Endolichenic fungi (ELF) are diverse microbial symbionts that live asymptomatically within lichen thalli. In this study, ELF was investigated from three medicinal lichen hosts namely Cryptothecia scripta, Parmotrema tinctorum, and Dirinnaria applanata from Tippi, Dahung and Dirang. Variations in the occurrence of isolates amongst the sites were determined. A total of 406 fungal isolates were isolated from the surface sterilized lichen fragments. Maximum colonization frequency of endolichenic fungi was observed in P. tinctorum (52.01

Experimental and theoretical studies of 2-(2-Nitrovinyl) thiophene were conducted using density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) at 6-311G basis sets to evaluate molecular geometry, vibrational analysis and electronic absorption spectra. The title compound became characterized through spectroscopic techniques by the usage of FTIR (400–4000 cm −1 ), FT-Raman (50–4000 cm −1 ), UV–Visible and NMR spectra both theoretically and experimentally. Several bond parameters, namely bond lengths, bond angles and dihedral angles, were evaluated. The observed HOMO and LUMO energy gaps affirm that the charge transfer happens inside the title compound. Molecular Electrostatic Potential Map, first hyperpolarizability and Fukui functions calculations had been additionally done with the same level of basis set. Several global reactivity descriptors were calculated, and correlation between them as well as the effectiveness of corrosion inhibition could be established. Molecular orbital computational analysis suggests the biologically active properties based on its global reactivity. A study has been conducted to examine the correlation among the structural and optoelectronic properties of the molecules by investigating how electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups affect the geometry and electronic properties along with the photophysical properties of the molecules. These properties suggest that the title compound is an exquisite candidate for organic solar cells.

French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris l.) belongs to the family Fabaceae and is native to south america. French bean has evolved from wild growing vine distributed in the high lands of Middle america and andes. this important legume crop is grown for its dry grain and tender pods in north-Western India. this offseason crop can be successfully raised under Punjab conditions during winter season which fetches higher price in the market and economical to the farmers when there is no availability of green pods from high altitude. It is widely cultivated in tropics, sub-tropics and temperate regions. When bean plant infected by fungal, bacterial or any other pathogen, different alternations are observed. the present study was carried out in the department of Botany, darrang college to compare the biochemical changes occurring in bean plants growing in normal soil, and sterilized soil mixed with fungus rhizoctonia solani .

Rapid growing human population has pressurized farmers to produce food in a larger scale. Agrochemicals have enabled in the duplicate food production. However, surveys have documented in the contamination and impacts of agrochemicals in the soil. Thus there must be a shift from agrochemicals to organic pesticide and fertilizer, which will ultimately, preserves the natural fertility of soil and is also safe to the human kind. There are many botanicals which can be used as organic pesticide and fertilizers, among which neem is on the top of the botanicals. Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) belongs to Meliaceae family, is a tropical evergreen tree, often referred to as “Tree of 21st century”. All parts of the plant particularly bark, leaves and root extracts were found effective against many pests and insects thus they possess biopesticidal activity. The presence of azadirachtin, a chemical compound obtained from neem acts as potential biopesticides. It inhibits their feeding ability, disrupts their growth and reproduction. Neem plant can also be used as biofertilizers, neem seed extract acts as a organic manure and thus control many pathogens. Neem is considered to be easily accessible, eco-friendly, biodegradable and cheap. Thus this review highlighted the importance of neem that ensures us to use it as biopesticide and biofertilizer.

The stable conformation of molecular structure, vibrational frequencies and electronic absorption spectra of N-Carbobenzoxy-L-Valine-Succinimidyl Ester were established using DFT/B3LYP/6-311G basis set calculations. The compound was characterized by spectroscopic profiling employing FT-IR, UV–Visible and NMR spectra both experimentally and theoretically. The HOMO–LUMO analysis was carried out with different applied electric fields. Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP), First order hyperpolarizability, and Fukui functions calculation were also performed. The global reactivity descriptors were calculated to establish the relationship between the descriptors and corrosion inhibition efficiency. Molecular orbital calculations reveal that the molecule may be bioactive based on its global reactivity.

The spectroscopic properties of Nω-nitro-l-arginine were investigated by FT-IR, UV-VIS, and 1H NMR spectra. Geometrical parameters and energies were calculated using the density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP method with the 6-311G basis set. Geometrical optimization of the molecule has been performed, vibrational spectra have been calculated, and fundamental vibrations have been determined from the total energy distribution (TED) of the vibrational modes. The HOMO-LUMO analysis is carried out for various electric fields (0.0–0.025 A−1). The HOMO-LUMO gap is decreased while increasing the electric field. The calculated quantum chemical parameters are calculated and correlated to the inhibition efficiency, A Mullliken population was also important for determining local reactivity by indicating reactive centers and identifying potential nucleophilic and electrophilic attack sites. Charge transfer occurs inside the compound based on the HOMO LUMO gap. Calculations of DFT were evaluated in their ability to predict inhibition efficiency.

, Lichens not only play a major role in plant succession as pioneer species but also provide many ecosystem services. Various anthropogenic activities like habitat destruction, air pollution and over exploitation of lichens for economic uses seem to be the main threats for loss of lichen diversity. Hence, for in situ conservation of lichens, it is a prioritised need to document lichen species of a locality. Lichens of Assam are being extensively studied from a taxonomic point of view in recent years. An accurate and updated checklist of lichens is not available so far. Here we expand the knowledge of the lichen of Assam by critically surveyed the literatures and prepared an updated list of total 657 species of Assam.

Cryptothecia sp. is a crustose lichen having varied medicinal properties. The present study aims to isolate and to determine the antimicrobial activity of endolichenic fungi from the surface sterilized lichen thallus of Cryptothecia sp. The isolation was done on three different media i.e., Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), Malt Extract Agar (MEA) and Water Agar (WA) media. A total of 19 isolates of endolichenic fungi were recovered. The isolates were identified on the basis of colonial morphology and microscopic investigation. Dominant endolichenic fungus was Monilinia sp. (23.33%) followed by Mycelia sterilia (16.66%). Other fungal isolates were Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp.and Dreschlera sp. The fungal isolates were tested for antimicrobial activity by agar cup diffusion assay against clinically significant human pathogenic test organisms such as Escherichia coli (MTCC 443), Candida albicans (MTCC 227) and Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 737) procured from IMTECH, Chandigarh. All the isolates exhibited antimicrobial activity against the test pathogens in varying degree. One isolate Penicillium sp., (CRP 3a) showed highest inhibition against all the pathogens. The present study indicated that Cryptothecia sp. harbours various endolichenic fungi with potent antimicrobial activity. Further detailed investigation of the compounds isolated from endolichenic fungi may lead to therapeutic applications as a new source of novel natural products which are helpful to the mankind.

Fruits and vegetables provide an ideal condition for the growth of microorganisms. They contaminate fruits and vegetable and made them insufficient for consumption. Many fungal and bacterial species are responsible for the spoilage of fruits and vegetables. In our present study, an investigation has been carried out to isolate and identify the fungal and bacterial species which are responsible for the spoilage of some fruits and vegetable particularly apple, grapes and tomato. Samples of contaminated fruits and vegetables were collected from three different markets (Tezpur Bazaar, Mission Chariali Bazaar and Poruwa Bazaar) and were immediately surface sterilized and studied.10 fungal isolates were found to be most commonly occurring in all of the samples, Similarly many isolates of bacteria were found to be common contaminants from the three samples. Biochemical tests and viable bacterial counts (10-2)/g of sample was also calculated.

Fruits and vegetables provide sufficient condition for the growth of several fungi and bacteria Microorganisms spoil the fruits and vegetables and changes the texture and makes them uneatable. There is a heavy loss of fruits and vegetables due to spoilage by microorganisms; however during handling and transportation also, there is a greater risk to get damaged .Thus farmers suffered a great loss due to spoilage. In the present study a total of about 3 spoiled fruits and 3spoiled vegetables were taken from some local markets of Nagaon, from which fungal and bacterial isolates were isolated and identified. Biochemical tests for the isolated bacteria were also done.

The present study was designed to isolate actinomycetes and evaluate their antimicrobial activity against different pathogenic bacteria. Actinomycetes isolates were identified as Streptomyces sp, Micromonosporasp, Nocadia sp. The cell free supernatant of the selected isolate were able to inhibit the growth of all human pathogens ( S.aureus, Proteus vulgaris, P.aeroginosa, E.coli, B.subtilis, B.megaterium, K.pneumoniae, C.albicans, A.niger, S.cervisiae) used in this study. Out of the 5 actinomycetes isolates Streptomyces sp( S1) exhibited high antibacterial activity against Staphylococcusaureus. The remaining isolates also showed very promising activity against human pathogens Key words: Actinomycetes , screening, antibacterial activity, pathogens

The aim of this study was to identify the factors that actually guide people's decision regarding kind of health care service chosen for outpatient treatment in rural Assam. For that, primary data have been collected from the rural areas of Goalpara as it is one of the representative districts of Assam. A total of 281 households were selected through multistage sampling in which 122 cases were found, where outpatient health care was utilized during the 30-day reference period. Bivariate analysis has been done in terms of Pearson's correlation coefficient to see the relation between the explanatory variables and response variable. Further, multinomial logistic model has been used to find the factors responsible for people's diverse choice regarding the utilization of outpatient health care. This study has identified the economic condition of the rural household which the patient belongs to; the level of education of the patient herself and severity of ailment are the major factors which actually guides the decision regarding the utilization of outpatient health care in rural Goalpara.

Medicinal plants are extensively used to cure various infectious diseases in human. Our present study was undertaken to investigate antibacterial activity in leaf, stem and root extracts of Acalypha indica against the human pathogens such as Staphylococcus sp, E. coli, Salmonella sp, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas. The shade dried leaves, stem and root powder was used to prepare extracts by using and acetone, methanol and ethanol by soxhlet method. The antibacterial activity was studied by using agar well diffusion method with different concentrations of extracts (25, 50, 75 & 100 mu l). The result showed that ethanol leaf extract is effective against tested pathogen. Highest inhibition of zone was recorded in E. coli (22 cm). Phytochemical analysis of Acalypha indica was done. In the present study, the antimicrobial factors of A. indica were found to have Flavonoids, Triterpenoids, Phenolic compounds and proteins in leaf and its molecular weight was found to be 19kDa. Recognition of the molecular factor responsible for bactericidal activity in herbs will pave the way to commercialize it for disease management.

In the present study, the endophytic actinomycetes were collected from three medicinal plants Azadiracta indica, Ocimum sanctum and Phyllanthus amarus. Endophytic actinomycetes were isolated using different media like Starch casein agar, Starch casein nitrate agar, Actinomycetes isolation agar and Soyabean agar, while it showed more colonies in Starch casein agar. The endophytic actinomycetes were stained and biochemical tests were performed. Antimicrobial compound was purified from the filtrate by ethanol extraction method. Antagonistic activities of endophytic actinomycetes isolates were tested against bacterial pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and the fungi Rhizopus. For the selected isolates antibiotic resistance was checked using various antibiotic discs like Amoxycillin, Penicillin, Rifampicin and Ampicillin. The strains which showed efficient antibacterial activity were selected to study the effect of mutation by physical and chemical method. In this study, UV mutated endophytic actinomycetes increase antibiotic production than non-mutated endophytic Actinomycetes, whereas in chemical mutation it does not increase the antibiotic production.

All the bacterial disorders are treated with antibiotics. Drug resistance and recurrence of infection are still a major problem (Jojart 1978, Reid 2001). Synergitic effect of bacteriocin obtained from fermented milk against pathogens is the criteria of the study. In the fermentation of goat and cow milk by Lactobacillus and Streptococci sp the pH decreased rapidly from 6.2 to 3.6 in 25 hours. The pathogens E.coli, Staphylococcus sp and Pseudomonas sp were highly inhibited by fermented goat milk rather than the fermented cow milk. The pathogens E.coli, Staphylococcus sp and Pseudomonas sp were highly inhibited by fermented goat milk rather than the fermented cow milk. The partially purified bacteriocin expressed very high inhibitory activity towards E.coli (30 mm and 28 mm). It exhibited moderate activity towards Staphylococcus sp and Pseudomonas sp. One single protein band was obtained in the gel, indicating that bacteriocin was properly purified. The molecular weight of the bacteriocin was determined as 45,000 Da.

The cellulase enzyme producing fungus Aspergillus niger was isolated and identified from hilly irrigated soil. The substrate concentration, pH, incubation temperature and carbon sources of the czapekdox medium were varied and maximum production of cellulase was studied. Cellulase activity was maximum on incubating them for 10 days. The optimum pH and temperature were found to be 5.0 and 50 oC respectively for optimum enzyme production of 16 U/mL/min. Addition of 3% Carboxy Methyl Cellulase (CMC) showed maximum percentage of enzyme activity (17 U/mL/min). Sugarcane bagasse was found to be the cheaper source which enhanced cellulase production (20 U/mL/min). Partially purified cellulase enzyme was run on Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE); it showed two distinct bands - 67 Kda and 43 Kda. The molecular weight of cellulase enzyme was found. The production of cellulase enzyme by Aspergillus niger (A. niger) was improved by optimizing the medium composition and cultural conditions.