In this present research, the coatings of SA209-T1 using high velocity oxygen fuel were employed for the application of boiler tubes. Due to the adaptation of corrosion easy in boiler material, the research of those properties is significant because of its criticality and functionality during the service time. A right coating was found and applied on the SA209-T1 surface against corrosive environments. Good corrosion resistance is achieved by WC-flyash coatings applied on SA209-T1 substrate. The 90% WC-10% flyash coatings were found to be more protective followed by SA209-T1 steel. WC-flyash covering was tracked down so that the covering is compelling to secure the SA209-T1 steel substrate. It is reasoned that the arrangement of NiO, Cr2O3, CoO, and NiCr2O4 could add to the advancement of consumption opposition in coatings. The steel of uncoated endured erosion as extraordinary stripping and spalling of the scale, which could be because of the development of Fe2O3 oxide scale unprotectively. This paper reveals the performance, applications, and development of 90wt.% WC and 10wt.% fly ash through HVOF coating in SA209-T1 for electrochemical corrosion studies at room temperature.

This article has been withdrawn: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been withdrawn as part of the withdrawal of the Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Trends in Materials Science, Technology and Engineering (ICMSTE2K21). Subsequent to acceptance of these Proceedings papers by the responsible Guest Editors, Dr S. Sakthivel, Dr S. Karthikeyan and Dr I. A. Palani, several serious concerns arose regarding the integrity and veracity of the conference organisation and peer-review process. After a thorough investigation, the peer-review process was confirmed to fall beneath the high standards expected by Materials Today: Proceedings. The veracity of the conference also remains subject to serious doubt and therefore the entire Proceedings has been withdrawn in order to correct the scholarly record.

The term reliability and structural performance means the probability of the structure performing its intended function during its expected life time under the environmental conditions to which it is exposed. Reliability- based techniques can be used to account for the randomness in important variables that affect the strength of FRP strengthened RC beams. The use of such methods in structural engineering has greatly increased as reliability based models have been better properly understood and more widely accepted. Various parameters in GFRP strengthened corrosion-damaged RC beams are validated through reliability index by using simulation techniques and goodness of fit tests. Simulation is the technique of virtual testing of the validity of a physical phenomenon/structural design/mathematical equation without actually performing the experiment to obtain the values of the variables involved but by generating them through a mathematically tractable process called random number generation.

Strengthening and retrofitting of column becomes mandatory when the load applied to the structure exceeds the design load. The increase in load is attributed due to increase in number of floors of a building or due to increase in number of vehicles in a bridge. Sometimes, the increased traffic condition does not match with the design load. The two possible alternatives to make the structure carry the increased load are reconstruction and retrofitting. Reconstruction demands more cost and time. Also vibratory force developed during the demolition of a particular structural element may cause minor or sometimes great damage to the adjacent structural elements.

Cold-formed steels are made by rolling or pressing steel into semi-finished or finished goods at room temperatures. Cold-formed steel products are made by the working of steel billet, bar or sheet using stamping, rolling and including roll forming or presses to deform it into a usable product. Objective: By flexural-torsional behaviour channel section connected back to back. Four specimen of built up I section formed by using symmetric channel section connected back to back with the help of bolts provided in the web part of section. All the specimens were tested for flexural-torsional strength under two point loading. For this analytical study of cold-formed channel section four specimen of dimension of a 230 mm × 100 mm × 3 mm with a lip of 30 mm and 4 specimens of dimension of 180 mm x 50 mm x 1.6 mm with a lip of 20 mm and 1.8 m length were loaded vertically were unrestrained to allow flexural buckling. Method: The analytical investigation of the built up I section will be carried out using FEM modelling ANSYS. The theoretical values are calculated using IS 801:1975 and BS-5:5950. Findings: For the selected channel section with 230 mm and 180 mm depth the difference in theoretical, analytical and experimental results are found to be 2.5% and 4%. Application: Further this study can be carried out for steel section with increased or decreased depth of web and lip. It can also be used as a roofing sheet in warehouses etc.Keywords: Back to Back Connection, Cold−Formed Steel, Flexural and Torsional Behaviour, Lipped Channel Section, Torsoinal Behaviour

Effluents of paint wastewater contain highly toxic compounds and organic biorefractory compounds such as COD and TOC. It harms fish, wild life, contaminates the food chain if poured down a storm drain. So paint wastewater must be needed to discharge after treatment. The characteristics of paint wastewater and efficiency of Electrocoagulation (EC) process by using Al-Al electrode combination and Chemical coagulation process were studied. In EC study, conductivity and current density plays a vital role. The effect of operational parameters such as electrolyte concentration, initial pH and current density was investigated. In chemical coagulation process, the alum dosage levels were calculated by using faraday's law. When compare with chemical coagulation process, the maximum removal efficiency was obtained for EC process by using Al electrode.

Process of composting has been developed for recycling of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW). The bioreactor design was modified to reduce the composting process time. The main goal of this investigation was to find the optimal value of time period for composting of MSW in thermophilic bioreactor under aerobic condition. The temperature profiles correlated well with experimental data obtained during the maturation process. During this period biological degraders are introduced in to the reactor to accelerate the composting process. The compost materials were analyzed at various stages and the environmental parameters were considered. The final composting materials contained large organic content with in a short duration of 40 days. The quantity of volume reduction of raw MSW was 78%. The test result shows that the final compost material from the thermophilic reactor provides good humus to build up soil characteristics and some basic plant nutrients.

The use of low-cost and ecofriendly adsorbents has been investigated as an ideal alternative to the current expensive methods of removing dyes from wastewater. This paper deals with the removal of Acid Red 114 (AR 114) from aqueous solutions using activated carbons prepared from agricultural waste materials such as gingelly (sesame) (Sp), cotton (Cp) and pongam (Pp) seed shells. Optimum conditions for AR 114 removal were found to be pH 3, adsorbent dosage = 3 g/L of solution and equilibrium time = 4 h. Higher removal percentages were observed at lower concentrations of AR 114. The adsorption isotherm data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich equation, and the adsorption capacity of the studied adsorbents was in the order Sp > Cp > Pp. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption followed both pseudo-second-order and Elovich equation. The thermodynamics parameters such as ΔG°, ΔH°, ΔS° were also evaluated. The activated carbons prepared were characterized by FT–IR, SEM and BET analysis.

In this study, experiments were conducted to investigate the production of biogas from municipal solid waste (MSW) and domestic sewage by using anaerobic digestion process. The batch type of reactor was operated at room temperature varying from 26 to 36 °C with a fixed hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 25 days. The digester was operated at different organic feeding rates of 0.5, 1.0, 2.3, 2.9, 3.5 and 4.3 kg of volatile solids (VS)/m3 of digester slurry per day. Biogas generation was enhanced by the addition of domestic sewage to MSW. The maximum biogas production of 0.36 m3/kg of VS added per day occurred at the optimum organic feeding rate of 2.9 kg of VS/m3/day. The maximum reduction of total solids (TS) (87.6%), VS (88.1%) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) (89.3%) occurred at the optimum organic loading rate of 2.9 kg of VS/m3/day. The quality of biogas produced during anaerobic digestion process was 68–72%.

During the summer of 2005, concentrations of surface ozone (O(3)), oxides of nitrogen (NO(x)), respirrable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) and total suspended particulate matter (TSPM), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (WS) and wind direction (WD) were collected over successive periods of about 24 h at five sites. UV photometric ozone analyzer was used to measure the concentration of surface O(3). The study deals with the characteristics of hourly and daily mean surface O(3) under different climatic conditions, such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction and other pollutant concentrations. The maximum hourly O(3) concentration reached 53 ppb on 17th May. The ground-level O(3) concentration in Chennai varied between 2 and 53 ppb. The concentration of NO(x) and O(3) were below the prescribed limits. The TSPM values were exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) at Koyambedu, Mandaveli, Taramani and Vallalar Nagar study area.

The present study was carried out to gain knowledge of current surface ozone concentrations and the effects of meteorological parameters in the highly populated urban area of Chennai, in South India. We have reported measurement results of surface ozone (O3) and meteorological parameters from 17th March to 10th October 2005. A photometric ozone analyzer continuously recorded the ozone concentrations at this site. The present study deals with the statistical characteristics of daily and monthly mean ozone levels under different meteorological conditions. The highest ozone concentrations were recorded in ESE-SE sectors. The monthly mean concentrations were higher in May (23±14ppb) and lower in April at this site (10±8ppb). The maximum hourly ozone concentration reached 69ppb on 21st April.

Removal of Acid Red 151 from aqueous solution at different dye concentrations, adsorbent doses and pH has been studied. The bentonite clay has been modified using cationic surfactants, which has been confirmed using XRD and FT-IR analyses. Experimental result has shown that the acidic pH favours the adsorption. The adsorption isotherms are described by means of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption capacity has been found to be 357.14 and 416.66 mg g(-1) for the cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride-bentonite (CDBA-bent) and cetylpyridinium chloride-bentonite (CP-bent), respectively. Kinetic studies show that the adsorption followed second-order kinetics.