Average daily gain (ADG) is a key production trait in donkeys; however, substantial variations in ADG occur even under identical nutritional and management conditions. The Gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as a critical regulator of host metabolism and growth. Sixteen male Dezhou donkeys were raised from birth to 18.5 months and classified into slow-growing group (SG, n =8) and fast-growing group (FG, n =8) based on ADG. Fecal microbiome and metabolomic analyses were conducted. The results showed that FG donkeys had higher body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), and ADG than SG donkeys. The FG group donkeys were enriched in fiber-degrading bacteria ( Fibrobacter ), while SG donkeys were enriched in inflammation-associated bacteria ( Campylobacter , Oscillospiraceae_UCG_005 and UCG_002 ). Metabolomics identified 373 differential metabolites, of which 244 were up-regulated in FG. Key pathways in FG included folate, protein, and bile acid metabolism. Growth-promoting metabolites (5-methyltetrahydrofolate, isovaleric acid, L-isoleucine, and L-phenylalanine) correlated positively with fiber-degrading bacteria and ADG, whereas methylmalonic acid was elevated in SG and correlated negatively with growth. These findings indicate the fast-growing donkeys possess a coordinated network of fiber-degrading bacteria and growth-promoting metabolites. While slow-growing donkeys exhibit enrichment of inflammation-associated bacteria and methylmalonic acid, indicating metabolic inefficiency. This study provides potential microbial and metabolic biomarkers for improving growth performance in donkeys.

Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic widely used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal infections. However, pharmacokinetic studies of neomycin in donkeys are limited. The present study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic profiles of neomycin in donkey plasma, urine, and feces following a single intragastric administration, and to evaluate its suitability for clinical use in donkeys. A total of five healthy male donkeys with similar body weights were selected and administered a single dose of 30 mg·kg−1 body weight (BW) neomycin by gavage. The concentrations of neomycin in plasma, urine, and feces were determined. The results showed that neomycin was rapidly absorbed in donkeys, with a Tmax of 0.85 ± 0.36 h and a Cmax of 4.05 ± 1.99 μg·mL−1 in plasma. The elimination half-life (T₁/₂λ) was 32.14 ± 12.71 h, indicating a slow elimination rate. The cumulative excretion of neomycin in urine accounted for 15.08% of the administered dose, while fecal excretion accounted for 70.99%, suggesting low systemic absorption following intragastric administration. In conclusion, the low systemic absorption and high fecal excretion of intragastric neomycin in donkeys justify its use for intestinal infections. Given the prolonged elimination half-life of the absorbed drug, its use should be restricted to local intestinal therapy to minimize systemic exposure and toxicity risks. This study contributes to the advancement of precision medicine in donkey internal medicine, offering an evidence-based foundation for optimizing therapeutic strategies and minimizing systemic risks in donkeys.

Yeast hydrolysate (YH) has attracted increasing interest as a functional feed additive because of its potential benefits for maternal nutrition and offspring development. However, its effects on milk composition and the physiological responses of donkey foals remain poorly understood. This study evaluated the effects of dietary YH supplementation in lactating Dezhou jennies on milk composition, as well as growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, and fecal microbiota in their foals. Sixteen healthy jennies and their foals were randomly assigned to a control group (OCON) or a YH-supplemented group (OYE; 0.5 g/kg diet) for 60 days. Maternal dietary YH supplementation significantly increased milk fat and milk protein contents. Foals in the OYE group showed a tendency toward greater back skin thickness, although the difference was not statistically significant, while body weight and neck skin thickness were unaffected. Serum biochemical analysis showed increased HDL-C and total cholesterol concentrations together with decreased triglyceride and LDL-C concentrations in the OYE group. In addition, serum ALT activity was significantly decreased, whereas AST levels were significantly increased. Fecal microbiota analysis indicated that YH supplementation did not significantly affect overall microbial diversity but altered the relative abundance of several bacterial taxa, including Prevotella, Alistipes, and Olsenella. Overall, maternal dietary YH supplementation was associated with changes in milk composition, selected serum biochemical parameters, and the relative abundance of specific fecal bacterial taxa in donkey foals. However, no significant improvement in offspring growth performance was observed, and the underlying mechanisms require further investigation.

Yeast hydrolysate (YH) is a yeast-derived functional feed ingredient containing bioactive peptides, amino acids, nucleotides, β-glucans, and mannan oligosaccharides, which may exert prebiotic-like effects by regulating nutrient metabolism, host health, and intestinal microbial homeostasis. However, its effects on lactating Dezhou jennies remain largely unclear. This study investigated the effects of dietary YH supplementation on body weight change, serum biochemical parameters, serum metabolomic profiles, and fecal microbiota composition in lactating Dezhou jennies. Sixteen healthy lactating Dezhou jennies were randomly assigned to a control group fed a basal diet (MCON, n = 8) or a YH supplementation group fed the basal diet supplemented with YH (MYE, n = 8) for 60 days. Compared with the MCON group, the MYE group showed numerically higher final body weight and body weight change. Serum biochemical analysis showed that YH supplementation significantly decreased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities and increased triglyceride (TG) concentrations, while all measured biochemical parameters remained within physiological reference ranges. Serum metabolomic profiling identified 193 differential metabolites between the two groups, including 55 upregulated and 138 downregulated metabolites in the MYE group. These metabolites were mainly associated with amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, bile acid metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, mineral absorption, ABC transporters, and protein digestion and absorption, indicating that YH supplementation reshaped nutrient-related metabolic pathways in lactating Dezhou jennies. Fecal microbiota analysis showed no significant changes in α-diversity or overall community structure; however, the MYE group displayed numerically higher microbial richness indices, more unique ASVs and genera, a lower relative abundance of Bacteroidota, and a higher relative abundance of Bacillota. LEfSe analysis further revealed enrichment of specific bacterial taxa in the MYE group, including Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Anaerovorax, and UCG-related taxa. Collectively, these preliminary findings suggest that dietary YH supplementation may alter selected serum biochemical indices and circulating metabolites and may selectively affect the relative abundance of certain fecal bacterial taxa in lactating Dezhou jennies. However, given the limited sample size, these results should be interpreted cautiously, and larger-scale studies are needed to confirm their reproducibility and practical significance.

Protein is a primary nutrient in concentrate supplementation for donkey foals, and the source of this protein significantly influences their growth and development. Milk-derived protein sources, such as milk powder, casein, and whey protein, are widely used in milk replacers for donkey foals due to their balanced nutritional profiles, high digestibility, and high bioavailability. However, the increasing costs of milk powder and whey protein have prompted researchers to explore alternative protein sources, with soy protein being a particularly promising option. This study compared the effects of soybean meal and milk-derived ingredients as protein sources in concentrate supplementation on the growth performance, rectal microbiota, and serum metabolites of suckling donkey foals. A total of 42 Dezhou donkey foals, aged 10 days, were randomly assigned to three groups: SP (soybean meal as the main protein source in the diet), MP (milk-derived ingredients as the main protein source in the diet), and SMP (a combination of the SP and MP diets at a ratio of 6:4 used as the dietary component). Each group consisted of 14 replicates, with one donkey in each replicate. The foals were raised from 10 days of age to 130 days of age, and the entire experimental period lasted 120 days. The final body weight (at 130 days of age) and average daily gain (ADG) were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the SP group compared to the MP and SMP groups. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the SP and SMP groups was significantly lower than that in the MP group (P < 0.05). Among the three groups, the serum levels of thyroxine, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-І (IGF-І), and vitamin B6 were significantly enhanced (P < 0.05) in the SP group, whereas the cortisol levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Rectal microbiota analysis further demonstrated that the SP intervention reshaped the gut microbial composition and enriched several genera, including Oscillospiraceae_UCG-005, Oscillospiraceae_NK4A214_group, Akkermansia, Porphyromonas, Streptococcus, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, and Christensenellaceae_R-7_group. Metabolomic profiling identified 15 differential metabolites, which were considered the key differential metabolites in this study and were related to phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, phenylalanine biosynthesis, vitamin B6 metabolism, biotin metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and some amino acid metabolic processes. Notably, the rectal microbial genera Akkermansia, Porphyromonas, Oscillospiraceae_NK4A214_group, Oscillospiraceae_UCG-005, and Streptococcus, which were most abundant in the SP group, showed significant positive correlations with ADG, serum concentrations of thyroxine, IGF-I, and vitamin B6, as well as with the levels of serum metabolites serotonin and pyridoxine. Compared to the milk-derived protein in concentrate supplementation for donkey foals, soybean meal protein improved the abundance of beneficial gut microbiota, further affected serum hormones and metabolites, and probably resulted in improved body weight and feed efficiency. This study provides a new approach to modulating gut bacteria to enhance growth performance in donkey foals.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is widely present in raw materials for food and feedstock, posing a significant threat to the health of humans and animals. This study explored the toxicokinetics of a single oral administration of AFB1 at a dose of 100 µg·kg−1 BW (body weight). Donkey blood samples were gathered at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, and 60 min and at 1.5 h, 2 h, 2.5 h, 3 h, 3.5 h, 4 h, 4.5 h, 6 h, 9 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, and 120 h through jugular vein sampling needles at intervals. Fecal and urinary samples were collected at 0 h and every 6 h thereafter until 120 h. The concentrations of AFB1 and AFM1 in plasma, urine, and feces were quantitatively analyzed using LC-MS/MS. The maximum concentrations of AFB1 and AFM1 in plasma were 13.10 ± 6.35 µg·L−1 and 0.72 ± 0.33 µg·L−1, occurring at 1.38 ± 0.89 h and 2.25 ± 1.57 h after oral administration, respectively. The AFB1 and AFM1 elimination half-lives (T1/2Elim) were 6.65 ± 2.84 h and 5.85 ± 3.00 h, respectively. The total clearances (CL) of AFB1 and AFM1 were 163 ± 52.2 L·kg−1 BW−1·h−1 and 3210 ± 2450 L·kg−1 BW−1·h−1, and the volumes of distribution (Vd) for AFB1 were 1440 ± 417 L·kg−1·BW and 22400 ± 14800 L·kg−1·BW, respectively. In addition, the total amounts of AFB1 and AFM1 excreted over 120 h through urine and feces accounted for 3.38 ± 0.92% and 3.44 ± 1.45% of the total intake, respectively (calculated by material mass). Furthermore, the research showed that the absorption and metabolism of AFB1 were rapid in male donkeys, with the tissue exhibiting a wide distribution and long duration.

Donkeys, as single-stomach herbivores, have a complex and diverse microbial community in their digestive tracts. The intestinal bacterial community is crucial for maintaining intestinal homeostasis, as well as the host’s overall nutrition and health. However, research on donkey gut microbes is relatively limited, particularly regarding the microbial colonization patterns in different intestinal segments of adult donkeys. Therefore, this study examined the abundance and function of microbiota across various sites of the intestinal tract (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon) and feces of healthy adult Dezhou male donkeys using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and PICRUSt analysis. The results indicate that donkeys have a rich gut microbial diversity and a large microbial population. No significant differences in the indices of alpha diversity were observed among the donkey’s duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, and feces. A Venn diagram analysis revealed the presence of both unique (Duodenum: 4645; Jejunum: 3586; Ileum: 4904; Cecum: 4253; Colon: 6135; Feces: 4885) and shared (339) ASVs among the different sections. A principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) revealed significant differences (R2 = 0.2076, p < 0.007) across the six intestinal segments of the donkeys. At the phylum level, Firmicutes (63.64%), Bacteroidetes (20.72%), Verrucomicrobiota (9.16%), Patescibacteria (1.95%), Spirochaetota (1.87%), Actinobacteriota (1.13%), and Proteobacteria (0.42%) were the dominant bacteria in all samples. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test revealed significant differences in the proportions of genera among different intestinal segments. Specific genera were significantly enriched in various segments: Lachnospiraceae_UCG-008 and Sphaerochaeta in the duodenum; Christensenellaceae_R-7_group and Bacillus in the jejunum; NK4A214_group and Alloprevotella in the ileum; UCG-005 and Lactobacillus in the cecum; Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and Chlamydia in the colon; and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and Prevotellaceae_UCG-004 in the feces. A PICRUSt2 functional prediction analysis indicated that carbohydrate metabolism, prokaryotic cellular communities, antimicrobial drug resistance, immune diseases, membrane transport, signal transduction, and transcription exhibited significant differences among the different intestinal segments. This study provided critical primary data on the differences in donkey gut microbiota and the synergistic effects between gut microbiota and host functions. These findings can be used to assess donkey health status, improve breeding, and develop microbial additives.

Weaning is essential for foal growth and development. We determined the intestinal flora structure of donkey foals at the end of weaning (PreW_4d) and three stages after weaning (PostW_4d, PostW_8d, and PostW_15d) to explore the effects of weaning on intestinal development of donkey foals. The results showed that the main microbial flora in the gut of the donkey foal were Firmicutes and Bacteroides, and the proportion of Firmicutes gradually increased with weaning, which was an important reflection of the donkey foal's adaptability to the transition from lactose liquid feed to plant fiber solid feed. We also identified important microorganisms that maintain intestinal stability and boost immune, such as oscillospiraceae, Firmicutes, and lachnospiraceae. The metabolome showed that serum metabolites were mainly enriched in arachidonic acid metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), which can influence energy metabolism, growth, and immunity in weaned donkey foals. We also found that the metabolite resveratrol was positively correlated with g_NK4A214_group and lactobacillus, which may have important implications for the prevention of diseases such as colon-inflammation in donkey foals. In summary, we provide a theoretical basis for studying the mechanism of intestinal microbiome and serum metabolite changes in weaning and postweaning donkey foals.

Weaning is undoubtedly one of the most crucial stages in the growth and development of all mammalian animals, including donkey foals. Weaning is a dynamic and coordinated process of the body, which is closely associated with the health, nutrition, and metabolism of the host. Many studies have shown that the intestinal microbiota and serum metabolites of mammals exhibit different changes during lactation, weaning, and postweaning. However, the alterations in serum metabolites in donkey foals before and postweaning and the correlation between serum metabolites and intestinal microbiota are largely unknown. This study is based on the fecal 16S rRNA and serum metabolomes of Dezhou donkey foals. In total, 10 samples (fecal and serum) were collected during the following three stages: before weaning (F.M.1), during weaning (F.M.3), and postweaning (F.M.6). To study the alterations in intestinal microflora, serum metabolites, and their correlation before and postweaning. We found that with the growth and weaning progress of donkey foals, the intestinal microbiota of donkey foals underwent obvious changes, and the diversity of fecal bacteria increased (Chao1 and Shannon indexes). The main intestinal microbial flora of donkey foals include Bacteroides and Firmicutes. We found many microbiota that are associated with immunity and digestion in the postweaning group, such as Verrucomicrobiales, Clostridia, Oscillospiraceae, Akkermansia, and Rikenellaceae, which can be considered microbial markers for the transition from liquid milk to solid pellet feed. Clostridia and Oscillospiraceae can produce organic acids, including butyric acid and acetic acid, which are crucial for regulating the intestinal microecological balance of donkeys. Furthermore, the metabolome showed that the serum metabolites enriched before and postweaning were mainly related to arachidonic acid metabolism and riboflavin metabolism. Riboflavin was associated with the development of the small intestine and affected the absorption of the small intestine. We also found that the changes in the gut microbiome of the foals were significantly correlated with changes in serum metabolites, including lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC; 12,0) and positively correlated with Lachnoclostridium and Roseburia. To summarize, this study provides theoretical data for the changes in the intestinal microbiome and serum metabolism during the entire weaning period of donkey foals.

The purpose of this experiment was to study the apparent digestibility and the effects of Broussonetia papyrifera (BP) branch/leaf powder supplementation on growth performance and serum indicators in donkeys. The results showed that the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acidic detergent fiber (ADF), and digestible energy content (DE) of BP branch/leaf powder were 51.88%, 67.27%, 64.86%, 49.59%, 54.73%, 40.87%, and 6.37 MJ/kg, respectively. The average daily gain (ADG) in the 20% group was significantly higher than in the 0% and 30% groups. The serum albumin (ALB) levels in the 0% and 10% groups were significantly higher than those in the 20% and 30% groups, while the serum globulin (GLB) content in the 10% group was significantly lower than in the other groups. The 20% group showed decreased serum triglyceride (TG) levels compared to the other groups. Both the 20% and 30% groups exhibited lower total cholesterol (TC) levels and increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) compared to the 0% and 10% groups and higher serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels than the 10% group. The 30% group had higher serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels than the other groups, while all three BP branch/leaf powder groups had lower serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) levels than the 0% group. There was a gradual increase in serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) with the increasing amount of BP branch/leaf powder added. In conclusion, the optimal supplemental proportion of BP branch/leaf powder in the diet is 20%. Furthermore, BP branch/leaf powder can improve growth performance, serum immune indices, and antioxidant capacity in Dezhou donkeys.

Sperm cryopreservation technology has laid the foundation for promoting the popularity of artificial insemination in donkey reproduction, but the freeze-thaw process can cause sperm damage, and the viability of frozen sperm is greatly reduced, resulting in low insemination ability. Sperm metabolites play an important role in the freezing process of spermatozoa and have a major influence on the freezability of spermatozoa. The aim of this study was to explore the differential metabolites in donkey spermatozoa before and after cryopreservation by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We analysed ejaculate samples from male donkeys obtained before and after freezing and identified 1323 metabolites. Compared with fresh sperm (F), the metabolites of cryopreserved sperm (CRY) were significantly changed, and 570 metabolites were significantly different between the two groups (p < .05). Among them, 277 metabolites were higher in frozen sperm, while the opposite was true for 293 metabolites. These metabolites mainly include phospholipids, lysophospholipids and amino acids., most of which are associated with oxidative stress and sperm capacitation. We describe significantly different metabolites before and after freezing that are significantly associated with decreased sperm motility post-freezing and can be used as biomarkers of decreased sperm motility post-freezing.

Gut bacterial microbiota plays an important role in maintenance of health in animals and humans, and its dysbiosis is associated with many diseases. The role of the gut bacterial microbiota played in the occurrence of donkey foal diarrhea is still unrevealed. This study aims to determine the difference of the fecal bacterial microbiota between healthy and diarrhea Dezhou donkey foals. The fecal samples were collected form diarrhea (n = 10) and healthy (n = 10) donkey foals aged 15-30 days old which were obtained from the same farm. The fecal bacterial microbiota was characterized using 16S rRNA sequencing. The alpha diversity was used to character the gut bacterial microbiota between healthy group (H group) and diarrhea group (D group). The richness and diversity showed a significantly decrease in D group, indicating that dysbiosis of the gut bacterial microbiota occurred in donkey foals with diarrhea. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) revealed a significant difference of bacterial microbiota structure between two groups (P < 0.05). Based on linear discriminant analysis-effect size (LEfSe), there is an enrichment of Campylobacter and Fusobacterium ( P < 0.05) and decrease of Akkermansia ( P < 0.01) in D group. For function prediction, the functional genes responsible for carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism and membrane transport were reduced in diarrheic foals. We speculated that the variance in relative abundance of Campylobacter , Fusobacterium and Akkermansia may be associated with diarrhea. Our findings provided insights into how to understand the pathogenesis and the prevention of diarrhea in donkey foals.

为研究小黑麦(Triticale Wittmack)干草在德州生长驴上应用的可行性,本试验选取11月龄(150±10)kg的德州公驴25头,随机分为5组,按粗饲料日采食量一致设置小黑麦干草和羊草(Leymus chinensis)饲喂比例(其中小黑麦干草饲喂比例依次为:0％,25％,50％,75％,100％),测定了德州生长驴的生产性能和血液指标,并结合线性回归模型确定小黑麦干草的适宜饲喂量和饲喂比例.结果表明:小黑麦干草替代羊草对德州生长驴生产性能和血液抗氧化指标具有显著影响;75％组平均日增重显著高于0％,25％组(P＜0.05),料重比显著低于0％,25％组(P＜0.05);0％组超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性显著高于75％,100％组(P＜0.05);25％,75％,100％组谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GPX)活性显著高于0％组(P＜0.05).综上所述,小黑麦干草可以替代羊草在德州生长驴上应用,以干物质计算,11月龄(150±10)kg的德州生长驴小黑麦干草适宜饲喂量为1.16～1.37 kg·d-1,其适宜饲喂比例为64％～75％.

为评定不同狼尾草属牧草对德州驴的营养价值,本试验选取健康、体重接近的30月龄德州公驴36头,分为6组,每组2个重复,每个重复3头驴,采用移动尼龙袋法对6种狼尾草属牧草进行表观消化率评定.结果 表明:热研4号王草干物质含量显著高于巨菌草和桂闽引象草(P＜0.05);王草粗蛋白质(CP)含量较热研4号王草、紫色象草、桂牧1号杂交象草、巨菌草分别高18.81％、9.19％、13.74％、5.36％(P＜0.05);王草中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量显著高于紫色象草、桂牧1号杂交象草、桂闽引象草(P＜0.05);热研4号王草、紫色象草粗灰分含量显著高于其他牧草(P＜0.05);巨菌草粗脂肪(EE)含量显著低于其他(P＜0.05);王草总能(GE)含量显著低于其他牧草(P＜0.05).巨菌草粗蛋白质表观消化率较热研4号王草、紫色象草、桂牧1号杂交象草、王草分别高25.92％、39.05％、15.90％、6.09％(P＜ 0.05);桂闽引象草粗蛋白质表观消化率较热研4号王草、紫色象草、桂牧1号杂交象草、王草分别高24.50％、37.47％、14.58％、4.88％(P＜0.05);桂闽引象草粗纤维表观消化率显著高于其他牧草(P＜0.05);王草、桂闽引象草中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率显著高于其他牧草(P＜0.05);紫色象草粗灰分表观消化率最低为51.39％,显著低于桂牧1号杂交象草、王草、巨菌草、桂闽引象草(P＜0.05).综上,6种牧草在不同营养成分上各有优势.综合各项营养物质表观消化率,桂闽引象草的消化率更高,在驴上的营养价值更高.

试验旨在研究小黑麦干草和羊草对生长期德州公驴的营养价值及其组合效应.选取11月龄、体重(150±10)kg的德州公驴25头,随机分为5组,每组5个重复,各组粗饲料中小黑麦干草:羊草分别为0:100、25:75、50:50、75:25、100:0.试验期60 d,消化试验期间采用全收粪法收集粪便7 d.结果表明:随着小黑麦干草添加量增加,德州驴的营养物质表观消化率呈升高趋势,且小黑麦干草与羊草之间存在组合效应;75:25、100:0组的总能(GE)、干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、粗纤维(CF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、无氮浸出物(NFE)的表观消化率和消化能(DE)均高于0:100组(P<0.05),50:50组的GE、DM、EE、CF、ADF、NDF、粗灰分(Ash)的表观消化率和DE均高于0:100组(P<0.05),25:75组的GE、DM、EE、CF的表观消化率和DE高于0:100组(P<0.05).由此可见,当小黑麦干草:羊草为75:25时,德州驴生长期对营养物质的表观消化率较好;小黑麦干草和羊草可消化营养物质之间存在组合效应,当小黑麦干草:羊草为25:75时,GE、DM、CP的正组合效应值及多项组合效应值最高,当小黑麦干草:羊草为75:25时,EE、CF、ADF、NDF、NFE的正组合效应值最高.

为探究不同豆秸长度对12月龄德州公驴生长性能的影响,并结合经济效益得出最适豆秸长度.试验选取12月龄健康、体重接近的德州公驴21头,随机分为3个处理,每个处理7个重复,3个处理豆秸长度分别为1、2 cm和4 cm.试验结果表明,与1 cm和4 cm组相比,2 cm组试验结束重分别提高2.4％和1.6％,差异显著(P＜0.05);平均日增重分别提高38.2％和20.0％,差异不显著(P＞0.05);料重比分别降低28.7％和19.3％,差异不显著(P＞0.05),毛利润分别提高24.35％和34.76％.综合生长性能、饲草的适口性及经济效益确定,德州公驴采食最适豆秸长度为2 cm.

The effects of soybean phospholipid on growth performance, serum biochemistry, antioxi-dant index and collagen content of skin in Dezhou donkey during fattening period were studied. Twelve healthy Dezhou donkeys aged 18 months were randomly divided into two groups: the control group was the basal diet group, and the experimental group was supplemented with 3% soybean phos-pholipid in the basal diet for 62 days. The results showed that the ADFI and F/G of donkeys were sig-nificantly decreased by adding 3% soybean phospholipid to diet(P<0.05), and the ADG was not signifi-cant(P>0.05), but 9.2% higher than that of the control group, and the content of serum TG in the exper-imental group was higher than that in the control group. It was significantly higher than that of the con-trol group(P<0.05), but had no significant effect on other serum biochemical indexes and antioxidant in-dexes(P>0.05), but the total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC) of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group, and the content of malondialdehyde(MDA) was lower than that of the control group. Soybean phospholipid had no significant effect on collagen content in donkey skin of Dezhou donkey(P>0.05), but collagen content in donkey skin was 4.67% higher than that in control group.

试验旨在研究杜仲提取物对德州驴生长性能、血液生化指标、抗氧化指标及驴皮胶原蛋白含量的影响.试验选取健康、18月龄、体重接近的德州公驴12头,随机分为2组:对照组为基础日粮组,试验组添加0.5％的杜仲提取物,试验期63 d.结果 表明:日粮添加0.5％杜仲提取物对德州驴的生长性能无显著影响(P＞0.05);对血清生化指标与抗氧化指标无显著影响(P＞0.05),但该组血清总抗氧化能力最高,丙二醛含量最低;对德州驴驴皮胶原蛋白含量无显著影响(P＞0.05),但驴皮胶原蛋白含量较对照组提高6％.

试验旨在研究复方阿胶浆药渣替代10％粗饲料对育肥驴血液生化参数、脏器指数及抗氧化指标的影响,为其在驴饲料中的开发应用提供依据.试验选取1.5岁左右疆岳驴300头,随机分为2组(试验组和对照组),每组2个重复.对照组饲喂基础饲草,试验组饲喂基础饲草+复方阿胶浆药渣,精料补充料保持一致.试验期90 d.试验结束后各组随机抽取体重相近2公3母屠宰,称取宰前空腹重;静脉采血取全血及血清测定血液指标;屠宰过程中摘取脏器称重,计算脏器指数;取背最长肌置冻存管液氮保存测定抗氧化指标.结果表明:①试验组血清甘油三酯(TG)、血清钙(Ca)、血细胞均无显著影响(P＞0.05);总胆固醇、总蛋白有升高趋势(0.05＜P＜0.1);白蛋白(ALB)含量显著升高(P＜0.05);总磷(TP)含量极显著下降(P＜0.01).②试验组血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)均没有显著影响(P＞0.05);谷草转氨酶具有明显的升高趋势(0.05＜P＜0.1);碱性磷酸酶(ALP)含量显著升高(P＜0.05).③试验组对驴心脏指数、肺脏指数、肾脏指数、胰脏指数及肠指数均没有显著影响(P＞0.05);脾脏指数和肝脏指数均有增加趋势明显(0.05＜P＜0.1);胃指数显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).④肌肉及血液中抗氧化指标均无显著影响(P＞0.05).综上所述,复方阿胶浆药渣可以替代粗饲料饲喂驴;药渣可以通过提高代谢酶、脏器指数等改善机体代谢机能.

试验旨在研究断奶月龄对驴驹生长性能和血清生化指标的影响.选择体重、胎次日龄基本一致的德州驴驴驹16头,分为2个处理组,每组8头.试验组(EW组)在驴驹平均日龄120 d(4个月)时突然断奶,对照组(ER组)在平均日龄180 d(6个月)时突然断奶.试验时间为60 d,试验组结束后分别测定两组驴驹的体重、体尺指标.在试验结束前1d采集血样,测定血清生化指标.结果显示:6月龄时,两组驴驹的体重、体尺指标无显著差异(P＞0.05);6月龄断奶组平均日增重略高于试验组,但差异不显著(P＞0.05);试验结束后,两组间血清总蛋白、尿素氮、胆固醇和甘油三酯水平差异不显著,对葡萄糖、白蛋白和球蛋白水平有显著影响(P＜0.05).由此可见,相比6月龄断奶,驴驹4月龄断奶不会对德州驴驴驹生长发育造成不良影响,是可行的.