Aims: This field experiment was conducted to find out the effect of integrated nitrogen management on growth and yield of kharif maize. Study Design: In the experiment, five nitrogen management treatments were taken in Randomized Block Design (RBD). Place and Duration of Study: This field experiment was conducted for consecutive two kharif seasons in 2022 and 2023 at Agronomy Farm of B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand. Methodology: In the experiment, five nitrogen management treatments were taken in Randomised Block Design (RBD) viz T1:100% Recommended Dose of Nitrogen (RDN) through chemical fertilizer, T2:100% RDN through farm yard manure (FYM), T3:75% RDN through FYM + 25% through chemical fertilizer, T4:50% RDN through FYM + 50% through chemical fertilizer and T5:50% RDN through FYM + 25% through chemical fertilizer + Bio NPK consortium with four replications. Results: The various nitrogen management treatments significantly affected growth plant height at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest, grain yield and straw yield. Application 100% RDN through inorganic fertilizer (T1) to recorded significantly higher grain yield and straw yield, it was remained statistically at par with T4 (50% RDN through FYM + 50% RDN through chemical fertilizer) and T5 (50% RDN through FYM + 25% RDN through chemical fertilizer + Bio NPK consortium) in both the years and in pooled analysis. Conclusion: Application 100% RDN through inorganic fertilizer (T1) gave the highest plant height, grain yield and straw yield, closely followed by a 50% RDN from FYM + 50% from chemical fertilizer.

The trajectory of organic farming exhibits a variety of encouraging trends and cutting-edge approaches that are in line with the current global emphasis on sustainability, environmental stewardship, and food production that is focused on human health. Organic agriculture is experiencing an evolutionary metamorphosis, combining regenerative techniques, agroecological principles, precision agriculture technologies, and urban farming concepts into its basic ethos as the demand for organic products grows exponentially. These innovative features not only improve agricultural output and flexibility but also provide workable answers to urgent problems including reducing climate change, managing pests and diseases, and maximizing resource utilization. A growing global population has diverse food needs, which the emerging paradigm of organic farming emphasizes by emphasizing principles of transparency, circularity, and the careful integration of science and technology. It is projected that the organic industry would grow exponentially as a result of rising consumer knowledge and education about organic processes and related benefits, making a significant contribution to the realization of a sustainable and ethically sound food ecology. Organic farming is still firmly rooted in its unshakable dedication to ecological balance and responsible land stewardship in this dynamic progression. It stands out as a crucial factor in determining how agriculture will develop in the future, where food production will harmoniously live with natural systems, bringing about a healthier planet and promoting a sustainable food supply of unmatched significance

Background: The organic manures (FYN, Vermicompost and Castor cake) has potential to play the role in promoting growth and providing immunity in the plant system, resulting in increase overall yields and improve soil fertility. Hence, the present study was carried out to assess the fertilization effect of organic sources on available nutrients (N, P2O5, K2O), microbial count, organic carbon, EC, pH of soil after cultivation of greengram. Methods: During semi rabi season 2021, a field experiment was undertaken at the Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, comprising ten nutrient management strategies, laid out in a randomised complete block design with three replications. Results: Application of 100% Nitrgen through FYM in greengram resulted in significantly higher available nitrogen and organic carbon of soil while significantly higher microbial count found under the application of 75% N through FYM + ST (5ml/kg seed) of Rhizobium + Bio NPK consortium 1L/ha to others.

The study on linseed aimed to investigate the effectiveness of fertilizer and organic spray of banana pseudostem sap or vermiwash on yield, quality, uptake and economics of the crop was conducted at College Farm, N. M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari during rabi season of 2019-20. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with four replicates. The experimental field was fairly leveled and uniform. The treatments comprising of T1(50% RDF),T2 (50% RDF + Foliar spray of 1% vermiwash at 30 and 60 DAS), T3 (50% RDF + Foliar spray of 1% banana pseudostem sap at 30 and 60 DAS), T4(75% RDF), T5 (75% RDF + Foliar spray of 1% vermiwash at 30 and 60 DAS), T6 (75% RDF + Foliar spray of 1% banana pseudostem sap at 30 and 60 DAS), T7(100% RDF),T8 (100% RDF + Foliar spray of 1% vermiwash at 30 and 60 DAS) and T9(100% RDF + Foliar spray of 1% banana pseudostem sap at 30 and 60 DAS).The result indicated significant differences on seed yield, oil yield and nutrient uptake in the seed and stover. Treatment T9 outperformed the other treatments by registering maximum yield, oil yield and nutrient uptake in the seed and stover, gross return, net return and benefit cost ratio. It could be concluded that to obtain better yield, quality, uptake and economics of rabi linseed crop the crop should be applied with 100% RDF(60-30-00 N-P2O5-K2O kg ha-1) and foliar spray of 1% vermiwash or 1% banana pseudostem sap at 30 and 60 DAS.

Direct seeded rice (DSR) cultivation has received considerable attention due to its economic and labor-saving benefits. However, inadequate nutrient availability, particularly micronutrients, remains a significant constraint in achieving optimal crop growth and yield in direct seeded rice system. This research paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the impact of iron and zinc fertilization on yield, productivity and nutritional quality of direct seeded rice. This experiment was conducted at Experimental Farm, Regional Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, during kharif season of the year 2022 with twelve treatments of iron and zinc fertilization strategies viz. nutripriming, foliar application and soil drenching which were replicated thrice in randomized block design (RBD). In the treatments of nutripriming, seed were soaked in 0.5% solutions of iron sulphate and zinc sulphate individually and also in combination for 12 hrs. In other treatments, solutions of 0.5% concentration of iron sulphate and zinc sulphate were applied through foliar application at 30 and 50 DAS and soil drenching. Soil drenching was done by adding nutrient solutions (0.5% of iron sulphate and zinc sulphate each) directly on the rice sown lines of the plots. Findings demonstrate that targeted application of micronutrients (Fe and Zn) significantly enhanced the DSR performance in form of growth parameters, yield attributes, yield and nutrient content of grain and straw. Among all the treatments, (T5) nutripriming of direct seeded rice with 0.5% iron sulphate plus 0.5% zinc sulphate for 12 hours before sowing along with recommended dose of fertilizers has been found best in terms of plant height, panicles per m2, yield and Fe and Zn content in seed and straw of rice.

Aims: To study the different levels of doses and time applications of topramezone on weed, growth and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Bihar. Place and Duration of Study: Agronomy research farm of Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Muzaffarpur (Bihar), during the rabi 2020-21. Methodology: The experiment was carried out in an RBD design with three replications and ten treatments: topramezone (20.6 and 25.7 g/ha) applied at 14, 21, and 28 DAS, and quizalofop-p-ethyl (100 g/ha) applied at 25 DAS as post-emergence (PoE), pre-emergence (PE) application of valor 1000 g/ha + one hand weeding (HW) at 30 DAS, weed-free control (WFC), and weedy check. Results: PE application of valor 1000 g/ha + one HW 30 DAS recorded maximum plant height, number of branches/plants, plant dry matter, seed and straw yield while registered lowest weed dry weight and WCE as compared to all other herbicide treatments. Among all PoE-treated treatments, spray of topramezone (25.7 g/ha) after 21 days of sowing recorded maximum of all these growth parameters at harvest and lowest weed dry matter and highest WCE as compared to other PoE applications.

In the present era of farming, the farmers were not using the secondary fertilizers for supplementing the sulphur nutrient and groundnut and mustard crops require the higher amount of sulphur. While, the traditional sulphur fertilizers have very low nutrient use utilization efficiency, moreover nano fertilizers have high nutrient use efficiency. So, the present experiment was conducted with using the different sources of sulphur. The existing experiment was conducted at Anand Agricultural university, Anand, in 2021-22 using completely randomized design with 11 treatments replication 4 times. The results reveal that the significantly higher plant height at 30 DAS was registered with the application of RDF + sulphur nanoparticles @ 4 mg S/kg (T10), than rest of the treatments. The significantly higher plant height, branches/plant and biological yield of groundnut-mustard cropping sequence was obtained with the fertigation of RDF + sulphur nanoparticles @ 3 mg S/kg soil, 50% at basal & 50% at 30 DAS (T9). It can be concluded that application of 3 mg S/kg soil, 50% at basal & 50% at 30 DAS can be an optimum dose of sulphur in pot experiment through fertigation under sulphur deficient soil.

An experiment was conducted to study the response of organic sources on the growth, yield, and quality of semi-rabi green gram. The experiment was conducted during semi rabi season 2021, at Agronomy Farm, B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, comprising one chemical treatment with nine integrated nutrient management and biofertilizer treatments i.e. total 10 integrated organic manures treatments impose in semi rabi green gram. The layout of experiment was done according to Randomized complete block design with three replications. Growth attributes like plant height, number of branches, dry matter accumulation plant-1 and dry weight of nodules plant-1 of green gram as influenced by an application of 75% N through vermicompost + ST (5 ml kg seed-1) of Rhizobium + Bio NPK consortium 1 L ha-1. Significantly higher green gram yield attributing character and biological yield was observed significantly higher where application done by 75% N through vermicompost + ST (5 mL kg seed-1) of Rhizobium + Bio NPK consortium 1 L ha-1. Quality parameter and content is most important factors for green gram, an application of 75% N through vermicompost + ST (5 ml kg seed-1) of Rhizobium + Bio NPK consortium 1 L ha-1 treatment reported significantly higher seed and straw NPK content and uptake.

Aims: To evaluate the effect of fertilizer and organic foliar spray on growth, yield attributes and yield of linseed. Study Design: The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with four replications. Place and Duration of Study: A field experiment was carried out at College Farm, N. M. College of Agriculture, Navsari during rabi season of 2019-20. Methodology: The study comprised of nine different treatments viz., T1(50% RDF),T2 (50% RDF + Foliar spray of 1% vermiwash at 30 and 60 DAS), T3 (50% RDF + Foliar spray of 1% banana pseudostem sap at 30 and 60 DAS), T4(75% RDF), T5 (75% RDF + Foliar spray of 1% vermiwash at 30 and 60 DAS), T6 (75% RDF + Foliar spray of 1% banana pseudostem sap at 30 and 60 DAS), T7(100% RDF),T8 (100% RDF + Foliar spray of 1% vermiwash at 30 and 60 DAS) and T9(100% RDF + Foliar spray of 1% banana pseudostem sap at 30 and 60 DAS). Results: From the results, it was observed that an application of 100% RDF + Foliar spray of 1% banana pseudostem sap at 30 and 60 DAS (T9) resulted in significantly higher values of plant height (63.37 cm at 90 DAS), number of branches plant-1 (6.94 at 90 DAS), number of capsules plant-1 (51.85), number of seeds capsules-1 (8.95) and seed weight plant-1 (1.89). Significantly higher seed yield (1157 kg ha-1) and stover yield (2051 kg ha-1) of linseed were observed with the application of 100% RDF + Foliar spray of 1% banana pseudostem sap at 30 and 60 DAS (T9). Conclusion: It can be concluded that, application of 100% RDF (60-30-00 N- P2O5-K2O kg ha-1) + Foliar spray of 1% banana pseudostem sap or vermiwash at 30 and 60 DAS was found to be the most viable option for getting higher growth and yield in linseed.

Aims: To find out the Impact of zinc and thiourea application on growth and yield of summer green gram (Vigna radiata L.). Study Design: The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (factorial concepts) with three replications. Place and Duration of Study: A field experiment was conducted during summer season of 2020 at Agronomy Instructional Farm, SDAU, Dantiwada (Gujarat). The soil of experimental plot was loamy sand in texture. Methodology: The experiment comprising three levels of zinc (1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 kg ha-1) and five treatments of thiourea application (control (no spray), seed soaking with thiourea @ 500 ppm, foliar spray of thiourea @ 500 ppm at 30 DAS, foliar spray of thiourea @ 500 ppm at 45 DAS and foliar spray of thiourea @ 500 ppm at 30 and 45 DAS). Results: Almost all the growth and yield attributes as well as yield were significantly influenced due to various treatments. The plant height (47.02 cm and 46.60 cm, respectively), total number of pods plant-1 (15.92 and 19.82, respectively) and number of seeds pod-1 (7.91 and 8.26, respectively) and seed yield and stover yield were also found significantly higher in the application of either 4.5 kg Zn ha-1 or foliar sprays of thiourea @ 500 ppm at 30 and 45 DAS. Conclusion: On the basis of experimental results, it can be concluded that to obtain higher yield of green gram crop responds positively to the application of zinc and thiourea with enhancement in the agronomical performance and productivity.

Application of a broad-spectrum post-emergence herbicide is a promising weed management option for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). So, the goal of this experiment was to find out how much and when to use topramezone to control weeds in chickpea. The experiment was designed in RBD of ten treatments, viz. two different doses of topramezone 20.6 and 25.7 g/ha were applied at 14, 21, and 28 days after sowing (DAS) and quizalofop-p-ethyl 100 g/ha at 25 DAS applied as postemergence (PoE). The ready-mix of pendimethalin 30% + imazethapyr 2% 1000 g/ha applied as pre-emergence (PE) fb one HW at 30 DAS, weed free check, (WFC) and weedy check (WC). Among different application times of topramezone sprayed, early-PoE application (14 DAS) caused some phytotoxicity on crop (rating 4), and late-PoE application (28 DAS) was less effective on weeds, but the application of topramezone at 21 DAS controlled all broad and narrow leaf weeds without crop injury. In all the topramezone sprayed plots, topramezone 25.7 g/ha (21 DAS) had the lowest narrow and broad-leaf weeds density, and total weed dry weight than other doses and application times. Among all PoE herbicide treatments, topramezone 25.7 g/ha (21 DAS) yielded the highest seed yield (1.31 t/ha), while quizalofop-p-ethyl 100 g/ha (25 DAS) yielded the lowest (0.79 t/ha). It produced 7-65% higher seed yield as compared to other doses and time of application of all PoE applied herbicides. It gave 81% and 116% higher net return than topramezone 25.7 and 20.6 g/ha sprayed at 28 DAS (late-PoE), and 159% and 259% higher than topramezone 25.7 and 20.6 g/ha sprayed at 14 DAS (early- PoE), respectively. Hence, topramezone application of 25.7 g/ha (21 DAS) can be safely used for proper weed management in the chickpea crop.

At present due to continuous use of phosphatic and potassic fertilizers a deposits of these nutrient have increased in the soil of studied area, and Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mucilaginosus solubilize/mobilize P and K in the soil, thus, for increasing yield and quality of soybean, an experiment was planned with the aim to investigate the response of Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mucilaginosus strains on yield and quality of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill.] at All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Integrated Farming System Research at College of Agriculture, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India during kharif, 2019 & 20. The research was conducted in randomized block design (RBD) with 8 treatments, viz. Control with 75% RDF (T1), Control with 100% RDF (T2), 75% RDF with Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mucilaginosus strainsas seed treatment (T3), 100% RDF with Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mucilaginosus strainsas seed treatment (T4), 75% RDF with Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mucilaginosus strainsas foliar application at 30 and 45 DAS (T5), 100% RDF with Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mucilaginosus strainsas foliar application at 30 and 45 DAS (T6), 75% RDF with Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mucilaginosus strainsas seed treatment + foliar application of Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mucilaginosus strainsat 30 and 45 DAS (T7) and 100% RDF with Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mucilaginosus strainsas seed treatment + foliar application of Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mucilaginosus strainsat 30 and 45 DAS (T8). The seed yield (1139 kg ha-1) of soybean increased to the tune of 14.26 and 19.72 per cent with application of 100% RDF with Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mucilaginosus strainsas seed treatment + foliar application of Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mucilaginosus strains (T8) at 30 and 45 DAS compared to control (786 kg ha-1). Among all the treatments, yield attributes such as pods count plant-1 (29.66), seeds count pod-1 (3.36) and seed yield plant-1 (13.17) were observed highest with T8 at 30 and 45 DAS.

Aims: To evaluate the impact of tillage and weed management techniques on Plant dry weight, Yield, nutrient uptake by plant and depletion by weed in lentil crop (Lens culinaris M.). Place and Duration of Study: A field study was conducted at Research Farm of Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar, India, from Oct 2020 to Mar 2021. Methodology: The experiment followed a split-plot design with three replications. The main plots consisted of three tillage practices (M1: Zero tillage, M2: Minimum tillage, and M3: Conventional tillage), while subplots included five weed management practices [T1: control, T2: 1 hand weeding at 20 DAS, T3: chlorimuron-ethyl 4 g/ha (pre-emergence) + paddy straw mulching (5.0 t/ha), T4: quizalofop-ethyl 40 g/ha at 20 DAS (post-emergence) and T5: chlorimuron-ethyl 4 g/ha (pre-emergence) + quizalofop-ethyl 40 g/ha at 20 DAS (post-emergence)]. Results: Among the tillage practices conventional found most effective in term of increasing plant dry weight, grain yield, straw yield, nutrient uptake by crop while effectively reduce the weed dry matter and nutrient depletion by the weed. Among the weed management practices hand weeding proved to be the most effective weed management practice, leading to higher plant dry matter, grain yield, straw yield and nutrient uptake by crop and least weed dry matter weight and nutrient depletion by weeds. Among the chemical weeding chlorimuron ethyl (PE) + paddy straw mulching showed comparable effectiveness to hand weeding in all the parameters. These results highlight the importance of tillage practices and effective weed management techniques in optimizing plant growth, yield, nutrient uptake, and weed control.