The solar-based hybrid automotive vehicle represents a trend marked by technological excellence, offering an efficient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly solution. Besides, the enhancement of solar absorption due to poor weather is influenced by poor solar power with reduced photocurrent density. This research focuses on enhancing the solar power and photocurrent density of conventional solar cells featuring aluminium-doped zinc oxide thin films (AZO) using the Mist Chemical Vapor Deposition (MIST CVD) process with a zinc acetate precursor solution processed at temperatures ranging from 200 to 400°C. To investigate the effect of AZO on the functional behaviour of solar cells, microstructural studies utilizing scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction reveal the concentration of AZO and the alignment of Al/ZnO peaks as even. As a result, this research demonstrates a 21% increase in solar power output compared to conventional Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) cells, with an improvement in photocurrent density of 1.24 mA/cm2. This advanced solar cell technology is recommended for use in electric vehicle (EV) applications.

Hydrogen fuel is becoming a popular choice in many energy applications because of its innovative green technology, which produces zero carbon emissions. It also offers better efficiency than fossil fuels. Current research focuses on obtaining hydrogen energy from agricultural waste using a gasification process. This process involves heating the waste at gasification temperatures 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700°C, maintaining a residence time of 60 minutes, and applying a gasification pressure of 20 bar. The effects of gasification temperature on the effectiveness of hydrogen production are examined. At a high gasification temperature of 700°C and a residence time of 60 minutes, the processed agro feedstock showed impressive results. It achieved a molar fraction of 12% carbon dioxide (CO2), 31% methane (CH4), and 55% hydrogen (H2), leading to an improved hydrogen yield of 15.2 mol/kg. Additionally, it demonstrated better hydrogen selectivity at 8.1 and a higher gasification efficiency of 61%, outperforming results from other gasification temperatures. Bio-green hydrogen is used as an alternative fuel for energy purposes.

The growth of green polycomposite is tolerated in different kinds of engineering applications and preserves specific qualities. This investigation is to synthesize the polymer-based composites adopted with polypropylene (PP) lamina as prime matrix, combined with NaOH-treated natural hemp fiber considered as reinforcement. This composite was prepared through the compression molding process, and the natural hemp fiber (HF) interacted with a 7

Due to the scarcity of natural minerals and materials, many industries are experiencing shortages, affecting their ability to produce various products. To address this issue and maintain production, the development and use of composite materials have become increasingly important. Hence, this research focuses on developing bio composites for structural applications, combining chitosan extracted from Agaricus bisporus and bamboo fibre with vinyl ester matrix. The study investigates thermal stability, fire resistance, and time-dependent deformation properties. Results state that incorporating chitosan and bamboo fibre significantly improved the properties. The cantilever beam modelled dynamic mechanical analyser results show a noteworthy increase in storage modulus, from 2.9 GPa in plain resin to 6.4 GPa in composite conatins resin + 35 vol.

This study delves into the effects of employing low friction pressure and high axial penetration during the fabrication of friction-welded joints using UNS S31603 stainless steel. The experiments were conducted using a continuous-drive rotary friction welding machine. Crucially, the research showcases the feasibility of creating robust welds in the metal, surpassing the strength of the parent metal. The resulting weld interfaces were remarkably narrow and well-defined. The mechanical properties of the welded joints, including tensile strength, yield strength, microhardness, impact toughness, and bending/flexural strength, were meticulously evaluated following ASTM standards. The findings indicate that the welded joints exhibited impressive tensile strength, approximately 803 MPa, and withstood a peak load of 52.0 kN. Additionally, these joints demonstrated a maximum elongation of 15.3

Polymer composites are beneficial over traditional materials and have been found to have distinct behaviour reasons, and it is used in lightweight applications including automotive and construction. However, natural fiber-made composites are found to lack quality, resulting in major variations in behaviour. The main theme of the current investigation is to develop the hybrid epoxy/flax composite featured with 0, 5, 10, and 15 weight percentages (wt

The friction stir welding (FSW) method was used to weld B4C reinforced AA 5083 metal matrix composites in this study. By coating titanium nitride (TiN), aluminium chromium nitride (AlCrN), and diamond-like carbon (DLC) to a thickness of 4 microns, three FSW tools with square pin profiles were developed and the friction coefficients of 0.69, 0.32, and 0.2 were maintained. At three levels, the process factors such as tool rotating speed, transverse feed, and axial force were examined. For each tool, 15 samples were made using the central composite design. The influence of the friction coefficient on ultimate tensile strength, microstructural features, and tool condition was studied, and the flower pollination algorithm (FPA) technique was used to find the best process parameters for obtaining maximum ultimate tensile strength of FSW joints. The improved tensile strength of FSW joints was verified using a validation test. The coating has a considerable influence on the ultimate tensile strength, microstructure, and tool condition, according to the results of the tool’s friction coefficient. The results on the prediction of strength using the fuzzy clustering technique showed that the technique is effective in predicting the tensile strength values, with the root mean square error (RSME) of TiN, AlCrN, and DLC being 0.0027, 0.0016, and 0.0015, respectively, and the low RSME indicating that the prediction based on the fuzzy subtractive clustering technique is perfect and effective.

This study investigates the enhancement of heat transfer for the fluid with the addition of nano-particles in a two-dimensional rectangular cavity. Thermo-physical properties of such fluids and volume fraction of nano-particles in those fluids and its heat transfer characteristics are studied. ANSYS Fluent code is utilized for this purpose. Validation of the computational model has been carried out against the benchmark data available from the literature. A heat transfer correlation in terms of the Nusselt number (Nu) average as a function of Grashoff number and volume fraction of the nano-particles in the base fluid for the turbulent flow is developed and formulated in this study.

In the recent days, super alloys especially nickel based materials are used more than 50% of aerospace gas turbine components such as turbine disc, blades etc., It becomes very hard to shape these materials with the use of traditional machining processes due to its improved strength at higher temperature. To overcome the issues faced during conventional machining, the various advanced machining techniques are tried for machining these super alloys. In the present study, Inconel 738 was cut by wire electrical discharge machining using 0.25 mm diameter copper wire. Demineralized water was used as dielectric fluid between tool and workpiece electrode. During the process, voltage, wire feed rate, time of pulse on and pulse off were adjusted at four different values and totally sixteen slots were cut to analyze the machining characteristics. The machined surfaces were tested for its surface finish, rate of material removal and kerf width. The ANOVA was performed using Minitab software to find out the optimized variables and percentage contribution of each parameter in providing the influencing results. Wire feed rate was the most influencing parameter to have the lowest kerf width. As far as Material removal rate, the four parameters were had the significant impact in increasing the MRR. Voltage is the important process parameter to reduce the surface roughness.

The emerging industrial need requires effective energy efficient materials and processing technologies that can be made engineering better. In this present study, a new attempt has been made to improve the effortless joining process of AA7075 T651-AZ31B base materials by using non-consumable rotating tool with novel biolubricant (biocarbon). The biocarbon was thermally reduced (TRB) from wheat straw via low temperature pyrolysis process at 450 °C. The fine biocarbon particles of sizes of about 1–3 µm are then surface modified to prevent the clustering effect using a silane chemical. The sound weld joints were prepared with the help of vertical machining centre as lap joint format. According to the result, the thermal reduction on the biocarbon particle makes the particle lesser impurities. The ordered structure biocarbon effectively offered the lubrication effect and improved the microstructure. The weld made with 1 vol

The main objective of this study is to compare the interpenetrating polymer networks’ (IPNs) physical strengths with different variants of fibers. In this study, E-glass, carbon, and a combination of E-glass and carbon fiber (hybrid) have been taken as the reinforcement. Similarly, three combinations of the IPNs were chosen as the matrix material, namely epoxy / polyurethane (EP), vinyl ester / polyurethane (VP) and epoxy/vinyl ester (EV) as IPN blends. In order to thoroughly understand the physical characteristics of the combination of blends and fibers, nine variants (laminates) were fabricated: combinations of epoxy / polyurethane / E-glass (EPG), epoxy / polyurethane / carbon (EPC), epoxy / vinyl ester / glass / carbon (EPGC-hybrid), vinyl ester / polyurethane / glass (VPG), vinyl ester / polyurethane / carbon (VPC), vinyl ester / polyurethane / glass / carbon (VPGC), epoxy / vinyl ester / glass (EVG), epoxy / vinyl ester / carbon (EVC), and epoxy / vinyl ester / glass / carbon (EVGC-hybrid), all with help of a hand-layup technique. Furthermore, mechanical tests such as tensile, flexural, impact, and HDT (heat distortion temperature) were performed on all the variants as per the ASTM standards. Results shows that carbon fiber reinforcement with all IPN combinations has shown extraordinary performance (double fold) over the E-glass fiber reinforcement, whereas the hybrid (combination of E-glass/carbon) laminates have shown excellent characteristics over E-glass fiber reinforcement, irrespective of IPN matrix material. All the results were compared with each other and their corresponding variations were plotted as bar charts. ABSTRAK: Objektif utama kajian ini adalah bagi membandingkan kekuatan fizikal rangkaian polimer saling menusuk (IPN) dengan pelbagai jenis gentian berbeza. Kajian ini mengguna pakai gentian kaca-E, karbon dan gabungan kaca-E dan gentian karbon (hibrid) sebagai penguat. Begitu juga, tiga kombinasi IPN dipilih sebagai bahan matrik, iaitu epoksi / poliuretan (EP), ester vinil / poliuretan (VP) dan epoksi / ester vinil (EV) sebagai campuran IPN. Bagi tujuan memahami secara mendalam ciri-ciri fizikal gabungan campuran dan gentian, sembilan varian (lamina) dihasilkan, malaui kombinasi seperti epoksi / poliuretan / kaca-E (EPG), epoksi / poliuretan / karbon (EPC), epoksi / ester vinil / kaca / karbon (EPGC-hibrid), ester vinil / poliuretan / kaca (VPG), ester vinil / poliuretan / karbon (VPC), ester vinil / poliuretan / kaca / karbon (VPGC), epoksi / ester vinil / kaca (EVG), epoksi / ester vinil / karbon (EVC), epoksi / ester vinil / kaca / karbon (EVGC-hibrid) dengan teknik susun atur lapisan menggunakan tangan. Selain itu, ujian mekanikal seperti tegangan, lenturan, hentaman dan HDT (suhu kelenturan panas) dilakukan pada semua varian mengikut piawaian ASTM. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa, penguat gentian karbon dengan semua kombinasi IPN telah menunjukkan prestasi luar biasa (dua kali ganda) daripada penguat gentian kaca-E, manakala lamina hibrid (campuran kaca-E / karbon) telah menunjukkan ciri-ciri sangat baik berbanding penguat gentian kaca-E tanpa mengira bahan matrik IPN. Semua hasil dapatan dibandingkan antara satu sama lain dan padanan variasi diplot sebagai carta bar.

Welding is necessary in industries like light and heavy-duty manufacturing, construction, automotive, aerospace, maintenance, repair works, etc. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a recently created welding technique that is employed with a non-consumable pin in all of the above-mentioned production areas. The cross-sectional size and shapes of the pin are also showing a great impact on the properties of the joints. This review article begins with the history of welding methods and it covers the topics of welding evolution, principle, joining of similar and dissimilar materials using FSW, applications and defects, as well as the various process factors in managing the qualities of the welded joint. The necessity of FSW is inevitable as it shows a good response of the mechanical properties with solid state temperature. It is a versatile welding process that has the capacity to join numerous materials, beginning with aluminium alloys and moving on to magnesium alloys, steel, composites, polymers, and dissimilar metals combinations.

The key focus of the automobile and aerospace sector on composites materials is increasing since its mechanical properties and applications. The new field of attention for researchers and scientist as conventional machining of metal matrix composite (MMCs) which is complex and difficult. To overcome this difficult and complexity the Electric discharge machining (EDM) is on the unconventional machining process widely applied for machining of MMCs. This research work investigates different the process various parameters of EDM and the microstructure study of machined component. The components are manufactured with hybrid metal matrix composite. The performance measurements indicators are Material Removal Rate (MRR), Tool Wear Rate (TWR) are calculated by L9-orthogonal array 4 factors 3 level. The process parameters such as Pulse interval time (Toff), Pulse on (Ton ) and Pulse withdrawal time (Tf), specimen type were considered at three levels. Experiments were conducted based on L9 orthogonal array. The influence of process parameters over measurement performance like MRR and TWR were discussed along with the microstructure image of the work piece materials. Results showed that type of specimen was influencing parameter for the output response considered.

Nowadays the energy usage in the building sectors in the construction industry has been increased for increasing the cooling and heating loads of buildings. The renewable energy generation and incorporation of PCMs in building sectors attains around the world for energy savings. A passive cooling method with PCM integration in the building system is to decrease the energy demand of buildings. This process involves storing cool and heat energy and discharging it as needed. In this work, the ENERGYPLUS simulation has been carried for the PCMs incorporated in the constructed building wall in hot climatic weather conditions in India for considering the passive cooling method. It reduce the daily indoor temperature variation in PCM building throughout the year through absorption of cool energy in PCM during early morning hours without using mechanical energy devices.

Laser beam machining is a non-traditional manufacturing method which melts, vaporizes and thermally changes the characteristics of the material by focusing a monochromatic coherent light beam on the workpiece. This research article focuses on studying the laser beam machining of mild steel material by varying the input parameters like cutting speed, gas pressure and laser power. The parameters were varied in three levels, and totally, nine experiments were conducted based on orthogonal array. The output parameters such as material removal rate and surface roughness were analyzed, and the experimental results revealed that cutting speed and laser power were the most dominating parameter for getting good surface refinish and better material removal rate, respectively. The interaction effects of the parameters were also significant. The fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering and fuzzy subtractive clustering (FSC)-based fuzzy inference systems are modeled to predict the output characteristics material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness. It is found that the fuzzy subtractive clustering-based fuzzy inference systems are very effective in predicting the outputs.