In this research study, a novel nanocomposite composed of aminopropyl-based hybrid inorganic–organic sol–gel@Ni foam (AP-HIO/SG-NC @ Ni foam) was synthesized and then applied in a new development of solid phase extraction technique called the “swimming petal shape sorbent-based solid phase extraction” (SPSS-SPE) for simultaneous separation and preconcentration of lead, cadmium, cobalt, and nickel metals ions from aqueous solutions. During the analytical process, the essential parameters such as pH, size of the petal-shaped sorbent, swimming time, desorption conditions, sample volume, and ionic strength on the extraction efficiencies of the target analytes were investigated. Under optimal experimental conditions, the linear ranges (LR) of 0.5–1000 (µg L−1) for lead and 1–1000 (µg L−1) for nickel, cadmium, cobalt in water, the LR of 1–1000 (µg L−1) were obtained for analytes in soli, and the LR of 1–1000 (µg L−1) for lead and cadmium and 1–1250 (µg L−1) for nickel and cobalt were achieved in blood sample. Moreover, the LOD values (S/N = 3) of 0.182–0.314 (µg L−1), 0.292–0.314 (µg L−1), 0.295–0.313 (µg L−1) were obtained for water, soil, and blood for analytes respectively. The procedure's intra-day and inter-day precision (

The poultry meat industry generates considerable amounts of chicken waste, which may contain valuable bioactive compounds. This study employed in silico simulations to identify bioactive compounds from chicken waste. Protein sequences of chicken skin, including collagen type I, collagen type III, elastin, and keratin, were retrieved from the UniProt database. Sequence alignment revealed high similarity between chicken, bovine, and porcine collagen, with up to 90 % identity. Bioactivity analysis indicated that chicken skin can be a good source of bioactive peptides (A >= 0.500). Protein hydrolysis using a combination of plant-based proteases achieved a high degree of hydrolysis (DHt) at 71.76 %, with the highest potential for generating bioactive peptides observed for papain on collagen type III. Proteolysis simulation indicated that peptides released from chicken skin proteins may exhibit dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory, antithrombotic, and antiamnestic activities. The peptides predicted to have high bioactivity potential included WF, MF, CF, PF, WG, QF, MG, NF, PPG, KF, PG, WK, MR, YPG, PL, PR, PY, YG, PPK, IP, MKG, and IG. After evaluation of their toxicity, physicochemical, and pharmacokinetic properties, the peptides WF, MF, MG, QF, PG, PY, YG, and IG were selected for molecular docking analysis. Molecular docking results demonstrated considerable binding affinities for the following complexes: DPP-IV-WF (-8.3 kcal/mol), DPP-IV-QF (-7.4 kcal/mol), DPP-IV-MF (-4.8 kcal/mol), ACE-YG (-7.3 kcal/mol), ACE-MF (-5.1 kcal/mol), acetylcholinesterase (AChE)PG (-6.3 kcal/mol), and thrombin-PG (-5.3 kcal/mol). The findings of this in silico prediction study suggest that chicken skin could be a promising source for enzymatically producing bioactive peptides with inhibitory activity against human ACE, DPP-IV, thrombin, and AChE.

The restricted techno-functional characteristics of grass pea protein isolate (GPPI) limit its use in food systems. This research investigates how treating GPPI with phosphorylation (2% sodium trimetaphosphate, pH 11.5) and deamidation (0.13 M acetic acid, 121 degrees C, 10 min) affects its structure and techno-functional properties. FTIR, XRD, fluorescence spectroscopy, and FESEM analyses confirmed successful modifications, revealing changes such as altered hydrogen bonding and increased surface exposure to functional groups. The analysis of the secondary structure using circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy showed that the amounts of alpha-helix and beta-sheet decreased, while the amounts of beta-turn and random coil increased in both phosphorylated (PGPP) and deamidated (DGPP) samples, suggesting structural unfolding. The zeta potential significantly increased in PGPP (31.65 f 0.68 mV) and DGPP (37.34 f 0.89 mV) compared to GPPI (25.78 f 0.53 mV). Notable improvements were observed in the techno-functional properties of PGPP and DGPP. DGPP exhibited the highest foaming capacity (92 f 0.86%), foaming stability (73.33 f 1.24%), emulsifying activity index (92 f 0.81 m2/g), and emulsifying stability index (74 f 2.16 min). These findings highlight phosphorylation and deamidation as particularly effective approaches for improving GPPI techno-functional properties and expanding its potential applications in food formulations.

Undeclared adulteration of chicken in processed meat products is commonly reported because of easier and cheaper access. As a result, authenticating techniques should be applied to evaluate their existence in these products. The DNA's higher stability during processing than lipids and proteins makes DNA-based techniques ideal for meat authenticity and traceability. Among these, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques are reliable, highly sensitive, and specific for detecting species origin in foodstuffs. DNA-based methods are divided into two categories including qualitative (species-specific PCR, PCR-RFLP, and DNA barcoding) and quantitative (real-time PCR, droplet-digital PCR, and next-generation sequencing-based DNA metabarcoding) assays. Therefore, the present review intends to critically investigate the principles, advantages, challenges, and advances of PCR techniques, and their practicality for the detection of undeclared chicken in meat products. Among qualitative PCR techniques, capillary and microchip electrophoresis assays could simultaneously detect the animal species with a lower limit of detection than traditional gel electrophoresis. Nevertheless, the detection of undeclared species may occur due to accidental cross-contamination with minute quantities of various meat species during food processing. Quantitative PCR methods, on the other hand, are capable of distinguishing between deliberate and unintentional mislabeling. Additionally, despite the higher cost, NGS-assisted DNA sequencing surpasses other species authentication methods as it can quantitatively identify all target and non-target species using high-quality barcode sequence reference databases. This review could act as a reference guide for researchers, DNA-based technique developers, and regulatory authorities seeking to enhance the global standard protocol for chicken identification in meat products through PCR methodologies.

Cereals represent a major part of the human diet, but also a significant portion of food waste. Approximately 13 % of all food waste is generated during cereal processing and manufacturing, and 30 % of the cereal by weight is lost or wasted. This waste negatively impacts the environment through greenhouse gas emissions and climate change, and also results in economic losses. The present review paper provides, for the first time, a general overview of cereal-based by-products and waste and their compositional potential for food packaging materials. Moreover, this review article assesses various techniques for the biorefinery of cereal-based by-products and wastes. Additionally, the review discusses the various uses of cereal by-products and wastes in sustainable packaging. Repurposing food and agriculture waste and by-products offers an innovative approach that not only addresses plastic pollution but also reduces food waste. This practice effectively transforms waste materials into value-added products. The majority of cereal by-products have attracted considerable attention in the packaging industry due to their cost-effectiveness, and efficiency in film forming. Researchers and industry stakeholders need to improve communication and bridge the gap between laboratory research and production-scale operations. By adopting and expanding industrial production, these by products and wastes can contribute significantly to resource sustainability.

Sesame protein isolate (SPI) faces challenges in food formulations due to its limited techno-functional characteristics. This research applies the effects of pH-shifting (pH 12 for 2 h) and ultrasound-combined pH-shifting (pH 12 for 2 h; 200 W at 20 kHz for 30 min) treatments, for the first time, on the structural, techno-functional, and antioxidant properties of SPI. Various analytical techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), circular dichroism (CD), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and fluorescence spectroscopy demonstrated that both pH-shifting and ultrasound-combined pH-shifting induced changes in the structure of SPI. The pH-shifting process intensified by ultrasound increased the zeta potential (-12.5 to -26.8 mV), reduced free sulfhydryl (-SH) groups (8.94 to 5.3 μmol/g), and enhanced hydrophobicity (1138 to 1273) compared to pH-shifting treatment. In addition, the highest solubility (89.33 %), improved emulsifying activity (61.41 m2/g), and foaming capacity (150 %) were observed in the sample treated with the pH-shifting process coupled with ultrasound. These results suggest that the ultrasound-combined pH-shifting process has a synergistic effect in enhancing the functional properties of proteins, particularly in foaming and emulsifying properties. The modified SPI obtained through this process could be a promising emulsifier, foaming, and gelling ingredient with the desirable antioxidant properties for the enrichment of foods.

In this research, hemp protein isolate (HPI) was obtained from hemp cake using isoelectric precipitation and conjugated with maltodextrin through the Maillard reaction using wet-heating alone and combined with ultrasound to enhance its structural, functional properties (including solubility, emulsifying, foaming properties and water/oil holding capcity), and antioxidant properties. Covalent bonds between HPI and maltodextrin were confirmed using methods like SDS-PAGE, FTIR, XRD, fluorescence spectroscopy, secondary structure analysis, amino acid profile, and glycation degree (DG) measurement. Ultrasound significantly accelerated glycation, reaching a DG of 25.06 % in just 60 min, while reducing melanoidin formation, whereas wet-heating required 24 h to achieve a similar level of DG. Structural analysis revealed that wet-heating resulted in greater structural modifications due to its longer reaction time. These changes included a decrease in α-helix and β-sheet structures, higher surface hydrophobicity and zeta potential, and more noticeable microstructural changes. Techno-functional assessments revealed that wet-heating conjugates exhibited superior solubility (up to 95.77 %), emulsifying (emulsion stability index up to 48.67 %), and foaming (foaming capacity up to 107.14 %) properties, and antioxidant properties (71.95 % of ABTS), compared to ultrasound-assisted conjugates. This study highlights how ultrasound can intensify the wet-heating glycation of proteins to modify their structure, consequently improving their techno-functional properties to provide a novel plant-based protein ingredient for various food applications.

In recent years, environmental concerns regarding the persistence of petroleum-based plastic food packaging have increased, prompting the exploration of biopolymer alternatives. Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS), a derivative of chitosan, exhibits superior water-soluble film properties, making it an ideal material for degradable food packaging applications. This study comprehensively examines the synthesis methods and properties of CMCS, with a particular emphasis on recent advancements in CMCS-based food packaging films. Various functionalized CMCS–based food packaging films, including coblended, nanoparticle composite, plant extract composite, and cross-linked films, were reviewed. The practical applications of CMCS-based food packaging films and edible coatings in food preservation are also showcased. This study emphasizes that the notable compatibility of CMCC with a range of polymers and additives has facilitated the development of multifunctional packaging films. These innovations, including antibacterial, antioxidant, and smart-indicating variants, have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in preserving fruits, aquatic products, poultry, and other perishable goods.

In this study, an environmentally friendly antimicrobial nanocomposite films were made using polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) reinforced with glycerol, bacterial cellulose nanocrystals (BCNCs), and boric acid. Response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD) were engaged to model and optimize the independent variables and water resistance of films. The quadratic models were significant for the water vapor permeability (WVP) and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), while the linear models were significant for water solubility and moisture content. The findings indicated that 2.81

The fabrication possibility of nanocomposite film from sweet cherry tree exudate gum (SCG) was studied. To improve SCG film properties, oxidation with hydrogen peroxide, ultraviolet irradiation (UV-A and UV-C), and TiO2 nanoparticles (T-NPs) were used. Hydrogen peroxide oxidation at higher amounts decreased the water vapor permeability (WVP) and thickness and increased the mechanical properties and transparency. In comparison with the UV-A, UV irradiation of the C-type increased permeability, and elongation at break (EAB) and thickness, but reduced the tensile strength (TS), solubility, and transparency. The permeability and tensile strength were increased and elongation at break was decreased at a longer time of irradiation. The transparency values of fabricated films ranged from 65.3 to 79.5 % and WVP were in the range of 2.32-4.72 (×10-10 g/m.s.Pa). The measured TS of the SCG films were between 2.2 and 5 MPa and the EAB of the SCG films was between 35 and 68.7 %. The FTIR spectrum and SEM images revealed that the treatments could affect the bonds and the smoothness of the film surface, respectively. Images provided by AFM showed that the roughness of the films was increased by the addition of T-NPs. The incorporation of T-NPs increased the TS and decreased EAB and WVP. These results indicated that oxidation, UV irradiation and nanomaterials incorporation could be used to improve SCG film properties that are related to food packaging material.

In this study, sesame cake was valorized to produce sesame protein hydrolysate (SPH) with improved functional and antioxidant properties using a recoverable nanomagnetic immobilized Alcalase (ALC); the process was accelerated in the microreactor through a controlled-hydrolysis technique. For this purpose, silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@SiO2) were synthesized and functionalized with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), N-(trimethoxysilylpropyl) ethylenediamine (TMSED), and finally activated with glutaraldehyde (GLU) to produce Fe3O4@SiO2-TMSED-GLU. Immobilization efficiency of ALC was 88.78 % in the optimum conditions of ALC concentration (1.23 mg/mL), immobilization period (119.12 min), and temperature (38.93 degrees C). The successful synthesis of Fe3O4@SiO2-TMSED-GLU-ALC magnetic nanobiocomposite (MNBC) was approved using FTIR, XRD, VSM, FESEM, EDX, and elemental mapping. The effective immobilisation of the enzyme was responsible for the decrease in the intensity of Fe3O4 diffraction peaks (in XRD) in MNBC and a reduction in saturation magnetization (in VSM) following ALC immobilisation. Microreactor-intensified hydrolysis in the optimized conditions of MNBC = 4.85 wt%, reaction time = 54.10 s, and temperature = 46.95 degrees C, led to a degree of hydrolysis = 7.19 %. After 10 hydrolysis cycles, MNBC had relative activity > 80 %, due to the appropriate covalent bonding between the enzyme and the support and the short duration of the process. The produced SPH had superior foaming capacity (113.09 %) compared to sesame protein (76.34 %). The emulsion activity and emulsion stability of SPH were 28.78 m(2)/g and 56.43 min, respectively, which were higher than those of the sesame protein.

Protein-polysaccharide conjugates formed via Maillard reaction have the potential as a new type of encapsulation system. However, understanding the effects of the Maillard conjugates as carriers for anthocyanins (ANTs) is limited. The objectives of this study were to develop conjugation of sesame protein hydrolysate (SPH) and gum Arabic (GA) via a wet heating approach with variable times (1, 3, 6, and 12 h) and to investigate the ability of freshly prepared conjugates for encapsulation of Malva Sylvestris (common mallow) ANTs. Conjugate production was confirmed by the appearance of new properties, e.g., altered color, chemical interaction, and changed secondary and tertiary structures. The glycation degree of the conjugates increased to a maximum at 12 h. Conjugation with GA helped the partial unfolding of SPH, and improved its solubility and thermal stability. The ability of SPH, GA, and their conjugate as carriers were compared via the spray drying method. The encapsulation efficiency, morphology and simulated gastrointestinal conditions were investigated. The more homogeneous particles produced by the conjugate ensured greater retention and preservation of ANTs. The release of ANTs during in vitro simulated digestion was significantly slowed by encapsulation, particularly for encapsulated ANTs within the Maillard product. In storage for 90 days at 35 °C, the retention of ANTs was much higher within conjugates (93.13%) compared to nonencapsulated powder (39.76%). This research confirmed that the novel carrier prepared by the controlled Maillard reaction can be a proper wall material in the encapsulation of ANTs.

In this research study, the novel aminopropyl-based hybrid inorganic-organic sol-gel nanocomposite @ Ni foam (AP-HIO/SG-NC @ Ni foam) was synthesized and used in a new development of solid phase extraction technique called as "swimming petal shape sorbent-based solid phase extraction" (SPSS-SPE) for simultaneous separation and preconcentration of lead, cadmium, cobalt, and nickel from aqueous solutions. Essential parameters, including pH, the size of the petal-shaped sorbent, swimming time, desorption conditions, sample volume, and ionic strength, were investigated through the analytical process. At the best experimental conditions, the linear ranges of 1-100 (µg L-1) were obtained for nickel, cadmium, and cobalt and 0.5-100 (µg L-1) for lead. Moreover, the LOD (S/N = 3) of 0.18, 0.32, 0.30, and 0.34 (µg L-1), and the LOQ (S/N = 10) of 0.57, 1.08, 1.05, 1.11 (µg L-1) were achieved for lead, cadmium, nickel, and cobalt respectively. The procedure's intra-day and inter-day precision (%) were less than ≤2.5 and ≤3.2, respectively. The sensitive and high potential AP-HIO/SG-NC @ Ni foam-SPSS-SPE was successfully applied to analyze water samples.

The catalytic activity of the lanthanum nickelate (LaNiO3; LNO) and cobalt-doped lanthanum nickel oxide (LaNi1-xCoxO3; LN1-xCxO) as Ni-based perovskite structures for the waste vegetable cooking oil (WVCO) conversion to biodiesel was assessed. The phase purity and structural identity of the synthesized samples LNO and LN1-xCxO were verified by BET, NH3/CO2-TPD, SEM-EDX, ICP-OES, XRD, and TEM. From analyzing the characterization of catalysts, it is evident that doping LNO with cobalt, in addition to increasing the catalyst's surface area, by the formation of oxygen vacancies in the perovskite structure caused the improvement of the catalytic activity by providing more active sites during the WVCO transesterification reaction. According to the analysis of the data obtained from the optimization of the WVCO transesterification reaction via response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design (CCD), the use of the LN0.8C0.2O catalyst resulted in the WVCO conversion of 97.28% to biodiesel.

The utilization of sesame protein in food products is limited due to the various challenges posed by its functional properties. This study aimed to investigate the Maillard reaction between sesame protein isolate (SPI) and guar gum (GG) under wet-heating conditions (80 °C) and to evaluate the functional and antioxidant properties of prepared conjugates. The functional properties of the samples were analyzed by observing their solubility, emulsion activity, emulsion stability, foam capacity (FC), foam stability, and oil/water-holding capacity. ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power, and iron chelating activity were used to analyze the antioxidant properties. FTIR, XRD, and fluorescence spectroscopic studies indicated that the secondary structure of the protein underwent extensive alterations. The functional properties of conjugates were highly improved by the structural changes caused by the Maillard reaction. Emulsion activity (up to1.8-fold), and FC (up to 61.67

This research used titanium oxide-coated magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles doped graphene oxide (MTiGO) and modified with Candida antarctica Lipase B (CALB) enzyme. The MTiGO@CALB nanocomposite is a novel biocatalyst for transesterifying triglycerides to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from waste cooking oil. tThe physicochemical characteristics of the proposed biocatalyst were determined via FTIR, VSM, XRD, SEM, and EDS techniques. The maximum immobilization efficiencies and activity recovery of immobilized enzymes were obtained at 89% and 75% in the following operating condition: lipase concentration of 2.0 mg/mL, pH of 7.0, immobilization temperature of 35 degrees C, and immobilization time of 4 h. Various effective parameters on biodiesel were stated, and according to the revealed data, the maximum yield of biodiesel via the transesterification process was achieved at 92%, at a reaction temperature of 45 degrees C, catalyst quantity of 4 wt%, aa reaction duration of 40 h, and methanol to molar oil ratio of 5:1 These findings indicated that the provided bio-nanocomposite has a high potential for producing biodiesel as an efficient heterogeneous biocatalyst.

The purpose of this work was to use a controlled wet-heating process to promote Maillard reaction (MR) between grass pea protein (GPPI) and xanthan gum (XG), and then analyse structural, functional and antioxidant properties of the conjugate (GPPI-XGCs). During heating, the degree of glycation of all conjugated samples was raised (up to 37.43 %) and, after heating for 24 h, the lightness of the samples decreased by 24.75 %. Circular dichroism showed changes in secondary structure with lower content of α-helix and random coil in conjugates. XRD patterns showed that MR destroyed the crystalline structure of the protein. In addition, Lys and Arg content of the produced conjugates decreased by 16.94 % and 6.17 %, respectively. Functional properties including foaming capacity and stability were increased by 45.17 % and 37.17 %, and solubility reached 98.88 %, due to the protein unfolding driven by MR. GPPI-XGCs showed significantly higher antioxidant activities with maximum ABTS-RS value of 49.57 %. This study revealed how MR can improve GPPI's properties, which can aid the food industry in producing a wide range of plant-based foods. Especially, among other characteristics, the foaming properties were significantly improved and the final product can be introduced as a promising foaming agent to be used in food formulation.

In recent years, there has been growing interest in bioactive plant compounds for their beneficial effects on health and for their potential in reducing the risk of developing certain diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. The extraction techniques conventionally used to obtain these phytocompounds, however, due to the use of toxic solvents and high temperatures, tend to be supplanted by innovative and unconventional techniques, in line with the demand for environmental and economic sustainability of new chemical processes. Among non-thermal technologies, cold plasma (CP), which has been successfully used for some years in the food industry as a treatment to improve food shelf life, seems to be one of the most promising solutions in green extraction processes. CP is characterized by its low environmental impact, low cost, and better extraction yield of phytochemicals, saving time, energy, and solvents compared with other classical extraction processes. In light of these considerations, this review aims to provide an overview of the potential and critical issues related to the use of CP in the extraction of phytochemicals, particularly polyphenols and essential oils. To review the current knowledge status and future insights of CP in this sector, a bibliometric study, providing quantitative information on the research activity based on the available published scientific literature, was carried out by the VOSviewer software (v. 1.6.18). Scientometric analysis has seen an increase in scientific studies over the past two years, underlining the growing interest of the scientific community in this natural substance extraction technique. The literature studies analyzed have shown that, in general, the use of CP was able to increase the yield of essential oil and polyphenols. Furthermore, the composition of the phytoextract obtained with CP would appear to be influenced by process parameters such as intensity (power and voltage), treatment time, and the working gas used. In general, the studies analyzed showed that the best yields in terms of total polyphenols and the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the phytoextracts were obtained using mild process conditions and nitrogen as the working gas. The use of CP as a non-conventional extraction technique is very recent, and further studies are needed to better understand the optimal process conditions to be adopted, and above all, in-depth studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms of plasma–plant matrix interaction to verify the possibility of any side reactions that could generate, in a highly oxidative environment, potentially hazardous substances, which would limit the exploitation of this technique at the industrial level.

Herein, we report a procedure for separating and preconcentrating antibiotics from human serum using a novel adsorbent of magnetic graphene oxide (MGO) and cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles. The adsorbent (MGO@CdS) was characterized using Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The effective parameters for extraction efficiency were investigated, including the desorption solvent’s nature, pH, adsorbent dose, salt concentration, extraction time, and volume of sample solution and desorption solvent. The proposed procedure proved to be fast (20 min), simple (two stages), and cost-effective (20 mg of nanoparticles). Under the optimum conditions, satisfactory linearity (R2 > 0.992) was obtained, and limits of detection (LOD) were estimated as 4.5 µg L−1 (for tetracycline) and 5.7 µg L−1 (for penicillin) and a linear dynamic range (LDR) from 20 to 200 µg L−1. The magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) method based on MGO@CdS has achieved a satisfactory recovery (71.5–109.5%) in human serum for the selected antibiotics. Finally, the antibiotic’s release was studied in simulated fluids of the gastric (pH = 1.2) and intestine (pH = 7.4). In this light, we demonstrate that the newly introduced adsorbent can be used in drug extraction from different biological media.