[Objective]This study aims to systematically evaluate the genetic diversity of wild kudzu[Pueraria montana(Lour.)Merr.]resources in the Sanqing Mountain of Jiangxi Province,so as to provide a theoretical basis for their scientific conservation and efficient breeding.[Method]A total of 54 wild kudzu germplasms from Sanqing Mountain were used as materials.Thirty-five phenotypic traits(12 quantitative and 23 qualitative traits)were observed over two consecutive flowering periods,and genetic analysis was carried out using 15 SCoT molecular markers.[Result]Phenotypic traits showed rich variation,with the main stem diameter having the highest coefficient of variation(45.88％).The terminal leaflet incision depth exhibited the highest Shannon-Wiener index(1.74),indicating the richest genetic diversity.The cumulative contribution rate of the first ten principal components reached 76.73％,with floral structure(PC1)and leaf size(PC2)being the main sources of variation.The polymorphism rate of SCoT markers was 100.00％,with an average Nei's gene diversity index(H)of 0.225 5.Cluster analysis showed that the tested germplasms could be divided into 5 groups at the phenotypic level and 7 groups at the molecular level.The rare white-flowered germplasm YSYR004 was closely related to YSSM001 in molecular clustering.[Conclusion]Core germplasms with outstanding specific traits or excellent comprehensive traits,such as YSYR004(white flower)and YSSGQ009(comprehensive superiority),were screened out.This provides important material support and a theoretical basis for future germplasm conservation,core collection construction,and molecular marker-assisted breeding in kudzu.

BACKGROUND:Pueraria is a widely cultivated medicinal and edible homologous plant in Asia, and its tuberous roots are commonly used in the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries. "Gange No. 5" is a local variety of Pueraria montana var. thomsonii (Bentham) M.R. Almeida (PMT) in Jiangxi Province, China. After optimizing its cultivation technique, we shortened the cultivation cycle of this variety from two years to one year, suggesting that the regulatory mechanism of the endogenous hormone system during tuberous root expansion may have changed significantly. In this study, we focused on the molecular mechanisms of endogenous hormones in promoting tuberous root expansion during one-year cultivation of "Gange No. 5". RESULTS:The mid-late expansion period (S4) is critical for the rapid swelling of "Gange No. 5" tuberous roots during annual cultivation. At S4, the number of cells increased dramatically and their volume enlarged rapidly in the tuberous roots, the fresh weight of a single root quickly increased, and the contents of multiple nutrients (total protein, total phenol, isoflavones) and medicinal components (puerarin, puerarin apigenin, and soy sapogenin) were at their peak values. We compared the transcriptomes and metabolomes of S1 (the pre-expansion period), S4, and S6 (the final expansion period), and screened 42 differentially accumulated hormone metabolites and 1,402 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with hormone biosynthesis, metabolism, and signaling. Most Auxin, cytokinins (CKs), jasmonic acids (JAs), salicylic acid (SA), melatonin (MLT), and ethylene (ETH), reached their maximum levels at S1 and then gradually decreased; however, abscisic acid (ABA) appeared in S6, indicating that most of the endogenous hormones may play a key role in regulating the initiation of tuberous root expansion, while ABA mainly promotes tuberous root maturation. Notably, multiple key genes of the 'Tryptophan metabolism' pathway (ko00380) were significantly differentially expressed, and COBRA1, COBRA2, YUCCA10, IAA13, IAA16, IAA20, IAA27, VAN3, ACAA2, and ARF were also identified to be significantly correlated with the expansion of "Gange No. 5" tuberous roots. CONCLUSIONS:Our study has revealed how endogenous hormone regulation affects the expansion of "Gange No. 5" tuberous roots. These findings offer a theoretical foundation for improving the yield of PMT tuberous roots.

采用聚乙二醇-6000(PEG)、赤霉素(GA3)、硝普钠(SNP)、6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)、萘乙酸(NAA)、吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)等6种外源物质分别对葛麻姆种子进行浸种处理,测定葛麻姆种子的发芽指标和幼苗生长指标,探究不同预处理对葛麻姆种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,0.5～8.0 mg/L NAA对种子的萌发表现为抑制作用.5％～55％PEG、80～300 mg/L GA3、30～50 mg/L SNP、4～25 mg/L 6-BA和100～125 mg/L IAA对种子的萌发主要表现为促进作用,其中35％PEG处理的种子发芽指标最好,其发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数分别为49.33％、66.00％、9.52、0.68.2～50 mg/L 6-BA和0.5～8.0 mg/L NAA不利于幼苗根系的生长.15％～45％PEG、80～120 mg/L GA3、10～50 mg/L SNP和75～200 mg/L IAA对幼苗生长有促进作用.研究表明,不同预处理对葛麻姆种子萌发及幼苗生长具有不同的影响,综合其种子发芽指标及幼苗生长指标,采用35％PEG浸种是葛麻姆种子的最佳处理方式.

Background Pueraria is a dry root commonly used in Traditional Chinese Medicine or as food and fodder, and tuberous root expansion is an important agronomic characteristic that influences its yield. However, no specific genes regulating tuberous root expansion in Pueraria have been identified. Therefore, we aimed to explore the expansion mechanism of Pueraria at six developmental stages (P1–P6), by profiling the tuberous roots of an annual local variety “Gange No.1” harvested at 105, 135, 165, 195, 225, and 255 days after transplanting. Results Observations of the tuberous root phenotype and cell microstructural morphology revealed that the P3 stage was a critical boundary point in the expansion process, which was preceded by a thickening diameter and yield gain rapidly of the tuberous roots, and followed by longitudinal elongation at both ends. A total of 17,441 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by comparing the P1 stage (unexpanded) against the P2–P6 stages (expanded) using transcriptome sequencing; 386 differential genes were shared across the six developmental stages. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs shared by P1 and P2–P6 stages were mainly involved in pathways related to the “cell wall and cell cycle”, “plant hormone signal transduction”, “sucrose and starch metabolism”, and “transcription factor (TF)”. The finding is consistent with the physiological data collected on changes in sugar, starch, and hormone contents. In addition, TFs including bHLHs, AP2s, ERFs, MYBs, WRKYs, and bZIPs were involved in cell differentiation, division, and expansion, which may relate to tuberous root expansion. The combination of KEGG and trend analyses revealed six essential candidate genes involved in tuberous root expansion; of them, CDC48, ARF, and EXP genes were significantly upregulated during tuberous root expansion while INV, EXT, and XTH genes were significantly downregulated. Conclusion Our findings provide new insights into the complex mechanisms of tuberous root expansion in Pueraria and candidate target genes, which can aid in increasing Pueraria yield.

粉葛是豆科葛属植物,其块根富含淀粉,具有重要的食用和药用价值.不同粉葛品种的淀粉含量存在明显差异.为揭示粉葛淀粉合成调控的相关基因,利用高通量测序技术,对2个淀粉含量存在显著差异的赣葛1号(高淀粉含量,鲜葛根含淀粉20％,干葛根含淀粉35％)和赣葛2号(低淀粉含量,鲜葛根含淀粉14％,干葛根含淀粉25％)的叶片进行转录组学测序和比较分析.结果表明,获得228740426条高质量测序数据,拼接组装成71910条单基因,43978条单基因获得蛋白序列而被注释(占61.12％),在Nr、KEGG、KOG和SwissProt四大数据库中均被注释的单基因有20110条,其中差异表达基因4267个.GO富集分析显示,上调和下调最多的基因富集在生物学过程中的新陈代谢和细胞过程功能中.KEGG代谢通路富集分析发现,通路显著富集在前位的是核糖体、蛋白质在内质网中的加工过程、氧化磷酸化、植物与病原体的相互作用和植物激素信号转导等.差异表达基因中,赣葛1号中的上调(2143个)和下调(2124个)基因相差不大,|log2(FC)|>5.0的表达上调(593个)和下调(402个)的表达基因数差异较大,|log2(FC)|>10.0的表达上调(368个)和下调(146个)的表达基因数差异巨大;未能被归入KEEG A类的差异表达基因数(3512个)是被归入KEEG A类(755个)的4.65倍,占总差异表达基因数的82.31％;未能被功能描述的差异表达基因数(840个)分别占未能被归入KEEG A类的和总差异表达基因数的23.92％和16.69％.在被归入KEEG A类中,差异表达基因数最多的是代谢,其次是遗传信息处理,而环境信息处理、生物系统和细胞过程的较少.上调位列前5位的差异表达基因分别涉及几丁质酶同源物、FERONIA亚型X2类受体激酶、异黄酮-7-O-甲基转移酶9、FERONIA类受体激酶和Kunitz家族胰蛋白酶及蛋白酶抑制剂前体合成,下调位列前5位的差异表达基因分别涉及叶绿体DCL同源蛋白合成、假定蛋白VIGAN_02061800、假定蛋白Lal_00008628、可能的NAD(P)H脱氢酶(醌)FQR1和17.6 kDⅠ类热休克蛋白3.

产业振兴是乡村振兴的物质基础,葛产业对于优化种植结构和助力区域特色经济发展具有重要意义.现结合2020—2021年实地调研和问卷调查资料,分析了江西葛产业发展现状,梳理了江西葛产业在种植效益、全产业链和产业政策等方面存在的问题.鉴于此,提出了加大种植科技研发力度、培育龙头企业、完善全产业链、制定产业发展规划、出台产业政策等对策建议.

葛属植物中的葛根和粉葛是我国常用药食同源植物,其富含黄酮类与三萜类化合物,药理作用显著;葛根和粉葛还富含多种微量元素和氨基酸等,具有解酒解热,止泻生津,活血通经等功效,临床上常用于治疗心血管系统疾病,降脂降压,解酒护肝等.此外,葛根和粉葛在食品、饲料等方面都有良好的应用.近年来,粉葛立架栽培模式已成熟并系统化,在多个省份的粉葛种植区广泛使用.依托近些年来国内外相关文献,在基源、分类、栽培繁育、药理活性成分、综合开发利用等方面对葛根和粉葛进行综述,以期为后续葛属植物资源开发利用研究提供参考.

[目的]粉葛是常用的药食同源植物,江西粉葛在常年种植过程中出现病虫害种类较多,流行区域广泛,给粉葛优质高产栽培产生了较大的不良影响.[方法]根据实地观测和查阅文献,归纳总结江西粉葛病虫害种类、分布危害、传播规律和防治措施.[结果]江西粉葛常见病害有16种,其中粉葛锈病、粉葛拟锈病、粉葛根腐病、粉葛霜霉病、粉葛叶斑病、粉葛菌核病、粉葛茎枯病等7种病害发生较为严重;常见虫害32种,其中斜纹夜蛾、烟粉虱、红蜘蛛、紫茎甲、地老虎、蛴螬、葛卷叶蛾、葛蝗等8种虫害发生较为严重.[意义]针对江西粉葛病虫害发生现状,提出农业防治、化学防治、生物防治、物理防治等防治措施,为江西粉葛优质高产种植过程提供病虫害防治方案.

总结江西中医药大学中药资源专业的"植物生理学"课程思政实践过程中取得的经验和问题.认为教师首先牢固树立课程思政意识;其次加强与思政专业教师合作,深挖课程思政元素;第三要应用教学新方法巩固课程思政教学效果;最后采用渐进融合和对比的教学模式进行课程实验教学.

Both cadmium (Cd) contamination and boron (B) deficiency in farmland soils pose a threat to the yield and quality of crops in Southern China. The present study investigated the mechanisms by which B reduces Cd accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings. Boron supplementation partially restored the decline in shoot and root biomass caused by Cd treatment (26% and 33%, respectively), with no significant difference between the B+Cd and control groups. We also found that B significantly reduced shoot and root Cd concentrations (by 64% and 25%, respectively) but increased Cd concentration (by 43%) and proportion (from 38% to 55%) in root cell walls. Transcriptome analysis and biochemical tests suggested that B supplementation enhanced lignin and pectin biosynthesis, pectin demethylation, and sulfur and glutathione metabolism. Moreover, B decreased the expression of some Cd-induced transporter-related genes (i.e., HMA2, Nramp1, and several ABC genes). These results indicate that B relieved Cd toxicity and reduced Cd accumulation in rice seedlings by restraining Cd uptake and translocation from root to shoot by improving Cd tolerance and chelation ability. These novel findings would benefit further investigations into how B influences Cd uptake, translocation, detoxification, and accumulation in crops.

目的:研究粉葛主要农艺性状与药材品质的相关性,为粉葛栽培和品质控制提供科学参考依据.方法:以江西省栽培粉葛"赣葛一号"为供试材料,对22个单株样品的14个农艺性状、不同部位总黄酮含量和药用部位的7个异黄酮含量进行测定,并进行描述性统计分析、相关性分析、多元线性回归和通径分析.结果:22株样品间各性状均存在不同程度的差异;根部性状变异较大,根中7个异黄酮含量变异系数均在30％以上,叶片性状相对稳定;藤直径、芦头直径和茎叶鲜重是影响根鲜重的主要农艺性状;顶生小叶宽、根鲜重和茎叶鲜重对根总黄酮含量有影响;芦头直径是影响葛根素含量的主要性状.结论:芦头性状对产量与质量均有影响,因此在粉葛栽培中应制定种茎标准,将促进粉葛高产优质和规范化种植.

Sarcandra glabra has significant metabolically active bioingredients of pharmaceutical importance. The deficiency of molecular markers for S. glabra is a hindrance in molecular breeding for genetic improvement. In this study, 57.756 million pair-end reads were generated by transcriptome sequencing in S. glabra (Thunb.) Nakai and its subspecies S. glabra ssp. brachystachys. A total of 141,954 unigenes with 646.63 bp average length were assembled. A total of 25,620 simple sequence repeats, 726,476 single nucleotide polymorphisms, and 42,939 insertions and deletions were identified, and the associated unigenes and differentially expressed genes were characterized. This work enhanced the molecular marker resources and will facilitate molecular breeding and gene mining in S. glabra spp.

目的 为分析不同变种来源葛花药材质量差异.方法 通过HPLC法同时测定3个变种来源葛花中6"-O-木糖黄豆苷、黄豆黄苷、6"-O-木糖鸢尾苷、染料木苷、鸢尾苷、葛花苷、鸢尾苷元及葛花苷元等8种异黄酮成分含量,并进行PCA分析、OPLS-AD差异分析.结果 发现来源于野葛花、粉葛花及葛麻姆花的葛花药材异黄酮成分含量具有明显差异.野葛花和葛麻姆中未能检测到6"-O-木糖黄豆苷、黄豆黄苷两种成分,但在粉葛花中普遍较高.6"-O-木糖鸢尾苷、葛花苷和鸢尾苷等三种成分的含量差异性较大,可作为鉴别三变种葛花的参考.结论 不同变种间葛花质量差异明显,同作为葛花药材来源,野葛和葛麻姆的花有更高的葛花苷、鸢尾苷含量,粉葛花受产地及种质影响药材质量差异较大,实际应用中应当注意区分使用.

目的 分析同质园栽培的江西粉葛"赣葛一号"的表型性状多样性特征.方法 计算各性状的变异系数和遗传多样性指数,应用主成分分析与聚类分析对赣葛一号植株性状、产量与总异黄酮含量等18个表型性状多样性进行分析评价研究.结果 赣葛一号单株叶部性状的遗传多样性指数最大是顶生小叶叶形指数(2.07),最小为叶柄长(1.66);根、茎性状遗传多样性指数最大为根长(1.95),最小为根直径(1.74);产量与质量性状的遗传多样性指数最大为根部总异黄酮含量(2.03),最小为叶总异黄酮含量遗传多样性指数(1.68).主成分分析表明,前五主成分累计贡献率是84.289％,反映了18个性状中叶片性状、叶形指数、产量、总异黄酮含量等重要信息.聚类分析结果将样品分为3大类,第Ⅱ类可作为优质选育材料,第Ⅲ类为高产选育材料.结论 赣葛一号18个表型性状表现出丰富的遗传多样性,可为高产优质的选育和表型遗传多样性研究提供参考依据.

Molecular pharmacognosy is a science of classification and identification, cultivation and protection, and production of active ingredients of graduated drugs at the molecular level. The proposal of molecular pharmacognosy allows the research of crude drugs to advance from the microscopic level to the genetic level. Pueraria lobata root, as a medicinal and edible plant, has high application value and economic value. There are many varieties that are easy to cause confusion, and it is not easy to distinguish and identify according to traditional identification methods. Moreover, the research of P. lobate root at the genetic level is still relatively shallow. the study received extensive attention of scholars. This article reviews recent research on molecular identification of P. lobate, transcriptome sequencing, cloning and synthesis of functional genes of P. lobate root in recent years in order to provide references for further promoting the development and utilization of P. lobate root and its active ingredients.

目的:比较野葛花、粉葛花及葛麻姆花3个不同变种来源葛花的化学成分差异.方法:采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱法(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS),以0.1％甲酸水溶液(A)-乙腈(B)为流动相进行梯度洗脱(0～20 min,10％～30％B;20～30 min,30％～55％B;30～35 min,55％～95％B;35～37 min,95％B;37～40 min,95％～10％B),流速0.25 mL· min-1;运用电喷雾离子源(ESI),在正、负离子模式下分别进行扫描并采集MS数据,扫描范围m/z 50～1500.结合文献信息及化学成分数据库对葛花化学成分进行鉴定,并通过MarkerViewTM 1.2.1软件对所得数据归一化处理,应用SICMA-P 14.1软件对3个变种来源葛花的MS数据进行主成分分析(PCA)和正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析(OPLS-DA),筛选出不同变种来源葛花的显著差异性成分.结果:从3个不同变种来源的葛花中共鉴定35个化合物,其中异黄酮类成分22种,黄酮类成分6种,皂苷类成分7种;野葛花、粉葛花及葛麻姆花分别包含了32,35,33个.正、负离子模式下筛选得到葛花苷,鸢尾苷,6"-O-木糖鸢尾苷,黄豆黄苷,4'-甲氧基鸢尾黄素-7-葡萄糖苷,6"-O-木糖黄豆黄苷,葛花苷元,槐花皂苷Ⅲ,6"-O-丙二酰基黄豆苷,次葛花苷,鸢尾苷元,芦丁,大豆皂苷BB,牡荆素,鹰嘴豆芽素A,染料木苷,葛花亭,赤豆皂苷Ⅱ共18个差异化合物.结论:该研究首次对葛麻姆花中化学成分进行了较为系统的研究,发现葛麻姆花虽作为混伪品,但鸢尾苷和6"-O-木糖鸢尾苷的含量较高,具有较大的开发潜力.葛花苷、鸢尾苷等功效成分在3个变种来源的葛花之间具有显著差异,将这3个变种均作为葛花应用需谨慎考量.

[目的]采用网络药理学的方法分析葛花治疗酒精性肝损伤的有效成分、作用靶点和信号通路,探讨其治疗酒精性肝损伤的作用机制.[方法]通过TCMSP、Swiss Target Predicition数据库并结合文献获取葛花的化学成分和作用靶点,结合DisGeNET、OMIM、DrugBank数据筛选葛花治疗酒精性肝损伤的作用靶点;运用Cytoscape3.7.2软件构建葛花有效活性成分-作用靶点网络,使用String数据库构建蛋白相互作用网络,运用DAVID平台对靶点进行GO富集分析和KEGG富集分析.[结果]从葛花中筛选出18个有效活性成分,199个作用靶点,其中31个靶点与ALD相关,GO富集分析结果涉及222个生物过程、15个细胞组分和32个分子功能富集,KEGG富集分析得到48条信号通路,主要富集于NOD样受体信号通路、细胞色素P450对外源性药物代谢的影响、Toll样受体信号通路、TNF信号通路、炎症性肠病、FoxO信号通路、MAPK信号通路、HIF-1信号通路等,这些作用通路可能是葛花治疗ALD的活性途径.[意义]初步对葛花治疗ALD的作用机制进行了研究,葛花可以通过多成分、多靶点、多条通路来发挥治疗ALD的作用.

Epimedium mikinorii is a vulnerable species in the Epimedium genus of Berberaceae. Here, we sequenced the complete chloroplast genome of E. mikinorii, which is 157,136 bp in length, and is a typical quadripartite circular molecule composed of two inverted repeats (IRs) of 25,896 bp for each, a large single-copy region (LSC) of 88,395 bp, and a small single-copy region (SSC) of 16,949 bp. The complete chloroplast genome of E. mikinorii contains 134 genes, including 83 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 5 pseudogenes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that E. mikinorii was closely related to E. dolichostemon.

Kudzu vine biochar (KVB) modified flexible carbon electrode (FCE) for the portable wireless intelligent sensing of clenbuterol (CLB) in bovine serum using cheap miniaturized analyzer composed of both smartphone and electrochemical mini-workstation was developed. Kudzu vine derived from abundant biomass residues of important traditional Chinese medicinal vine plants was selected for the preparation of KVB produced by pyrolyzing fine powders of kudzu vine at high temperature under oxygen-limited conditions. The morphology of KVB was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. FCE as flexible substrate electrode was prepared by the laser direct writing technique. The KVB modified FCE displayed excellent electrocatalytic response towards CLB in wide liner ranges from 0.95 to 14.31 mu M with a low limit of detection of 0.75 mu M. Practical application with satisfactory results will provide new opportunity for the comprehensive utilization of biomass residues of traditional Chinese medicinal plants as low-cost biochar for advanced electrode materials in portable wireless intelligent sensing platform based on cheap miniaturized analyzer composed of both smartphone and electrochemical mini-workstation for harmful residues in the quality safety of agro-products and food.

对葛属资源记载情况进行整理和历代本草学的研究认为,南北朝以前时期用的葛根品种为野葛,南北朝至汉唐时期记载为甘葛藤,宋代及明清以后本草记载葛根品种开始多样化发展,出现家种和野生两品种并列的情况,为甘葛藤和野葛,药食两用一直沿用至今.《本草品汇精要》记载以江浙、南康、庐陵为道地,当今道地产区不明显.葛类中药古今用药功效基本一致.野葛和甘葛藤为主流品种,该属其它资源是否都能药用需进一步临床验证.《中国药典》分列葛根和粉葛两药,应以临床为导向更加完善质量标准.该研究为葛类中药的进一步鉴别研究和质量控制提供依据与参考.