, distinguishing ATB2 from control fish. These results indicate that the dietary therapeutic dose of OTC caused adverse effects in P. mesopotamicus. Differences in biomarker responses between ATB1 and ATB2 might be linked to unknown compounds in the commercial formulation, potentially influencing biological responses or altering OTC bioavailability. Further research on the toxicity of antimicrobial impurities and degradation compounds should accompany enhanced quality control measures in aquaculture to guarantee sustainable and safe products.

Water pollution caused by veterinary antibiotics is a growing concern. Phytoremediation, which employs plants to remove emerging contaminants from water, offers a promising solution. This study investigated Potamogeton pusillus L., a submerged macrophyte, for the phytoremediation of flumequine (FLU), a fluoroquinolone commonly used in veterinary medicine, through a 20-day hydroponic experiment. Macrophytes were exposed to 50 and 500 µg L-1 of FLU, and FLU removal, bioaccumulation, metabolite formation, and physiological responses were assessed. Results showed that P. pusillus effectively removed 73 % and 47 % of FLU at 50 and 500 µg L-1, respectively. The highest bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of 476 and 379 L kg⁻¹ d.w. were recorded at day 14. FLU accumulated primarily in roots, followed by leaves and stems. Nine FLU metabolites were tentatively identified, with hydroxylation products (phase I) predominant in roots, while methylation and glucoside conjugation products (phase II) were more abundant in leaves. Minor physiological changes indicated the macrophyte's tolerance. These findings highlight P. pusillus as a promising candidate for FLU phytoremediation.

The municipality of Vitória, state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, has recognized emissions of atmospheric particulate matter (APM) as an environmental and human health threat, emitted mainly by the mining and steel industries. The aim of this study was to characterize and quantify the chemical elements present in the metallic nanoparticles of APM from Vitória (PM2.5 and PM10) and to evaluate their biochemical effects and those of the sedimentable APM (PM45–75) on Allium cepa (onion) cells, as a bioindicator. The analyses consisted of characterization in aqueous solution; quantification of metals; X-ray diffraction analysis; and quantification of superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione, ascorbate peroxidase, lipid peroxidation, and metallothionein in A. cepa cells exposed to seven concentrations of the collected materials. The results showed that these particles dissociate in water, forming agglomerates of different sizes, up to nanoparticles. The X-ray data demonstrated a higher proportion of hematite and quartz, corroborating the high quantification of Fe. Among the analyzed metals, Fe, Al, B, Mn, Se, Zn, Sr, Cu, Ni, Ba, and Ti (an emerging metal) had the highest concentrations. There was an increase in the antioxidant system of A. cepa cells. Therefore, it is essential to reinforce the monitoring and regulation of APM emissions, considering their chemical composition and biological effects.

The concentration of metals/metalloids in settleable particulate matter (SePM) from industrial area and in the muscles were determined in the estuarine fish, Centropomus parallelus, after 96 h-exposure to different SePM concentrations. Antioxidant defenses, oxidative damage and neurotoxicity were also determined. The risk for human consumption was evaluated by estimating daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI) and compared with fish collected close to the industries. Eighteen metals/metalloids were quantified in SePM and the muscles. In red muscle, the antioxidant enzymes were unchanged, and the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and protein carbonyls (PC) increased. In white muscle, the glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity and glutathione content (GSH) decreased, PC levels and lipid peroxidation (LPO) increased; the AChE was unchanged. Metals/metalloids bioaccumulated in muscles induced oxidative damage which may affect muscle function and consequently, fish performance. After short-term exposure to SePM there was no risk for human consumption. However, the EDI of fish collected in field exceeded the acceptable DI for children concerning to As and Hg. HI were lower than 1 revealing no carcinogenic risk.

Atmospheric particulate material (PM10), collected near to a metallurgical industrial area, caused internalisation of metallic nanoparticles. This is the first study of the bioavailability and detoxification pathway of metallic nanoparticles (NP) internalised into lung cells. Adenocarcinoma human alveolar epithelial lung cells (A549) were exposed to PM10 arising from a polluted area affected by smelting activity in Brazil (Vitória, ES). A time-course ultrastructural analysis (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24h) was used to verify the internalisation process and its subsequent detoxification. The metal bioaccumulation, biochemical changes and cytotoxicity analyses were evaluated in lung cells after 24 h exposure to 0, 1, 5, 10, 20 and 40 μg PM10 mL-1. Time-course ultrastructural analysis showed that NP were internalised in both cytoplasm and nucleus after 1h exposure. Vesicles around internalised NP started forming after 3h; detoxification vesicles increased accumulating more NP between 6 and 12h exposure. Exocytosis was observed after 24h exposure. Five out of 28 analyzed metals (Al, Ti, Y, Fe and Ce) were bioaccumulated in the exposed cells. The emerging contaminants Ce, Y and Ti were mainly responsible for cytotoxicity effects. To our knowledge, this is the first record of the sequence of internalisation-toxicity, followed by physiological and biochemical responses, in lung cells exposed to atmospheric PM10 from a metallurgical area. This indicates the need for specific regulation of atmospheric PM from the smelting industry worldwide, considering the presence and toxic levels of emerging metallic contaminants (EMCs).

Anthropogenic activity associated with metallurgy affects nearby aquatic ecosystems by contaminating them with metallic effluents (e.g., liquid and aerosols). This study evaluated the metal/metalloid contamination of two coastal lagoons with different physical and chemical water characteristics, Carapebus (brackish water) and Maembá (freshwater), located near metallurgical industries, and an aquaculture facility, Alegre (freshwater), located far away from the industries. The lagoons are in the state of Espirito Santo, the largest steel producer and iron ore exporter in Brazil. Relative condition factor (Kn) and multiple blood biomarkers in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), a common species in all sites, were evaluated in these sites. A total of 27 metals/metalloids were analyzed in water, sediment, and fish blood (cells and plasma). The hematological, immunological, physiological, and genetic biomarkers were analyzed in blood. Metal/metalloid concentrations varied in each matrix of each site. Fish from Maembá (site M1) had lower Kn, presented anemia, and had higher leukocytes and plasma lysozyme and glucose levels. Fish from Carapebus had higher micronucleus and cortisol levels. Fish from the lagoons exhibited higher respiratory leukocyte activity. Multivariate analysis separated Alegre from the two lagoons and emphasized the difference between them and fish responses. The correlation of some metals with erythrocyte DNA damage (Zn, Sr, Sn, and Ag), total leukocytes (Zn, Sr, Sn, Ag, V, Cr, and La), lymphocytes (Cu and Ni), and eosinophils and cortisol (Fe, As, and, Pb) in fish from Maembá and Carapebus showed that toxicity depends on the physical and chemical characteristics of water, which affect metal speciation. The interaction of abiotic factors and metals/metalloids in water also implies that fish adjust to maintain homeostasis.

The safety and nutritional quality of leafy vegetables are influenced by various cultivation practices; however, data comparing agroecological, conventional, and hydroponic systems remain limited. This study aimed to evaluate differences in Eruca sativa (arugula) grown under these systems, focusing on microbiological quality, levels of inorganic elements, and potential health implications of consumption. Additionally, it explores whether combining these parameters with S15N analysis can effectively distinguish between arugula from different farming systems. Microbiological analysis revealed superior quality of hydroponic arugula, as fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella spp. were not detected in any sample. Diverse essential and toxic elements were found in arugula, with Cd, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Sr present in higher concentrations in conventional and agroecological samples. Conversely, hydroponic arugula presented higher concentrations of Mg (3487 f 1250 mu g g- 1 d.w.) and Zn (56.6 f 30.1 mu g g- 1 d.w.). Health risk assessments indicate that consuming conventional, agroecological, or hydroponic arugula does not pose health risks for adults. S15N displayed similar values for conventional (8.1 f 3.1 %o) and agroecological systems (9.6 f 2.9 %o), with hydroponic arugula showing the lowest values (4.8 f 2.7 %o). Linear Discriminant Analysis classified arugula samples with high accuracy, particularly for hydroponic arugula (100%). These findings highlight the influence of cultivation systems on arugula's safety and quality, emphasizing the benefits of hydroponic farming for minimizing pathogen and metal contamination in leafy vegetables. Additionally, S15N combined with multi-elemental and microbiological analyses enable a clear differentiation between hydroponic arugula and either conventional or agroecological samples.

The metallurgy industry is a potent global source of particulate matter (PM) atmospheric emissions. A portion of this PM may settle in aquatic (SePM) carrying metal/metalloid particles and metallic nanoparticles. Surprisingly, this form of contamination has not received due attention from most environmental monitoring agencies. We analyzed the effect of exposure to SePM on shrimp post-larvae, a critical stage for the viability of shrimp populations and for the trophic chain. After acclimation, shrimp were exposed to contaminants using a randomized experimental design—a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement with 2 factors: exposure time (24, 48, 72, and 96 h) and SePM concentration (0.00, 0.01, 0.10, and 1.00 g L−1). The bioaccumulation of metals, contamination rates, mortality, and ROS-related biomarkers (lipid peroxidation – LPO; DNA strand breakage DNA SB and metallothionein content – MTs;) were evaluated. After contamination, the water contained 27 different metals/metalloids. Post-larvae accumulated metals, such as Cd, Pb, Al, As, Se, Sr, Zr, Ba, La, Ce, W, and Hg. However, the rise in SePM did not result in a proportional bioaccumulation rise, indicating that effective biological barriers may work for some metals. Although the different levels of SePM changed mortality dynamics, they resulted in a similar final lethality (60–80 %). SePM caused significant damage to lipids (increased LPO), genetic material (DNA SB), and increased Mts. Such effects may reflect a particularly deleterious ecological problem as it is present at such an early stage of life. These results identified a clear environmental risk since the lower level of exposure used was 102 times lower than that measured in the habitats affected by local industry. Consequently, our results emphasize the need for clear protocols for monitoring the effects of SePM in aquatic environments.

Bullfrog tadpoles, Aquarana catesbeiana, were exposed to settleable particulate matter (SePM), (1 g L−1, 96 h) and their organs were collected for analysis of metal/metalloid, oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in liver, muscle, kidney and brain. The SePM water of the exposed groups contained 18 of the 28 metals/metalloids detected in ambient particulate matter (APM). Fe56 and Al were those that presented the highest concentrations, Cr, Mn, Pb and Cu increased from 10 to 20 times and Ti, V, Sr, Rb, Cd, Sn and Ni increased from 1 to 3 times compared to the control. Bioaccumulation of metals/metalloids in the exposure water varied significantly between organs, with the muscle and liver showing the highest concentrations of metals, followed by the brain. Lipoperoxidation and malondialdehyde increased only in muscle, while carbonyl proteins increased only in the liver and brain. Regarding nitric oxide synthase, there was an increase in the liver and brain in the group exposed to SePM. Catalase activity decreased in the liver and muscle, while the activity of glutathione peroxidase, increased in the liver and kidney and decreased in muscle. Glutathione S-transferase, which is mainly responsible for detoxification, increased in the liver and decreased in muscle and the kidney. Cholinesterase activity increased only in the muscle. The results indicate oxidative stress, due to oxidation catalyzed by metals, components of SePM. Thus, the results contribute to the understanding that SePM has a deleterious effect on the aquatic environment, negatively affecting bullfrog tadpoles, in different ways and levels in relation to the analyzed organs.

As natural bioactive compounds with recognized antioxidant power, polyphenols may impact on several diseases associated with oxidative stress. In this study, defatted sesame flour (DSF) was investigated as a potential source of dietary polyphenols and a functional ingredient. Additionally, the impact of manufacture and digestion processes on the biological efficacy of the resulting extracts in the HepG2 cell line was explored. For this purpose, polyphenolic extracts were obtained from three sources: DSF, a control sweet cookie formulation and 10% DSF-enriched cookies. In addition, extracts of potentially bioaccessible polyphenols from in vitro digested cookies were collected. Cells were incubated with all these extracts and then injured with H2O2. Intracellular oxidative state and viability, antioxidant enzymes activities, glutathione (GSH) content, and oxidation of proteins and lipids were analyzed. The results showed DSF pro-oxidant actions on the cellular redox state, which hormetically enhanced the antioxidant response. Similarly, biological activity of DSF enriched cookies was found to persist after manufacture and digestion, promoting lipid peroxidation alleviation and GSH replenishment.By promoting an antioxidant response in cells, DSF may be considered for functional incorporation, offering preventive benefits and protective action to counterbalance oxidative damage. This study contributes to highlighting the benefits of DFS validating its final biological effects in a cellular model.

We use the sentinel mangrove crab, Minuca rapax, , as a model to investigate the effects of metallic settleable particulate matter (SePM) on wetland. Multiple levels of energetic responses, including (i) metabolic rate and energy budget, (ii) oxidative stress, and (iii) behavioral response by righting time, were assessed as well as the metal and metalloid content in crabs exposed to 0, 0.1 and 1 g.L-1- 1 of SePM, under emerged and submerged conditions over five days, simulating the rigors of the intertidal habitat. Al, Fe, Mn, Cr, and Y exhibited a concentration-dependent increase. Metal concentrations were higher in submerged crabs due to the continuous ingestion of SePM and direct exposure through gills. Exposure concentration up to 1 g.L-- 1 decreased metabolic rate and enzymatic activities, reduced assimilation efficiency and energy for maintenance, and induces a slower response to righting time, probably by metal effects on nervous system and energy deficits. In conclusion, SePM exposure affects the redox status and physiology of M. rapax depending on he submersion regime and SePM concentration. The disruption to the energy budget and the lethargic behavior in M. rapax exposed to SePM implies potential ecological alterations in the mangrove ecosystem with unknown consequences for the local population.

The steel industry is a significant worldwide source of atmospheric particulate matter (PM). Part of PM may settle (SePM) and deposit metal/metalloid and metallic nanoparticles in aquatic ecosystems. However, such an air -towater cross -contamination is not observed by most monitoring agencies. The region of Vitoria City is the main location of iron processing for exports in Brazil, and it has rivers, estuaries, and coastal areas affected by SePM. We have evaluated the effects of SePM on a local representative fish species, the fat snook, Centropomus parallelus . After acclimation, 48 fishes (61.67 +/- 27.83 g) were individually exposed for 96 h to diverse levels of SePM (0.0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 g/L -1 ). The presence of metals in the blood and several blood biomarkers were analyzed to evaluate the impact of SePM on stress signaling, blood oxygen transport capacity, and innate immune activity. Metal bioaccumulation was measured from blood in two separately analyzed compartments: intracellular (erythrocytes plus white blood cells) and extracellular (plasma). The major metals present at all contamination levels in both compartments were Fe and Zn, followed by Al and Cu, plus traces of 'Emerging metals ': Ba, Ce, La, Rb, Se, Sr, and Ti. Emerging metals refer to those that have recently been identified in water as contaminants, encompassing rare earth elements and critical technology elements, as documented in previous studies (See REEs and TCEs in Cobelo-Garc & iacute;a et al., 2015; Batley et al., 2022). Multivariate analysis revealed that SePM had strong, dose -dependent correlations with all biomarker groups and indicated that blood oxygen -carrying capacity had the highest contamination responsiveness. Metal contamination also increased cortisol and blood glucose levels, attesting to increased stress signaling, and had a negative effect on innate immune activity. Knowledge of the risks related to SePM contamination remains rudimentary. However, the fact that there was metal bioaccumulation, causing impairment of fundamental physiological and cellular processes in this ecologically relevant fish species, consumed by the local human population, highlights the pressing need for further monitoring and eventual control of SePM contamination.

Today, consumption of diets rich in saturated fat and fructose, associated with a variety of metabolic deregulations, has increased. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with a residue of defatted chia seed on a diet with low nutritional quality. To do this, C57BL/6 male mice were fed with the Control (C), Low-Nutritional-Quality (LNQ), or supplemented-with-chia-defatted-flour (LNQ+C) diets. After 12 weeks, the glucose and lactate levels were determined in the serum, liver, and kidney, along with reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, antioxidant enzyme activity, reduced glutathione (GSH), and protein oxidation (AOPP). The LNQ diet increased the glucose and lactate levels (+25% and +50% approx. in the liver, with respect to the control group) and generated oxidative stress by modifying the levels of ROS and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, causing oxidative damage to proteins (+12% in the liver, with respect to the control). Chia supplementation helped to restore the glucose to control levels and modulate the endogenous antioxidant system, resulting in a decrease in protein oxidation products with no differences compared to the control group. In conclusion, supplementation with chia showed beneficial effects on the general health of mice, even when fed a low-nutritional-quality diet.

Metallurgical activities are a significant source of settleable atmospheric particulate matter (SePM). The material is exposed to wind action, leading to its deposition throughout terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, thus promoting contamination by metals and metalloids. However, knowledge of the impacts on biota is scarce. In aquatic coastal zones, evaluating hemolymph in invertebrates makes it possible to have insights into the pre -pathogenic effects and health status of organisms. Our study aimed to evaluate bioaccumulation and the sublethal effects of SePM on the mangrove crab Ucides cordatus by assessing biomarkers of cito-genotoxicity in the hemolymph. Organisms underwent a 30 -day experiment with four treatments: control; 0.01 g.L -1 , 0.1 g.L -1 , 1 g.L -1 of SePM, with hemolymph sampled at 2, 7, 15, and 30 days of exposure to assess lipid peroxidation (LPO), DNA damage (strand break), cholinesterase (ChE) and lysosomal membrane stability (LMS). The results revealed metals' bioaccumulation in soft tissues (Al, Fe + , Fe ++ , Cu, Zr, Nb) and dose -time -dependent responses for LPO, DNA strand break, ChE, and LMS. Significant correlation was found between LPO and Cu (tissue), reduced LMS and Al and Fe (tissue), and Cu, Zn, Ag, and Bi in water. Hemolymph was related to the toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic of metals and metalloids from SePM in Ucides cordatus . New toxicological evidence was obtained to shed light on the impacts of SePM on the ecological status of coastal zones.

Amphibians are more susceptible to environmental stressors than other vertebrates due to their semipermeable skin and physiological adaptations to living in very specific microhabitats. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a metal mixture from settleable particulate matter (SePM) released from metallurgical industries on Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles. Endpoints analyzed included metal bioconcentration, morphological (biometrical indices), hematological parameters (hemoglobin and blood cell count), and erythrocyte DNA damage (genotoxicity and mutagenicity). American bullfrog tadpoles (Gosner's stage 25) were kept under control condition (no contaminant addition) or exposed to a sub-lethal and environmentally relevant concentration (1 g.L-1) of SePM for 96 h. Tadpoles exposed to SePM exhibited elevated whole blood levels of Fe56, AL, Sn, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, Ti, Rb, V, Ce, La, Ag, As. SePM-exposed tadpoles showed a significant decrease in condition factor (12%) and increases in hepatosomatic index (25%), hemoglobin concentration (17%), and total leukocytes (82%), thrombocytes (90%), and monocytes (78%) abundance. In addition, exposed tadpoles showed higher MN and ENAs (340 and 140%, respectively) frequencies, and erythrocyte DNA damage with approximately 1.2-to 1.8-fold increases in comet parameters. Taken together, these results suggest that the multimetal mixture found in SePM is potentially genotoxic and mutagenic to L. catesbeianus tadpoles, induces stress associated with hematological changes, and negatively affects growth. Although such contamination occurs at sublethal levels, regulatory standards are needed to control the emission of SePM and protect amphibian populations.

Food processing and digestion can alter bioactive compound composition of food, affecting their potential biological activity. In this study, we evaluated the direct and protective antioxidant effects of polyphenols extracted from defatted chia flour (DCF) (salviaflaside, rosmarinic and fertaric acid as major compounds), sweet cookies supplemented with DCF (CFC) (same major compounds), and their digested fractions (rosmarinic acid, salviaflaside, fertaric and salvianolic E/B/L acid as major compounds) in HepG2 cells in basal and in oxidative stress conditions. DCF showed protective antioxidant effects by decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protein oxidation products (POP) while increasing reduced glutathione (GSH). Additionally, CFC revealed similar protective effects and even showed enhanced modulation of the antioxidant system due to the activation of antioxidant enzymes. However, the digested fractions only decreased ROS, indicating continued antioxidant effects. This study underscores the importance of evaluating manufacturing and digestion effects to confirm a food's antioxidant properties.

Given the recent research on the application of eco-sustainable methods in organic chemistry, we have focused our attention on the derivatization processes for fundamental functional groups in organic chemistry, such as amino, hydroxyl and carbonyl groups. Protection reactions are needed to temporarily block a certain reactive site on a molecule. The use of green solvents in this context has made an excellent contribution to the development of eco-sustainable methods. In recent years, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have had great success as a new class of green solvents used in various chemical applications, such as extraction or synthetic processes. These solvents are biodegradable and nontoxic. In this framework, a list of relevant works found in the literature is described, considering DESs to be a good alternative to classic toxic solvents in the protection reactions of important functional groups.

This study explores the relationship between poultry farming's antibiotic administration practices and residual antibiotic levels in the litter before its application onto agricultural soils. Twenty-three antibiotics were performed across 19 Argentinean farms representing diverse antibiotic management practices. Analysis revealed up to 20 antibiotics from eight chemical classes in poultry litter samples, with tylosin, enrofloxacin, and salinomycin being the most relevant drugs. Farms with restricted antibiotic use in feed exhibited lower residual concentrations. A self-heating treatment was tested to reduce litter antibiotic levels. Although a 60 % reduction of antibiotics was found after treatment, prevalent compounds persisted at residual levels. Regulatory measures and comprehensive litter treatments pre-application are crucial to mitigate environmental risks. This is the first study that provides insight on the occurrence of >20 drugs in real poultry production scenarios from Latin America and demonstrates how relatively simple treatments can be readily applied to decrease the associated environmental risks.