Plyometric-jump training (PJT) has been recommended as an effective resistance training modality for enhancing vertical jump and lower limb muscle power in young athletes. While unstable surfaces are popular means to address progression and specificity, an alternative approach for applying instability during jumping is the inclusion of unstable loads. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of unstable load PJT (UL-PJT) to PJT without unstable load (S-PJT) on physical fitness (i.e. jump performance, muscle strength, balance) of young volleyball players. Thirty-seven trained male volleyball players aged 16.8 ± 1.1 years were randomly assigned to UL-PJT, S-PJT, and active controls (CON). For 4 weeks (3 sessions/week), UL-PJT group performed jump exercises with external unstable loads ( 10

Purpose Resistance training can improve performance in power and speed sports. This study aimed to compare the effect of 8 weeks of high-intensity interval resistance training (HIIRT) compared to traditional resistance training (RT) on the performance and physiological indicators of young female rowers. Methods Sixteen young female rowers who had more than 3 years of professional rowing experience were randomly divided into two groups: RT and HIIRT (n = 8 in each group). Resistance training for two groups was performed in the form of RT and HIIRT for 8 weeks, three sessions per week, with additional training (three rowing sessions + one session of ergometer + two sessions of running and central stability training). Functional tests and physiological adaptations were measured before and after the RT and HIIRT programs. Results The statistical analysis of the data showed that the 2000-m rowing ergometer performance improved significantly in both groups (P < 0.0001). The magnitude of this performance increase was greater in the HIIRT group. Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) in the HIIRT group revealed a significant difference before and after 8 weeks of training (P = 0.002). Changes in the respiratory exchange rate (RER) were significantly affected by both RT and HIIRT (P < 0.01). However, changes in lactate levels were not significant in either training group (P > 0.05). Conclusion According to the results of the present study, it seems that HIIRT is more effective than traditional RT exercises in enhancing the physiological characteristics and performance of young female rowers.

Introduction and Purpose: Intensive exercise and physical activity increases free radical production and causes cell injury in athletes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of repeated intensive exercise on cellular damage indices and glutathione in young wrestlers.Materials and methods: For this purpose 15 subjects with mean age (22±3 years) and BMI (24±3 kg/m2) voluntary participated in this study. Subjects participating in each session included 4 stages of intensive exercise with 15 min active rest. Each stage included three lower and upper extremity Wingate test and with alternative pattern with 1 min active rest between each test. Blood sample was taken before and after and one hour after recovery.Results: Data was analyzed with repeated measure and the result showed that in general, increased LDH after exercise (P=0.03). But not significant increase in serum CK (P=0.08). The results showed that the exercise of reduced glutathione levels in the recovery period after activity, although this decrease is not significant (P=0.12). Discussion and Conclusion: These data suggest that intense anaerobic exercise, can increase some indicators of cell damage (lactate dehydrogenase), but more research is needed regarding the effect on serum glutathione levels.

Background: Obesity and overweight is one of the major public health challenges all around the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the simultaneous effect of eight weeks of metabolic resistance training (MRT) and Chlorogenic Acid (CGA) supplementation on weight loss, expression level of UCP1in overweight women. Materials and Methods: The present study was a randomized clinical trial performed in 2022 on a sample of overweight women in Iran. Participants in the study were randomly divided into four groups including combined 8-week course of MRT training and CGA supplementation, 8-week course of MRT, CGA supplement, and the control group. Intervention included three training sessions per week and the duration of each session was 45 minutes. The supplementation arms were also received 400 mg / day CGA extracted from green coffee beans. Expression level of Uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP1) was the main interested outcome that assessed pre and post intervention. Results: In the MRT exercise group, UCP1 expression increased by 4.3 units on average over the 8-week intervention. The highest increase was observed in participants who received both CGA supplement and MRT exercise where UCP1 increased from 22.5 (1.2) to 28.0 (3.5) over the study period (P<0.05). No significant increase was observed in CGA supplementation group. Conclusion: MRT exercises with and without CGA supplementation stimulated expression level of UCP1 mRNA.

This study compared the effects of lower- versus higher-intensity isometric handgrip exercise on resting blood pressure (BP) and associated clinical markers in adults with hypertension. Thirty-nine males were randomly assigned to one of three groups, including isometric handgrip at 60% maximal voluntary contraction (IHG-60), isometric handgrip at 30% IHG-30, or a control group (CON) that had been instructed to continue with their current activities of daily living. The volume was equated between the exercise groups, with IHG-60 performing 8 × 30-s contractions and IHG-30 performing 4 × 2-min contractions. Training was performed three times per week for 8 weeks. Resting BP (median [IQR]), flow-mediated dilation, heart rate variability, and serum markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were measured pre- and post-intervention. Systolic BP was significantly reduced for IHG-60 (−15.5 mmHg [−18.75, −7.25]) and IHG-30 (−5.0 mmHg [−7.5, −3.5]) compared to CON (p < 0.01), but no differences were observed between both the exercise groups. A greater reduction in diastolic BP was observed for IHG-60 (−5.0 mmHg [−6.0, −4.25] compared to IHG-30 (−2.0 mmHg [−2.5, −2.0], p = 0.042), and for both exercise groups compared to CON (p < 0.05). Flow-mediated dilation increased for both exercise groups versus CON (p < 0.001). IHG-30 had greater reductions in interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α compared to the other groups (p < 0.05) and CON (p = 0.018), respectively. There was a reduction in Endothelin-1 for IHG-60 compared to CON (p = 0.018). Both the lower- and higher-intensity IHG training appear to be associated with reductions in resting BP and improvements in clinical markers of inflammation and oxidative stress.

Background: Increasing prevalence of diabetes and its complications, including cardiovascular problems, increase the cost of health care. With proper planning to change lifestyle, like costs and complications of type 1 diabetes could be diminished. The present study investigated the effect of aerobic and resistance training on blood CRP level of type 1 diabetic patients as a protective marker on cardiovascular cells. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 32 patients with type 1 diabetes were divided into two groups of aerobic and resistance exercise training. Serum CRP levels were measured in all patients before and after exercise. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney, Bootstrap and SPSS tests. Results: In this study, for abnormal data, Bootstrap method was used, which created an acceptable confidence interval. And using analysis of variance to control the effect of CRP (interfering) level before and after exercise was not significant (P=0.37). Conclusion: Considering the relationship between exercise training with CRP level in type 1 diabetic patients specially in aerobic training group as well as CRP level according to the training program condition, it can be concluded that there is not effective relationship between this biomarker and exercise training in type 1 diabetic patients.

Background and Aim: Angiogenesis is the most important foundation of exercise-induced hypertrophy. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of different muscle tension training on some microRNAs related to angiogenesis and muscle hypertrophy in bodybuilders. Materials and Methods: The present study is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design. The study groups included resistance training group 1 (10 people), resistance training group 2 (10 people), and the control group (10 people). The study subjects were selected from male bodybuilders who have done regular training for at least three years and are aged between 25 and 30 years. The study was explained to them, and 48 hours before and after the test, 5 mL of blood was taken from each sample. Descriptive statistics, including Mean±SD, charts and tables, and inferential statistics, including analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc test, were performed using SPSS software. First, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the normality of the data. Then, to compare the differences between the groups, the ANOVA was used, and if it was significant, the Bonferroni post hoc test was used. Results: This study showed that resistance groups 1 and 2 significantly increased miR-1 in bodybuilders. Also, group 1 had a greater effect than resistance group 2. The results showed that resistance training in different time points and sets had different effects on molecular pathways of hypertrophy. So, two hours after resistance training, mir-1 levels did not increase significantly, but 4 hours after resistance training, the levels of these microRNAs increased. This study showed that group 1 had a more significant effect on miR-206 levels than resistance group 2. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that resistance training significantly increases the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels of bodybuilders. Also, the results showed that in group 2, an increase in VEGF levels led to a greater effect on angiogenesis in these samples.

BACKGROUND: Volleyball is a popular Olympic sport but has been little studied. Volleyball players have very distinct roles based on their playing positions. The present study aimed to investigate and compare cardiac functions and structure in elite volleyball players across different playing positions.METHODS: Left ventricular structure and function were measured using echocardiography in 60 male professional volleyball players (30.6±3.6 years) across five playing positions including libero, opposite players, outside hitters, middle blockers, and setters.RESULTS: Significant differences in most echocardiographic variables were observed among different playing positions, including left ventricular (LV) internal dimension, posterior wall thickness, intact ventricular septum, stroke volume, cardiac output, end-diastolic volume, ejection fraction, and fractional shortening (all P<0.01). End-systolic volume was not different among positions (P=0.167). The opposite players demonstrated greater LV dimension and thickness as well as systolic function than players in other positions (P<0.05). Stroke volume in the setters was significantly lower than those of the opposite players and outside hitters (P<0.05). Regression analysis showed that the playing position independently predicted most of the echocardiographic variables (P<0.05).CONCLUSIONS: LV adaptations in volleyball players vary widely according to their playing positions. The opposite players had the most pronounced LV adaptations compared with player in other positions.

Background & objective: Diabetes causes chronic problems in the structure and function of tissues, such as apoptosis and fibrosis in addition to glycemic disorders. In this study the effect of 8 weeks of endurance and resistance training on various signaling pathways of apoptosis and tissue fibrosis of the heart of diabetic rats was investigated. Methods: Thirty Wistar rats, approximately 8-10 weeks old, weight about 210-250 grams, received intraperitoneal injection of diabetic streptozotocin and were randomly divided into three groups: endurance training, resistance training and control group. The rats of the endurance training group were trained on the treadmill for 8 weeks, 5 days a week with intensity of vo2Max 60-80%. The resistance training group was trained on the ladder with a slope of 85 degrees and with a weight equals to 30-100% of their body weight. Forty eight hours after the last training session, blood samples were collected and ventricular tissues of mice were extracted. Glucose, insulin, serum insulin resistance index and Bcl-2, Bax, caspase 8 gene expression levels and Bax to Bcl-2 ratio were evaluated. Masson's trichrome and hematoxylin-eosin staining methods were used for histological examination of diabetic rat's heart structure to detect fibrosis. Results: There was a significant decrease in Bax gene expression and the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2, and also there was a significant increase in Bcl-2 and caspase 8 in the endurance and resistance training groups in comparison with the control group. The rate of cardiomyocyte fiber rupture in the endurance and resistance groups was less than the control group, and the presence of lymphocyte cells was observed in some fibers in the control group. (p≤0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that high-intensity resistance training and moderate-intensity endurance training can prevent tissue fibrosis caused by collagen deposition in diabetes, and these two types of training can reduce the factors involved in apoptosis both in the internal and external pathways. On the other hand, this training intensity can be used as an effective non-pharmacological method to reduce the problems of apoptosis and fibrosis caused by diabetes in the heart tissue.

Introduction: Increasing oxidative factors and reducing antioxidants is one of the main causes of breast cancer.The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise and pomegranate juice on serum enzyme levels related to the Oxidant-Antioxidant system of women saved from breast cancer. Methods: In this blinded randomized control trial which was conducted in rasht in 2019, 40 women with breast cancer were selected who were randomly were assigned into four equal groups control groups (n=10), pomegranate juice (n=10), aerobic exercise (n=10) and aerobic exercise and pomegranate juice (n=10). The aerobic exercise group and the aerobic exercise and pomegranate juice group, performed training programs including 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week with intensity 50 to 70% of the maximal heart rate for 60 to 90 minutes of training. Two groups of pomegranate juice consumers received 100 cc of pomegranate juice before each training session. In order to investigate the variables of research (MDA, SOD, GPX), blood samples were collected 48 hours before and after the intervention in fasting state. The obtained data was analyzed using of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and bonferroni post hoc test analysis. The significant level was P<0/05 Results: The results showed that 8 weeks of aerobic exercise caused a significantly decreased MDA levels and significantly increased SOD and GPX levels in women with breast cancer (P = 0/0001).aerobic exercise without use of pomegranate juice, only led to a significant decrease in MDA (P=0.0001) level, and pomegranate juice consumption alone, no significant changes were observed at the three variables investigated in women with breast cancer. Conclusion: According to the results, Aerobic exercise and consumption of pomegranate juice simultaneously, reduce oxidative factors and increase anti-oxidant factors in women Rescued from Breast Cancer

Background and aims: Musclin is a factor secreted by skeletal muscle and a potent regulator of glucose metabolism that responds to exercise. Therefore, exercise-induced musclin may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of musclin, exercise-induced myokine on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) of hyperlipidemic rats with type 1 diabetes. Methods: Twenty-one male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups of 7 rats per each: non-diabetic, diabetic and training diabetic. Type 1 diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). After familiarization, training diabetic rats ran increasingly on a rodent treadmill for 4 weeks (5 consecutive days per week). After the 4-week period, serum glucose, insulin and musclin (using Elisa kit), and lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) were measured and HbA1c was determined. Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance. Results: Increased serum musclin in hyperlipidemic diabetic rats increased HbA1c compared to non-diabetic rats ( p < 0.05). After 4 weeks of exercise training, HbA1c decreased along with a decrease in serum musclin in hyperlipidemic diabetic rats ( p < 0.05), so that a decrease in serum glucose and insulin in diabetic rats was associated with a improvement in lipid profile resulting in a decrease in HbA1c ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: Four weeks of aerobic training by regulating circulating musclin improved lipid profile and HbA1c in type 1 diabetes. Hence, musclin, exercise-induced myokine could decrease HbA1c in hyperlipidemic rats with type 1 diabetes.

Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers and the first leading cause of cancer death (25.5%) among women across the world. Oxidative stress and overproduction of free radicals are among the most important reasons for the progression of cancers. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise with pomegranate juice on Serum microRNAs levels related to the oxidant/antioxidant system of women recovering from breast cancer. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 40 women recovering from breast cancer with a mean age of 42.45±1.95 were randomly assigned into four equal groups (n=10), including control, pomegranate juice, aerobic exercise, and aerobic-pomegranate. The aerobic and aerobic-pomegranate groups performed eight 60-90-min sessions of exercises three times a week with an intensity of 50% to 70% of the target heart rate. The pomegranate juice group received 100 cc of juice before each training session. Blood samples were collected 48 h before and after the intervention. Oncogenic microRNAs, such as miR-21 and miR-155, were assayed by RT-PCR. The obtained data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, ANCOVA, and Bonferroni post hoc test at a significance level of P≤0/05. Results: In total, eight weeks of aerobic exercise with the consumption of pomegranate juice caused a significant decrease in miR-21 (P=0.001) and miR-155 (P=0.001) levels in women recovering from breast cancer, compared to the control group. Conclusion: Aerobic exercise and consumption of pomegranate juice simultaneously reduced oncogene microRNAs, such as miR-21 and miR-155, in women recovering from breast cancer.

Background and Aim: Inactivity increases the risk of chronic diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the acute changes in Normetanephrine and glucose in boxing with Kinect Xbox with and without blood flow restriction as an alternative to aerobic exercise during quarantine in young non-athletes. Material and Methods: Fourteen healthy non-athlete individuals with a range of 20 to 40 years of age were randomly and purposefully selected. And on two different days with and without restriction of blood flow, they played boxing with Xbox 360 for 20 minutes. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after Results: There was a significant increase in serum Normetanephrine playing compared to before the test in both training groups, but the amount of changes between the two groups with and without blood flow restriction was not significant (P≤0.05). Exergames, in the case of unrestricted blood flow, has a significant effect on glucose, but the restriction of blood flow did not lead to a significant difference in the amount of glucose (P≤0.05). Conclusion: Exergames provide the necessary stimulus for catecholamine secretion and glucose response, and it is recommended for people with limited blood flow. Further studies are needed on the effect of restricting blood flow as a new training method on video game with movement.

Introduction Diabetes is the most common glandular disease in the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of increasing endurance training with L-carnitine supplementation on Bax / Bcl-2 and oxidative stress indices in the cardiac tissue of diabetic rats. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, 45 male Wistar rats (weighing 20 ± 250 gr) were randomly divided into 6 groups: healthy control, diabetic control, sham, exercise, L carnitine, and exercise and L-carnitine. Rats were diabetic with injected 95 mg nicotinamide by intraperitoneal injection and after 15 minutes of injection, 55 mg STZ per body weight. Rats receiving El Carnitine received daily 100 mg of l-carnitine orally. The aerobic exercise program was started 5 days a week, for six days, with a gradient of zero degree, speed of 10 m and time of 10 minutes in the first week and the final week of gradient it reached 5 degree, speed of 20 m and time of 40 minutes. The variables were measured by ELISA and ASA kits and in the heart tissue. One-way ANOVA and Tukeychr('39')s post hoc test were used to analyze the data using the Shapiro Wylak test. Results The results showed that increasing endurance training and L-carnitine consumption had a significant effect on GPX (P = 0.001), MDA (P = 0.001), and Bax / Bcl2 heart rate (P = 0.001) in diabetic rats. Conclusion It seem The research results confirm the role of aerobic exercise and L-carnitine in improving apoptosis and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic rats.

Introduction. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) and its cofactor alfa klotho, are one of the most important factors, directly and indirectly, involved in the process of calcification and atherosclerosis. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a combination of regular exercise during dialysis on quality of life and markers including FGF-23, alfa klotho, and fetuin-A levels. Methods. Forty-five hemodialysis patients aged 61 +/- 9.02 years and weight 69 +/- 11.25 kg were randomly divided into two training, EX (n = 24) and control groups, CON (n = 21). The EX group patients participated in a 16-week combined aerobic and resistance exercise program during dialysis. Bone markers including, FGF-23, klotho, fetuin-A, were measured before and at the end of the study in both groups. Statistical analysis for comparing data change during study by SPSS software and the P value was set at .05. Results. In the control group in the secondary assessment, reduction in quality of life was observed (P < .05). Significant change in growth factor 23, CRP, and fetuin-A was not observed in exercise and control groups (P > .05), however significant rising of klotho was observed in treated patients (P < .05). Also, combined training reduced the amount of phosphorus, parathyroid hormone; significantly (P < .05). Conclusion. This study showed that regular exercise during dialysis improves quality of life and physical functions. No significant change in FGF-23 and CRP were observed during the study. However significant rising of klotho and reduction of iPTH and phosphorous levels were observed in treated patients.

DOI: 10.29252/jorjanibiomedj.8.2.27 Abstract Background and objective: Resistance training is a potential stimulus to increase muscle protein synthesis and the time under tension of muscle is one of the variables of strength training that contributes to its adaptation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training with slow and fast speeds on some anabolic and catabolic hormones in healthy young women.

Author Address 1. Ph.D. Student of Sport Physiology, Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of humanities and social sciences, Science and Research branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; 2. Professor, Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of physical education and sport sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran; 3. Associate professor, Department of Motor Behavior, Faculty of physical education and sport sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran; 4. Associate professor, Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of physical education and sport sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran. *Corresponding Author E-mail: k-ebrahim@sbu.ac.ir