It is shown that a spatially structured chiral phonon field acts on the magnon doublet of a collinear antiferromagnet as aBerry connection, with the emergent magnetic field equal to the topological charge density of the phonon Stokes vector on its Poincaré sphere. Provided the projected coupling tensor is nonsingular and adiabatic following holds throughout the full Stokes texture, each phonon Poincaré skyrmion contributes exactly one flux quantumto the magnon. Applied to CoTiO, the equilibriumsymmetry restricts the phonon-magnon coupling to the axial channel(Semenoff mass), giving an axial adiabatic lengthm (). The circular phonon drive breaksand makes in-plane coupling symmetry-allowed; the anisotropy ratiocontrols the full-texture adiabatic length. The Semenoff mass opens the Dirac gap but, being valley-symmetric, closes the quantum anomalous Hall channel. A real-space Drude Hall mechanism becomes accessible in the full-Poincaré regime: under favorable conditions (m,meV,,), the emergent field deflects magnon wave packets, yieldingmW (Km)at 50 K, marginally above the detection floor; the response is suppressed by a Landau-Zener flux-capture factorthat vanishes as. The perturbative estimate for CoTiOgives, placing it below the Drude-Hall detection threshold unless non-perturbative channels enhance the transverse driven coupling. The magnon interferometric phase difference between two open paths straddling a phonon skyrmion provides a phase-sensitive detection route if full-texture adiabaticity is satisfied.

Understanding the physiology of human cardiac tissues and cells is essential for effectively treating cardiovascular diseases. To address this, cardiac organoids have emerged as a promising platform for studying human cardiac physiology and disease. However, conventional microelectrode arrays (MEAs) struggle to acquire stable, high signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) electrophysiological signals because of the dynamic beating behavior of cardiac organoids. To address these challenges, this study proposes a mechanically resilient 3D-microdome MEA based on gallium-indium liquid metal (EGaIn) for stable, reliable signal acquisition under dynamic deformation. The 3D MEA is fabricated using EGaIn through a hybrid lithography process that combines photolithography and soft lithography with a selective wetting. In addition, a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) layer was introduced to protect the EGaIn from environmental degradation and to enhance signal quality by increasing the effective surface area. This 3D-microdome MEA structure provides both material and structural advancements, thereby reducing impedance. Furthermore, the mechanically heterogeneous structure, composed of the deformable EGaIn dome and the rGO layer, provides mechanical resilience while maintaining impedance under deformation and exhibits stable operation even under long-time immersion in an aqueous environment. These results indicate that the 3D-microdome MEA provides stable contact and high SNR, which may enable reliable acquisition of physiological signals during long-term organoid culture and monitoring.

Advanced hydrogel interfaces exhibiting finely tuned mechanical characteristics and porosity are essential in wearable and implantable biosensors, mitigating tissue-device mismatches and controlling target analyte transport in biofluids. This work presents an ion-mediated structural engineering approach designed to meticulously regulate the porous architecture and mechanical robustness of poly(vinyl alcohol)-alginate hydrogels (PAH) through straightforward ionic modulation, effectively addressing inherent trade-offs between mechanical strength and analyte diffusion. Utilizing three complementary ionic mechanisms-salting-out, calcium ion chelation, and sequence-directed biomineralization-hydrogels with tailored porous microstructures are fabricated. The resulting hydrogels exhibit pore sizes ranging from 65 nm to 2.5 µm, mechanical moduli of 50-140 kPa, and controlled analyte diffusion behaviors. Leveraging this structural tunability, two exemplary glucose biosensors are demonstrated: a highly porous hydrogel-integrated wearable biosensor designed for rapid and sensitive glucose monitoring in sweat, and a densely structured hydrogel-integrated implantable biosensor optimized for robust and continuous glucose tracking in interstitial fluid. This innovative methodology elucidates critical interconnections between the hydrogel's ion-mediated microstructural architecture, its mechanical robustness and tunable diffusion characteristics, and the resulting biosensing performance optimized for wearable and implantable applications, thereby advancing the design paradigm for next-generation personalized biosensor interfaces.

Lithium penetration in garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) is frequently discussed using a single dendrite picture, although practical failure can also involve whisker-like protrusions, percolating metallic networks, and abrupt filamentary shorting. Here we develop a compact theory that separates morphology selection from connectivity evolution and reconnects them through current density, an engineering-completeness disorder coordinate, and electronic leakage. A transport-heterogeneity parameter governs the transition from planar deposition to whisker-like or dendritic growth, whereas a connectivity order parameter p(t)∈[0,1] tracks the buildup of system-spanning metallic pathways. The observed critical current density (CCD) corresponds physically to the crossing of the percolation threshold pc(Δ), at which a spanning metallic pathway first appears across the electrolyte; a higher current Jfil>JCCD identifies the mature-filament threshold at which the connectivity order parameter reaches the higher level pf>pc. In this framework, whisker, dendrite, percolation, and filament are not mandatory sequential stages but competing outcomes within a unified instability landscape. The effective disorder parameter Δ is interpreted as an engineering-completeness coordinate that compresses microstructural roughness, interfacial nonuniformity, contact pressure, and protocol variability into a single scalar; operating temperature is handled independently through an explicit Arrhenius factor with effective activation energy Eaeff. The model is calibrated against four representative LLZO benchmarks spanning both the engineering-completeness axis and two operating temperatures: Flatscher et al. (no engineering, 25 °C, 0.28mAcm-2), Kim et al. (interface-engineered LLZO at 25 °C, 1.6mAcm-2, and at 60 °C, 2.6mAcm-2), and Taylor et al. (high-current cycling at 60 °C, 6.0mAcm-2). The Kim RT/60 °C pair at fixed Δ fixes Eaeff≈0.11 eV independently of the Δ-dependence. All four benchmarks are reproduced within approximately 15%. From CCD data alone, the four prefactors C, A, a2, and a3 enter only through the identifiable combination Λ=C[a3/(a2A)]1/(m+1); individually they are structurally non-identifiable. We hold C=1 as normalization and (a1,a2,a3) at fixed structural values, and fit A directly as an effective scale conditional on those choices. The framework explains why apparent CCD values are protocol dependent and why morphology-instability onset need not coincide with electrical shorting. Beyond the qualitative phenomenology, we provide a classified parameter identifiability map, specify the validity domain of the saturation approximation used in deriving JCCD, discuss regime-dependent connectivity signatures, and identify the post-shorting temporal interval between initial percolation and mature-filament threshold crossing (≈1.5–4.5 dimensionless effective time units across the LLZO engineering-completeness axis). The model identifies a dual role of disorder: it amplifies local flux heterogeneity and lowers the effective threshold for metallic Li connectivity. These results provide a microstructure-informed interpretation of CCD in garnet electrolytes, generate experimentally testable predictions for pulse-current and interface-engineering studies, and suggest design principles for suppressing lithium penetration in ceramic solid electrolytes.

Dendrite formation in solid electrolytes remains a central obstacle to reliable solid-state batteries, yet its microscopic origin is debated. A unified framework is presented in which dendrites emerge from disorder-driven localization of ionic transport. A disorder parameter sigma E, defined by the variance of migration energy barriers, controls the topology of the percolation backbone above the ionic mobility edge Ec. While Ec is set by the mean barrier and remains invariant under sigma E, increasing disorder depletes active conducting pathways, driving a transition from extended conduction to localized transport. This connectivity transition produces filamentary current channels under applied bias; the resulting flux focusing and electric-field amplification at filament tips provide a direct mechanism for dendrite nucleation. Subsequent growth follows transport-limited diffusion-limited aggregation dynamics, yielding fractal morphologies with Df approximate to 1.7. The critical current density follows j crit = j 0 exp(-sigma E, eff/k B T), linking microscopic energy-landscape statistics to macroscopic electrochemical stability. The resulting disorder-current phase diagram reveals a nonequilibrium transition between stable and dendritic regimes. These results establish transport localization as a fundamental transport-mediated mechanism of dendrite formation, indicating that narrowing the distribution of migration barriers, reducing the mean barrier alone, is key to stable solid electrolytes.

Correction for ‘ In situ investigation of Li permeation through grain boundaries in garnet-based solid electrolytes’ by Sung Heo et al. , J. Mater. Chem. A , 2026, 14 , 7388–7393, https://doi.org/10.1039/D5TA09003B.

We argue that the Jahn-Teller phonon manifold responsible for superconductivity in alkali-doped fulleridesA3C60supports circular, chiral combinations in a symmetry-adapted basis, and that this perspective gives a clean group-theoretical account of why these materials are robusts-wave superconductors. Embedding the fivefoldHgirrep in thel=2parent representation of SO(3), we use Clebsch-Gordan algebra in the circular basis to obtain the channel weightsW(q)=3/5for allq∈{-2,-1,0,+1,+2}. The chiral channels (q≠0) carry 80% of the total coupling weight, the achiral channel (q=0) the remaining 20%, but the central robust result is the equality between opposite chiral sectors,W(+m)=W(-m),enforced by time-reversal symmetry. The angular-momentum-weighted contribution of the chiral channels cancels identically, so the Cooper pair carries zero net angular momentum in any time-reversal-symmetric environment. A McMillan calculation reproduces the experimentalTc=19.3K of K3C60, and the same calculation reveals that thes-wave channel is parametrically robust against any equilibrium time-reversal-breaking perturbation becauseμBB≪ωphfor the stiff intramolecularHgmodes. In two-dimensional systems with soft acoustic phonons and strong effective time-reversal breaking-most notably the chiral superconductor in valley-polarized rhombohedral trilayer graphene (RTG)-the same symmetry analysis allows a chiralp-wave channel, placing fullerides and RTG as two limits of a single mechanism controlled by the dimensionless ratioδε/ωph. We provide an order-of-magnitude estimate of mode-resolved phonon Zeeman splittings as a possible experimental signature, while emphasizing that a quantitative prediction requires a microscopic calculation of the orbit-lattice coupling.

Garnet-type solid electrolytes, such as Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO), are promising candidates for next-generation solid-state batteries due to their high ionic conductivity, mechanical stability, and excellent compatibility with lithium metal anodes. However, a major safety concern remains: internal short-circuits caused by lithium dendrite penetration, a mechanism that is not yet fully understood. To address this, we employed a suite of in situ techniques-including conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to directly observe the mechanism of lithium plating and propagation in Ta-doped Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 (LLZTO) solid electrolytes. Our findings reveal that non-uniform current distribution within the LLZTO is the primary driver for lithium dendrite formation. We observed that lithium crystals initially nucleate and grow as discrete islands along the grain boundaries where current is concentrated. These isolated crystals subsequently merge, forming continuous dendritic pathways that lead to short-circuiting. The growth of these lithium crystals was further confirmed by in situ electron beam induced current (EBIC) experiments. Based on these insights, we developed a novel C-AFM-based technique to artificially induce lithium dendrite growth from the LLZTO surface, which serves as a powerful diagnostic tool for identifying regions of non-uniform current flow. This work elucidates the fundamental mechanism of lithium dendrite formation and provides a valuable method for assessing the safety and performance of solid-state electrolytes.

Flat-band lattices support compact localized states with sublattice-selective amplitude patterns, but it is less clear whether this geometry can protect nearby boundary resonances from disorder-induced leakage into the bulk. Here we identify a matrix-element selection rule for sublattice-selective leakage suppression in a gyroscopic Lieb mechanical lattice. The lattice hosts a nearly-sublattice-dark quasi-flat band and a boundary resonance in the adjacent low-density spectral window. Under sublattice-resolved onsite disorder averaged over 48 realizations with bootstrap 95% confidence intervals, the small-leakage prefactors obey(CI) for; a full-range quartic fit and a fit-free integrated disorder response give more conservative ratios ofand, respectively. Bond-stiffness disorder shows a matching bond-resolved selectivitywith near-perfect variance additivity (), confirming that the mechanism is not tied to onsite disorder. A Fermi-golden-rule analysis on the strip eigenmodes attributes the asymmetry to a suppressed matrix elementwhose isotropic scalar-site overlap-density evaluation supports the observed order-of-magnitude asymmetry (details in section 4.3). The selection rule remains present under spring anisotropyat every anisotropy where the perturbative fit converges above the twelve-realization ensemble noise floor. The mechanism is geometric rather than topological and provides a route to reducing selected bulk-leakage channels in multi-sublattice mechanical, phononic and photonic flat-band platforms.

We propose that arranging ferromagnetic nematic liquid-crystal (FMNLC) elements on a Lieb lattice produces a functionally distinct acoustic response: not enhanced attenuation, but a sublatticeprogrammable response channel that can be...

Thermal failure in solid-state batteries employing halide electrolytes is usually attributed to interfacial degradation, yet the role of bulk transport heterogeneity has received little scrutiny. This work investigates whether activation-energy disorder in the ionic hopping landscape can, by itself, create conditions favorable for localized electro-thermal instability. Ionic transport is simulated on disordered hopping networks in two and three dimensions (N = 15-60, 20 realizations each), and a lumped node-level heat balance is introduced to define the instability boundary. Finite-size scaling across seven 3D system sizes identifies peak filamentation at sigma E = 0.170 eV with no systematic drift over N = 15-60. Large-size extrapolation yields Phi infinity = 10.52 +/- 0.20, substantially exceeding the 2D peak (Phi approximate to 8.1) within the present normalization. The 3D instability onset occurs at lower disorder than in 2D, and the model-defined instability boundary appears at lower voltages (Vcrit approximate to 1.2 V at N = 25). AC impedance computed from the same disordered networks shows disorder-correlated arc broadening; the Pearson correlation between DC filamentation and DRT width is r = 0.61-0.71 across N = 15-25, with the non-monotonic broadening trend preserved across all system sizes. These results suggest that conductivity normalized by disorder variance may serve as a more informative stability descriptor than conductivity alone.

Seawater-based mineral carbonation or CO2 mineralization is a promising carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technology for achieving carbon neutrality and resource circulation. However, carbonates have a low conversion rate, and their crystal structures and precipitate sizes are difficult to control, thereby limiting the competitiveness of CCU technology. This study explored a direct carbonation method that sequentially carbonated ions in seawater reverse osmosis brine using Na2CO3 as a CO2 carrier to address these challenges. Moreover, the effects of ion concentration and interactions on the carbonate precipitation mechanism were analyzed. Depending on the concentration (1000-2592 ppm), the presence of Mg2+ ions induced either amorphous CaCO3 or aragonite crystal structures during Ca2+ carbonation. For example, aragonite precipitation occurred when the Mg2+ concentration exceeded the theoretical threshold of 11.96 mol%. These findings suggest a novel Ostwald ripening pathway for CaCO3 that differs from conventional CaCO3 precipitation. Furthermore, by controlling the ion concentration and aging time, the crystal structures of MgCO3 and CaCO3 could be transformed into spherical and petal-like shapes. Our proposed direct carbonation process successfully enabled the selective precipitation of ions from brine. Thus, by analyzing the effect of ion concentration on carbonate precipitation, our study contributes to the broader applicability of CCU technology for various wastewater sources.

The accumulation of oyster shell waste is increasing annually, and the high costs associated with landfilling call for innovative solutions to repurpose this maricultural waste. This study proposes two methods for utilizing oyster shell waste as sources for CO2 mineralization: calcination and extraction. First, the calcination process consisting of two stages was investigated based on the characteristics of the oyster shell waste. This method yields high-purity CO2 gas through pretreatment, effectively removing organic compounds. Additionally, the calcination process significantly reduced the emissions of hazardous gases such as CO, NO, NO2, and SO2 by up to 72.97% during the first calcination stage. Second, a novel three-phase extraction process is introduced. This process achieved low pH conditions for leaching alkaline earth metals and high pH conditions for enhancing CO2 reactivity. It also does not generate acidic or basic wastewater, a common issue in chemical extraction. The extraction process demonstrated high Ca2 + extraction efficiency (99.07 %) and high-purity CaCO3 yield of 0.86ton CaCO3/ton of oyster shell waste. In CO2 mineralization, calcium ions derived from the calcination of oyster shell waste and extraction react with CO2, forming calcium carbonate. In addition, it was theoretically proved, based on dissociation constants, that CO32- is formed faster than HCO3- in the presence of OH- ions. The mechanism study revealed that alkaline wastewater acts as a pH buffer, enhancing CO2 reactivity and accelerating the conversion of CO2(g) to CO32-(aq), thereby promoting the growth and nucleation of CaCO3 by OH ions.

In this study, the kinetics of the transition of Na2CO3 to NaHCO3 were enhanced based on the alpha effect by adding rate promoters to NaOH-based absorbents. Because the alpha-effect shows strong correlation with the electronegativity of the alpha-atom, to analyze their kinetic improvement, H2O2, NaOCl, and H3BO3 were selected as rate promoters. The promoters were chosen based on compounds with an O- or OH- group that can act as a Lewis base when CO2 acts as a Lewis acid or a structure that is easily accessible to CO2 molecules. Each promoter was added at different concentrations (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 M), and the reaction rates of the absorbent solutions were experimentally evaluated. Among selected promoters, H2O2 exhibits the greatest effect, achieved the highest conversion efficiency, which showed an approximately 45-fold increase in reaction rate compared to the promoter-free NaOH solution. Furthermore, the enhancement in reaction rate allows the particle size to be controlled and precipitated with different crystalline structure. Therefore, the introduction of a promoter based on the alpha-effect not only significantly improves the reaction rate leading to NaHCO3 formation but also allows control of the crystal size and shape. This breakthrough can be a promising solution to address the limitations of conventional NaOH absorbents.

Seawater -based mineral carbonation is a treatment method that can simultaneously address the issues of global warming and marine pollution caused by the desalination brine. However, the selection of reactants without considering wastewater, the low reaction rate and selectivity of generated carbonate compounds require improvement. This study aims to more efficiently precipitate magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) in desalination brine and control the characteristics of the precipitated CaCO3 (PCC). The efficiency of Mg carbonation under brine conditions is analyzed, and the precipitation of CaCO3 is controlled by separating the CO2 absorptionprecipitation process. Mass transfer of CO2 improved under atmospheric pressure brine conditions, accelerating the carbonation of Mg. The adjusted [Ca2+]:[CO32-] ratio was a factor influencing polymorphism and size during the precipitation process of CaCO3. Sodium -rich wastewater generated in the process can be integrated with chlor-alkali processes and additional sodium precipitation processes to secure its value as a sustainable technology.

Superhydrophobic materials have been gaining popularity owing to their self-cleaning, anti-freezing, and anticorrosion properties. This study presents an approach for the synthesis of superhydrophobic calcium carbonate via CO 2 mineralization using carbon capture utilization (CCU) technology. By using biodegradable amino acids (L-arginine/L-lysine) and oleic acid, various biosurfactant self-assembly structures were formed as surfacemodifying agents of calcium carbonate owing to the saponification and lyotropic phase transition. Moreover, calcium cations were recovered from salt -farm wastewater using pH-swing ion separation for sustainability and waste management. we presented various self-assembly structures depending on the ratio of amino acids to oleic acid, such as spherical micelles, liquid crystal nanoparticles, and vesicles for L-arginine oleate and spherical micelles, cylindrical micelles, and planar lamellar structures for L-lysine oleate. The synthesized calcium carbonates were 87.95 % purified scalenohedral calcite under micellar L-arginine oleate and 87.08 % purified spherical calcite under micellar L-lysine. Moreover, their surface areas were 28.85 m 2 /g for L-arginine and 13.46 m 2 /g for L-lysine. They were significantly improved and larger than that of commercial calcium carbonate (3.45 m 2 /g). In comparison, larger agglomerated calcite particles were produced under the other self-assembled structures. During mineralization, the amount of calcium oleate adsorbed on the surface of calcium carbonate played a crucial role in particle formation. Notably, superhydrophobic calcium carbonates were synthesized with a contact angle of 168.66 degrees under spherical micelles of L-arginine oleate and 167.46 degrees under spherical micelles of L-lysine oleate. The in-situ surface modification method utilizing biosurfactant self-assembled structures was expected to revitalize the carbon capture and utilization.

Increasing yearly stockpiles of cement kiln dust (CKD) and the associated high landfilling cost require innovative solutions to utilize CKD. This study proposes a strong acid-mediated extraction–mineralization process that utilizes CO2. The process comprises the extraction of Ca2+ from CKD using strong acids, mineralization of CO2 using extracted Ca2+ and alkaline wastewater, and production of Ca carbonate. High Ca2+ leaching efficiency, high Ca2+ extraction efficiency, and high-purity nano-sized CaCO3 production from CKD were achieved under normal operating conditions in an in-situ strong acid solution. The process feasibility was primarily tested via an individual extraction process using aqueous HCl and HNO3 solutions from typical CKD and mineral carbonation experiments using Ca(OH)2 and alkaline wastewater obtained from the extraction process. The process had a Ca2+ leaching efficiency of 94.73%, Ca2+ extraction efficiency of 93.54%, and CaCO3 yield of 1.45 ton/ton CKD in the aqueous HCl solution. Polymorphism and crystal structure analyses showed that CaCO3 obtained after CO2 mineralization was mainly present as calcite. Alkaline wastewater acted as a pH buffer, enhanced the reactivity with CO2, accelerated the conversion of CO2(g) to CO32-(aq), and acted as an accelerator that promoted the nucleation growth of CaCO3 by OH- ions during the mineralization process. The effect of the nucleation and growth of CaCO3 on the particle and crystallite size is highly dependent on the system pH. These results can be applied to CO2 utilization processes by industrial by-products.

Gallium‐based liquid metal, eutectic gallium–indium alloy (EGaIn), is becoming a leading innovation in soft electronic devices due to its exceptional electronic conductivity and deformability. However, the formation of insulating oxide films on EGaIn surfaces poses a significant impediment to translating electrochemical reactions, thereby limiting its use as an electrochemical biosensor. Here, functionalized EGaIn electrodes with reduced‐graphene‐oxide assembled EGaIn core–shell particles (REGs) for soft and deformable electrochemical biosensors are presented. Exploiting EGaIn's capability as a reducing agent, REGs can undergo further modification with metal nanoparticles through additional galvanic replacement reactions. The REGs and metal‐coated REGs (M‐REGs) provide strong interfacial adhesion with the EGaIn current collector, exhibiting no exfoliation during and after the mechanical deformation. Moreover, RIDE and metal‐decorated RIDE (M‐RIDE) show excellent electrochemical sensing performances by taking advantage of the facile surface tunability of REGs, allowing simultaneous detection of ascorbic acid, dopamine, and uric acid, and enzymatic detection of glucose. The developed RIDE/M‐RIDE paves the way for utilizing EGaIn in the development of soft and deformable electrochemical biosensors.

Despite the remarkable progress in the development of sweat sensors, self-powered sweat-responsive sensing displays that detect sweat in electric signals with simultaneous and direct visualization of the sweat is rarely demonstrated. Here, a self-powered sweat-responsive structural color (SC) display enabled by ionomer-doped block copolymer (BCP) photonic crystals (PCs) is presented. The sweat-responsive BCP PC is developed by employing a cross-linking single-mobile ionomer (SMI) with mobile anions anchored to immobile polycations to a 1-D BCP PC. The hydrophobic SMI-doped BCP PC is mechanically robust as well as water and temperature-resistive, exhibiting ionomer concentration-dependent full visible SCs. Moreover, the mobile anions periodically confined in the SMI-doped BCP PC harvest triboelectric energy, giving rise to a high-power density of approximate to 0.774 Mw cm-2. Cation-sensitive SC variation is observed in the SMI-doped BCP PC, allowing the visualization of sweat containing various cations. A skin-patchable self-powered sweat-responsive display is demonstrated in which kirigami-patterned SMI-doped BCP PC incorporated in the display can withstand up to 50% strain during exercise. Sweat from the exercise is visualized via SC display and measured using both ionic resistance changes and triboelectric signals. In addition, the integration of sweat sensing membrane into SMI-doped BCP PC enables the quantification of sweat. A self-powered sweat-responsive sensing display enabling ionic as well as triboelectric detection of sweat with its simultaneous and direct structural color visualization is demonstrated, based on sweat-responsive block copolymer photonic crystals doped with single-mobile ionomer. Furthermore, by employing cation-selective membranes to the sensing display, the sweat is quantified in addition to the visualization of sweat. image