With the interest to study the structural, optical and spectroscopic properties of the molybdenum and calcium fluoride co-doped bismuth borate glasses added with small trace of chromium ions, a detailed investigation has been carried out. The samples with the formula xMoO3-(20-x)CaF2-20Bi2O3-59.8B2O3-0.2Cr2O3 were prepared by adopting melt-quench method. XRD, optical absorption, FTIR and Raman characterizations were studied for the glass samples and discussed elaborately. XRD reveals the amorphous nature of the prepared samples with broad hump. The density of the samples was calculated and reported an increase from 3.97 gm/cc to 4.203 gm/ cc with increase in MoO3 content. Similarly, the optical energy band gap also increase from 1.87 eV to 2.26 eV and is attributed to the decrease in NBO's. The refractive index of the glass samples in the range of 2.63-2.79 opens up applications in non-linear optical and opto-electronics devices. FTIR spectra in hand with Raman spectra provides evidence to the increase in compactness with increase in MoO3 content, as there is a conversion of BO3 to BO4 units. The other probable structure units in the glass network include MoO2-4 and MoO6 units resulting in structural stability.

This work aims to analyze the structural properties of lithium and potassium tetra borate glasses that have undergone modification with tellurium oxide and Cu 2+ ions with the chemical composition xK 2 B 4 O 7 -(80-x) Li 2 B 4 O 7 −19TeO 2 −1CuO [KLTC] (with x = 50, 60, 70 & 80 mole%). The analysis is performed by using different spectroscopic methods. The absence of sharp Braggs peaks in the X-ray diffraction spectra confirmed the amorphous nature of the processed glasses. The optical parameter values were obtained from Tauc and Urbach plots. The band gap values decreased in proportion with the content of K 2 B 4 O 7 in KLTC. On these samples EPR studies were put on in order to determine the ligand field surrounded by the Cu 2+ ions. The spin-Hamiltonian parameters suggest that the Cu 2+ ions are located in tetragonally stretched octahedral locations. The existence of metal cations along with the characteristics borate as well as tellurite structural units were confirmed by the peaks observed in the Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectra. Among the prepared KLTC glass samples, KLTC-80 is found to be the best sample in the field of fiber optics communication.

To evaluate the effect of In2O3 on (30-x) BaO-69B2O3-xIn2O3-1CuO (x = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mol

The application of different glass materials in the area of radiation shielding and charge particle attenuation has necessitated a comprehensive study of glass materials doped with special elements to examine the impact of the special element on the microstructure and shielding capabilities of resultant glass materials. In this study, the optical absorption spectra of Mo3+ doped cadmium zinc lithium borate glasses (BCZLMx) was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopic methods to ascertain the suitability of BCZLMx glass microstructure to neutron and charge particle attenuation. Results show that the absorption cross-section is the dominant contributor to the total cross section for all samples, ranging from 110.9 cm-1 to 111.7 cm-1. BCZLM1 glass sample appears to be slightly more effective at removing fast neutrons from the beam while BCZLM5 glasses are effective at stopping electrons, protons, alpha particles, and carbon ions when compared to the other BCZLMx glasses samples. This implies that doping cadmium zinc lithium borate glasses with Mo3+ reduces fast and thermal neutrons shielding potential and increased charge particles interaction of the BCZLMx glass system.

The manuscript is to provide information about the preparation, identification of the glassy nature, primary physical parameters and structural studies of Bi2O3 - ZnO - Li2B4O7 - GdF3 glasses. The glasses of thickness around 1 mm were obtained by quenching the molten viscous material onto the moulds. These glasses are transparent enough to recognize them into glassy species but their amorphous nature was scientifically identified with peak free XRD spectra. Several properties like density, molar volume, optical absorption, FTIR, Raman and EPR spectra were measured, analyzed and discussed in detail. Density drastically increased from 2.7715 gm/cc (BZLG-0) to 4.9352 gm/cc (BZLG-40) nearly the increment is (Delta rho = 2.1637 gm/cc) is attributed to the presence of bismuth. Molar volume declined to reach from 57.9366 (BZLG-0) to 56.5949 (BZLG-40) glass sample. Optical absorption spectra are flat with no absorption bands except edge transitions. With the concentration of bismuth going from low to high the optical band gap energy 3.281 eV (BZLG-0) shrinks to 2.825 eV (BZLG-40). The band gap decrement is associated with the formation of non-bridging oxygens. FTIR and Raman studies combinedly reveal the existence of certain structural groups and the domination of few borate modes. Observed EPR spectra have shown characteristic resonance signals of the so-called U spectrum typical for Gd3+ ions in disordered systems. In addition to the U-spectrum, an unexpected high crystal field resonance signal is also present.

The effect of Bismuth on zinc-lithium tetra borate glasses were discussed based on structural, physical, and spectroscopic properties. Glass systems of Bi 2 O 3 -ZnO-Li 2 B 4 O 7 -TbF 3 [BZLT] were cast by melt-quench process. Transparent glasses were analysed by diffracted Roentgen X-rays. Peak free and broad nature X-ray diffraction revealed the amorphous arrangement prevailing in these glasses. Density was estimated using the Archimedes principle. Bismuth grossly affected the density of BZLT glasses by increasing its value 2.722 gm/cc [BZLT-0] to 4.6739 gm/cc [BZLT-40]. Optical absorption provides valuable information about optical band gap energy and Urbach energy and some of its derived physical quantities. The effect of bismuth is felt in decreased E opt values [3.312 eV in BZLT-0] [2.619 eV in BZLT-40] in BZLT glasses. Bismuth altered the structure of the borate network by forming non-bridging oxygens which in turn reduced the band gap energy by large margin (ΔE opt = 0.693 eV). Fourier transform infrared spectroscpy and Raman studies revealed the presence of several triangular BO 3 and tetrahedral BO 4 and BiO 3 units and also the existence of metal cation vibrations and supported the large deviations in the optical bandgap energies. Election paramagnetic resonance studies support the presence of Tb 3+ ions and absence of Tb 4+ ions in BZLT glasses.

A melt quenching technique was used for the preparation of xBaO–(30-x)TeO 2 –35Bi 2 O 3 –33B 2 O 3 –2V 2 O 5 (5 ≤ x ≤ 25 mol%) glasses. The structural modifications are studied by X-ray diffraction, DSC, optical, infrared spectroscopy, and Raman as a function of BaO mol%. The progressive incorporation of BaO mol% in the BTBiBV glasses decreases the optical band gap values as the number of free electrons increases with the creation of additional NBOs. The FTIR spectra of the prepared glasses consist of BO 3 trigonal and BO 4 tetrahedral units while TeO 2 changes to TeO 3 andTeO 4 structural units. The Raman spectra shows that the replacement of BaO with TeO 2 decreases the concentration of Te–O–Te linkages within the volume of host glass, which increases the concentration of Ba–O–Te linkages along with BO 3 units. Due to this, the overall glass formers connectivity decreases which intern to the creation of NBOs. Moreover, the research highlighted that BTBiBV-5 glasses have exceptional optical properties making them promising materials for photonics, optoelectronics, and optical communication device applications.

This work investigates the structural and elastic properties of x PbF2 - 20 Bi2O3 - 10 MoO3 - (70-x) B2O3 (where x = 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mol%) glasses with an emphasis on the effects of different PbF2 concentrations. Amorphousness of the samples is confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) inspection because no identifiable peaks are present. Changes in the connectivity and structure of the glass network can be detected by the observed 17 % increase in glass density from 4.1024 g/cm3 to 4.7956 g/cm3 as PbF2 concentration increases. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy investigations revealed the increase of PbF2 results in the creation of Pb 2+1/2 [F-BO4/2], [PbF9+] units and the conversion of BO3 to BO4 units. These structural changes are emphasised by the shift towards higher wavenumbers and the progressive widening of the bands from 1200 cm-1 to 1500 cm-1. The results show an increase in the proportion of N4 with additional PbF2, which affects the elastic properties of the glass. The computed elastic moduli demonstrate that the increase in [PbF9+] structural units caused by PbF2 addition causes polymerization in the molybdenum bismuth-borate network. The increasing rigidity of the glass network is further increased by the formation of highly coordinated [PbF9+] and by the increasing parameters of KMM and KBC.

xNaF-(40-x)CdO-60B2O3 glass system (NFCBx) was prepared using the melt quenching technique, where x = 5, 10, 15. 20, 25, 30 35 mol %. All prepared samples were characterized using impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range of 50Hz to 5 MHz. Moreover, these samples were subjected to a gamma radiation shielding test using the WinCOM computer program across a wide photon energy range. The impedance spectra from room temperature to 623K with an increment of 50K were recorded. Parameters like bulk resistance (Rb), bulk capacitance (Cb), relaxation time, activation energies, mass attenuation coefficient and Effective Atomic Number were evaluated. The conductivity of the prepared glass samples was independent of frequency at lower frequencies. Still, it varied at higher frequencies. The bulk capacitance increases with an increase in temperature and NaF concentration. Activation energy values are found to decrease as NaF concentration rises. The NFCB3 sample exhibited significantly higher mass attenuation coefficient and Effective Atomic Number values than other commercial SCHOTT glasses across most energy ranges. Hence, NFCB3 glass material is recommended for specialized applications in medical and nuclear settings where excellent dielectric, impedance, radiation attenuation properties and transparency are crucial.

The expression (70-x)B2O3-10ZnO-10CdO-10MgO-xBi2O3 Glasses containing B2O3, ZnO, CdO, MgO, and variable amounts of Bi2O3 were created using the melt quenching process. The observed rise in both density and molar volume of the glass samples as the Bi2O3 level increases suggests the formation of a more expanded structure with greater Bi2O3 content. There is a good degree of agreement between the observed values of band gap energy and Urbach energy estimated from the ASF model and Tauc model. The decrease in Eopt may be attributed to the increased concentration of non-bridging oxygen (NBO) inside the glass network, resulting in a disordered glass structure. The measured values of Λ and A indicate that the current glasses belong to group-II, namely typical ionic (basic) oxides. The non-linear optical properties of the current glasses, specifically n2, χ (1), and χ (3), showed an increase as the glass composition increased. The current glasses provide several benefits, such as a larger density. These glasses have a greater polarizability and an improved refractive index, making them highly sought-after materials for non-linear optical applications.

This study investigates the optical and radiation shielding characteristics of different glass systems, such as PbF2, MoO3, Bi2O3, and B2O3, with varied concentrations of PbF2. The glass samples were manufactured by a melt quenching technique, with a composition of 20 Bi2O3-10 MoO3 - (70-x) B2O3-x PbF2, where x is a value between 0 and 20 mol%. The optical properties were evaluated using UV-vis spectrophotometry, while the radiation shielding parameters were calculated using Phy-X/PSD software. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) at 0.015 MeV exhibited an increase from 34.101 to 54.190 cm(2) g(-1) as the quantity of PbF2 rose. At an energy of 15.0 keV, the effective atomic number (Z(eff)) increased from 74.11 to 76.63, while the half-value layer (HVL) decreased from 0.00263 cm to 0.00188 cm. The values of the optical band gap (E-g) ranged from 2.577 to 2.105 eV, showing a decrease as the PbF2 content rose. The study shows that these glass structures can be utilized in advanced technological applications that demand higher optical and radiation shielding properties, thanks to their improved characteristics with increasing PbF2 content.

The III-V group semiconductors have extensive technological applications in the solar cells and light-emitting diodes. The electronic, dynamical, and optical properties of GaSb, GaP, InAs, GaAs, AlSb and AlAs semiconductors are comprehensively analysed using first-principle calculations of the density functional theory. The GGA computed band gaps are in the solar spectrum and found to be low effective charge due to high dispersion in the band structures. The acoustic phonons and optical phonons are obtained in the energy range of 0-33 meV and 21-55meV, respectively. These phonon results have suggested that all the crystal structures are dynamically stable. Above electronic and phonon results are used to analyse the optical properties. Generally, optical properties are affected by electron-phonon interaction via inter-bond transitions. The phonon influenced dielectric function could effectively enhance the light absorption by electron-phonon coupling which is useful to improve the efficiency of solar cell. Particularly, the phonon role in the shaping of optical absorption has been analysed based on the electron-phonon interaction. The optical absorption shows significant optical absorption (> 105 cm-1) for all the semiconductors useful in solar cell applications.

(70– x )B 2 O 3 -10ZnO-10CdO-10BaO- x Bi 2 O 3 glasses were prepared using melt quenching technique. The scanning electron micrograph of the studied glasses shows the surface without any existence of microstructures exhibiting a feature of amorphous phase. X-ray diffraction studies revealed amorphous nature of prepared glasses. The increment in both molar volume and density of glass samples as Bi 2 O 3 content increases indicates that a more opened structure is formed with higher content of Bi 2 O 3 . The T g value decreases as a function of Bi 2 O 3 content exhibiting increase in number of non-bridging oxygen atoms. The obtained values of band gap energy and Urbach energy from both Tauc model and ASF model are in good agreement with each other. The decrease in the E opt may also be due to the high concentration of NBO within the glass network. This causes a disordered glass structure arrangement which increases the excitation tendency of the electrons to the conduction band through the extension of the localized state in the gap. From the obtained values of α_O^2 - , Λ and A , the present glasses fall in the group (2) i.e., normal ionic (basic) oxides. It is concluded that all the prepared glasses have I c > 88

The motive of this work is to investigate the physical characteristics and spectroscopic features of multicomponent MnO2-doped Bismuth Borate glasses. The chemical formula for the glasses was (30-x) CaF2–xAl2O3–10Bi2O3–59B2O3–1MnO2, with x ranging from 3 to 15 mol

The present manuscript describes the preparation, characterization and discussions on the results of the K2B4O7-Li2B4O7-TeO2 glasses modified with copper ions. Melt quenching method is used for the sample preparation and analyzed with various spectroscopic methods. The XRD spectra is obtained for angles ranging from 10 degrees to 80 degrees have no distinct peaks indicating an amorphous structure. The density of KLTC-0 (2.5239 gm/cc) K2B4O7 free sample has more density than KLTC-40 (2.449 gm/cc) glass sample. The density of all the KLTC glasses is found to decrease this suggests that on incorporating K2B4O7, the glass matrix is influenced The absorption spectra has shown distinct absorption edge in the vicinity of 400 nm and broad band around 780 nm. The 780 nm band associated with the transition from 2B1g -> 2B2g.Non-bridging oxygen's rise with K2B4O7 content is supported the decrease of optical band gap energies. FTIR and Raman spectra revealed the existence of various borate and tellurite groups. EPR studies confirmed that Cu2+ ions are in tetragonally distorted octahedral. Most of the ligand bonding is of ionic character.

This study presents an in-depth analysis of the physical, optical, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and radiation shielding properties of vanadium-doped cadmium lead borate tellurite glasses, coded as PCTBVX. A series of glasses with varying concentrations of vanadium oxide (V2O5) were synthesized and characterized to understand their structural and functional capabilities. The physical properties, determined through density and molar volume measurements, revealed a notable decrease in density and an increase in molar volume with increasing V2O5 content. This trend was attributed to the substitution of denser CdO with lighter V2O5, and the transformation of BO4 tetrahedra into BO3 triangles in the glass network. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis provided insights into the crystalline structures, indicating distinct patterns for each glass composition. Optical properties were investigated using UV–Visible spectroscopy and Tauc plots, revealing a nonlinear decrease in optical band gap energies as V2O5 concentration increased. This observation suggested alterations in the boro-tellurite network structure due to V2O5 addition. EPR spectroscopy was employed to examine the local structures around V4+ ions, demonstrating a correlation between V2O5 concentration and EPR signal strength, indicative of the vanadium ions' coordination environment. The study's highlight was the comprehensive evaluation of radiation shielding properties using Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code (MCNP5) simulations and Phy-X/PSD software. These analyses showcased the glasses' capabilities in gamma and neutron attenuation, with a focus on parameters such as attenuation coefficients, effective atomic numbers, and removal cross-sections. The findings revealed that increasing vanadium concentration enhanced the glasses' shielding effectiveness against both gamma and neutron radiation. Overall, the synthesized PCTBVX glasses demonstrated promising attributes for applications in radiation shielding and optical technologies, owing to their modified density, structural alterations, and improved functional properties brought about by vanadium doping. This research not only contributes to the understanding of vanadium's role in glass matrices but also paves the way for developing advanced materials for protective and optical applications.

Glasses of the composition xBaO-(30-x)TeO2-10TiO2-59.5B2O3-0.5Fe2O3 were synthesized using the melt-quenching process and investigated using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), optical characterization techniques. The DSC spectra of the prepared glass samples attest to their glassy nature. Archimedes' principle was used to determine the density (ρ) of the glass samples. The progressive replacement of BaO with TeO2 leads to the structural compactness of the vitreous network and improves the glass stability. Optical absorption spectra have also been employed to examine the optical transitions and electronic band structure. From the edges of UV absorption, the Eopt and Urbach energies have been determined. All the glasses' physical properties have been examined in relation to BaO mol%.

In this study we have prepared the specific composition 60B2O3–20CdO-5Al2O3-(15-x)ZnF2-xMoO3 (where x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2) samples by using conventional Melt quenching method. The structural properties of the glass samples were characterized by using FTIR, Raman spectroscopy and X-Ray diffraction. The analysis of FTIR spectra divulges the existence of contrasting borate and aluminates units and also specifies the conversion of Mo6+ to Mo5+. As increasing of MoO3 concentration the density of glass materials is enhancing slightly. With increasing of MoO3, the decrease in the optical band gaps is observed in the studied compositions. This is happen due to the transformation of Mo6+ ions to Mo5+ ions will enhance of Non-Bridging oxygen concentration with increasing of MoO3. The analysis of Raman spectra suggested that BO4 units are transformed to BO3 units with increasing of MoO3 concentration. With increasing of BO3 units, the non-bridging oxygen’s levels will improve which in turn enhances the density of the compositions.

Glasses containing B 2 O 3 , Bi 2 O 3 , MoO 3 , Cr 2 O 3 , and ZnF 2 are known to possess striking features for advanced optical and radiation shielding applications. This report presents the preparation and structural, physical, optical, and radiation shielding characteristics of x MoO 3 -(20−x)ZnF 2 -20Bi 2 O 3 -59.8B 2 O 3 -0.2Cr 2 O 3 glasses for x = 0 (MZBBCR-0), 4 (MZBBCR-1), 8 (MZBBCR-2), 12 (MZBBCR-3) and 16 (MZBBCR-4) mol%. The glasses were produced through the melt-and-quench method. The glassy features of the prepared materials were observed using x-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrographs. The physical, optical, and structural parameters of the glasses were obtained by standard laboratory procedures. The FLUKA (fluktuierende kaskade) code and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) XCOM software were used to compute the gamma-photon mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) of the glasses. Also, the fast and thermal neutron interaction cross-sections were computed with the aid of established theoretical models. The density of the MZBBCR glasses decreased nonlinearly with MoO 3 concentration. The results of the Racah parameter study revealed that the strength of the crystal field was diminished when molybdenum was added to the glass system. The direct energy bandgap values of the samples also decreased with the decrease in ZnF 2 amount from 16 mol% to 4 mol%. The values MAC of the glasses at 15 keV are 69.703 cm 2 /g, 68.330 cm 2 /g, 66.985 cm 2 /g, 65.667 cm 2 /g, and 64.376 cm 2 /g for MZBBCR0, MZBBCR1, MZBBCR2, MZBBCR3, and MZBBCR4, respectively. The fast neutron removal cross-sections of MZBBCR0, MZBBCR1, MZBBCR2, MZBBCR3, and MZBBCR4 are 0.1035 cm −1 , 0.1030 cm −1 , 0.1015 cm −1 , 0.1002 cm −1 , and 0.0995 cm −1 , respectively. The MZBBCR0 glass had the best photon and neutron attenuation, and exhibited features that make it a better choice for photon shielding applications than conventional shielding glasses or concretes. The zero-lead content of the MZBBCR glasses, as well as their optical properties, makes them safer and more available for other optical-based applications.

Glasses containing B2O3, Bi2O3, MoO3, Cr2O3, and ZnF2 are known to possess striking features for advanced optical and radiation shielding applications. This report presents the preparation and structural, physical, optical, and radiation shielding characteristics of xMoO3-(20−x)ZnF2-20Bi2O3-59.8B2O3-0.2Cr2O3 glasses for x = 0 (MZBBCR-0), 4 (MZBBCR-1), 8 (MZBBCR-2), 12 (MZBBCR-3) and 16 (MZBBCR-4) mol