Abstract The purpose of the current investigation was to determine hepatoprotective effect of bioactive compound (-)-epicatechin in hepatitis old age rats. Animals are pre-treated with (-)-epicatechin at a dose of 50 mg/kg/bw for 21 days, and D-galactosamine was used to induce hepatitis on the last two days of the treatment period. For assessment of (-)-epicatechin impact on hepatitis, we analyzed hepatic damage markers AST, ALT, AKP, and γGGT in blood plasma, as well as antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, GPx, GR, GSH, CAT, GST, and MDA in the liver tissue. Further, to strengthen (-)-epicatechin effect, we also done molecular expression studies of TNF-α, IL-6 and TGF-βwith RT-PCR and also examined histological alterations in liver tissues. Our results revealed that SOD, GPx, GR, CAT, activities and GSH content are decrement in hepatitis animals. Besides, GST, ALT, AST, AKP, γGGT activities and MDA are increment in hepatitis subjects. However with (-)-epicatechin treatment all these antioxidant enzymes and liver enzymes are normalized. Interestingly, gene expression markers are downregulated with bioactive compound treated hepatic rats whereas upregulation of them have been observed in the diseased rats. Deterioration of sinusoids, central vein, and hepatocytes are observed in hepatitis ratsx. But with (-)-epicatechin supplementation in hepatitis rats. we examined the regeneration of central vein, sinusoids and hepatocytes in liver tissue of hepatitis animals. From our study,we conclude that (−)-epicatechin supplementation in old hepatitis rats, all the antioxidant enzymes, liver markers, gene expression markers and histopathologcial studies proved that has beneficial effects in hepatitis subjects.

The present study investigated the cardioprotective properties of 6-gingerol against alcohol-induced ROS-mediated cardiac tissue damage in rats. Experiments were conducted on 4 groups of rats, orally treated with control, 6-gingerol (10 mg/kg body weight), alcohol (6 g/kg body weight) and combination of 6-gingerol plus alcohol for two-month. In the results, we found 6-ginger treatment to alcohol-fed rats substantially suppressed ROS production in cardiac tissue. Alcohol-induced elevated 8-OHDG and protein carbonyls which represent oxidative modification of DNA and proteins were completely reversed by 6-gingerol. This was further endorsed by restored superoxide dismutase and catalase activities with 6-gingerol against alcohol-induced loss. The elevated cardiac biomarkers (CK-MB, cTn-T, cTn-I) and dyslipidemia in alcohol-intoxicated rats was significantly reversed by 6-gingerol. Furthermore, alcohol-induced apoptosis characterized by overexpression of cytochrome C, caspase-8 and caspase-9 was diminished with 6-gingerol treatment. Transmission electron microscope images conferred the cardioprotective properties of 6-gingerol as we have seen less structural derangements in mitochondria and reappearance of myofilaments. Our findings conclude that 6-ginger effectively protect alcohol-induced ROS-mediated cardiac tissue damage, which may be due to its potent antioxidant efficacy. Therefore, 6-gingerol could be a potential therapeutic molecule that can be used in the treatment of alcohol-induced myocardial injury.

Background: A highly valued medicinal plant belonging to the family Apiaceae is Trachyspermum ammi L. The seeds of this plant are used as spice and are traditionally used for the treatment of many human and animal illnesses. Objectives: In this research study, we aimed at quantitatively estimating the phytochemicals, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of T. ammi seeds. Methods: Quantification of phenol and flavonoid phytochemicals have been estimated in different solvent extracts of seeds. Further, the antioxidant activity was determined by performing DPPH, lipid peroxidation, reducing capacity and total antioxidant activity assays. Additionally, antibacterial activity was assessed against three bacterial species using well-diffusion method. Results: The findings showed in quantitative estimation that phenols and flavonoids were rich in extracts. Acetone, Methanol and Ethanol extracts were potentially scavenged DPPH radical, lipid peroxidation nullified and metal ions such as Fe and Mo reduced. At the same time, effective antibacterial activity on E. coli, S. aureus and Pseudomonas bacterial species was seen in Chloroform and Methanol extracts and synthesized silver nanoparticles. Conclusion: In conclusion, free radical scavenging, reduction of metals and antibacterial activity of different extracts of T. ammi was indicative of the presence of enormous amounts of phenols and flavonoids. Further work on these extracts needs to be done to isolate the active compounds and, to treat free radicals and related bacterial diseases.

In our in vitro and in vivo studies, we used Acalypha indica root methanolic extract (AIRME), and investigated their free radical scavenging/antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Primarily, phytochemical analysis showed rich content of phenols (70.92 mg of gallic acid/g) and flavonoids (16.01 mg of rutin/g) in AIRME. We then performed HR-LC-MS and GC-MS analyses, and identified 101 and 14 phytochemical compounds, respectively. Among them, ramipril glucuronide (1.563%), antimycin A (1.324%), swietenine (1.134%), quinone (1.152%), oxprenolol (1.118%), choline (0.847%), bumetanide (0.847%) and fenofibrate (0.711%) are the predominant phytomolecules. Evidence from in vitro studies revealed that AIRME scavenges DPPH and hydroxyl radicals in a concentration dependent manner (10–50 μg/mL). Similarly, hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation were also remarkably inhibited by AIRME as concentration increases (20–100 μg/mL). In vitro antioxidant activity of AIRME was comparable to ascorbic acid treatment. For in vivo studies, carrageenan (1%, sub-plantar) was injected to rats to induce localized inflammation. Acute inflammation was represented by paw-edema, and significantly elevated (p < 0.05) WBC, platelets and C-reactive protein (CRP). However, AIRME pretreatment (150/300 mg/kg bodyweight) significantly (p < 0.05) decreased edema volume. This was accompanied by a significant (p < 0.05) reduction of WBC, platelets and CRP with both doses of AIRME. The decreased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase in paw tissue were restored (p < 0.05 / p < 0.01) with AIRME in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, AIRME attenuated carrageenan-induced neutrophil infiltrations and vascular dilation in paw tissue. For the first time, our findings demonstrated the potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of AIRME, which could be considered to develop novel anti-inflammatory drugs.

Acalypha indica is a significant medicinal plant. The purpose of this review is to bring traditional usage, phytochemistry, and scientific applications of A. indica up to date. Microbial infections, fertility, stomach ulcers, snake bites, pains, wounds, liver/kidney problems, and rheumatism have all been traditionally treated with A. indica paste, decoction, sap, and synergy with other plants/plant products, which have all been scientifically proven through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Regardless of traditional knowledge, this plant extracts have been scientifically proven to help against cancer, inflammation, cardiac damage, diabetes, TB, and malaria. Phytochemical investigation revealed that A. indica has phenols, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, alkaloids and their glycosides, saponins, volatiles and fatty acids. In summary, the presence of phytoconstituents is responsible for the A. indica traditional and pharmacological qualities. Further, conformational clinical trails in humans are necessary to ascertain the extracts efficacy. Extensive future studies are to be conducted to reveal the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic properties and active phythochemicals of A. indica extracts.

Objective: The methanolic leaf extract of Ventilago maderaspatana (MEVML, 200 mg/kg body weight [b.w.]) was investigate to hepatoprotective activity under streptozotocin-induced (45 mg/kg b.w.) diabetic (Di) rats. Methods: In the present study, we determined the blood glucose levels, b.w., insulin, creatinine, and bilirubin levels in normal, Di, Di treated with MEVML and positive control rats. Results: The Di rats shown adverse changes in blood glucose levels, b.w., insulin, creatinine, and bilirubin levels when compared to other group rats. Reverse the adverse changes in the above parameters when treated the Di rats with MEVML Conclusion: The MEVML shown anti-diabetic activity and reverse the adverse changes in the above parameters in liver so that the MEVML supported the traditional claim of the hepatoprotective activity under Di condition.

The present engineering applications require new and better materials for the replacement of existing ones. In view of this demand, at present we focused on latest upcoming materials such as composite materials especially laminated composites. The composites are having the greatest strength to weight ratio compared to conventional materials. Fiber reinforced polymer composites have been used in a variety of application because of their many advantages such as relatively low cost of production, easy to fabricate and superior strength compare to neat polymer resins. Reinforcement in polymer is either synthetic or natural. Synthetic fibers such as glass, carbon etc. have high specific strength but their fields of application are limited due to higher cost of production. The present research focus on characterization and testing of Biwoven Glass Fiber/Epoxy composite material. The different mechanical tests are performed on Bi-wove Glass Fiber/Epoxy composite and the mechanical properties such as, tensile strength, tensile modulus, compressive strength is determined as per ASTM standards. The mechanical properties were improved as the number of layers of Bi-woven glass fibers reinforcement content increased in the epoxy matrix material

Background: The prevalence of diabetes in the world population hás reached 8.8 % and is expected to rise to 10.4% by 2040. Hence, there is an urgent need for the discovery of drugs against therapeutic targets to sojourn its prevalence. Previous studies proved that NF-κB serves as a central agent in the development of diabetic complications. Objectives: This review intended to list the natural plant compounds that would act as inhibitors of NF-κB signalling in different organs under the diabetic condition with their possible mechanism of action. Methods: Information on NF-κB, diabetes, natural products, and relation in between them, was gathered from scientific literature databases such as Pubmed, Medline, Google scholar, Science Direct, Springer, Wiley online library. Results and Conclusion: NF-κB plays a crucial role in the development of diabetic complications because of its link in the expression of genes that are responsible for organs damage such as kidney, brain, eye, liver, heart, muscle, endothelium, adipose tissue and pancreas by inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress. Activation of PPAR-α, SIRT3/1, and FXR through many cascades by plant compounds such as terpenoids, iridoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, carbohydrates, and phytocannabinoids recovers diabetic complications. These compounds also exhibit the prevention of NF-κB translocation into the nucleus by inhibiting NF-κB activators, such as VEGFR, RAGE and TLR4 receptors, which in turn, prevent the activation of many genes involved in tissue damage. Current knowledge on the treatment of diabetes by targeting NF-κB is limited, so future studies would enlighten accordingly.

Background: Diabetes is one of the most common non-communicable global diseases. It is the fourth leading cause of death, thus posing a serious threat to human beings. The conventional drugs developed along the principles of Western medicine are often limited in efficacy in diabetes management. However, significant evidences suggest that polyphenol-rich diet has the ability to protect diabetes complications. Objective: In this study we investigated the quantifying and profiling of phenols in Acalypha indica polyphenol-rich fraction (PLF) and their therapeutic potential on hepatic tissue damage in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In this study,PLF was subjected the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and High Resolution Liquid Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer HR-LC-MS and evaluate the liver biomarkers includes aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin content, lipid profiles like low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), insulin and body weights in diabetic, PLF, and glibenclamide-treated diabetic and normal rats. Results: The result showed that PLF was significantly decreased the blood glucose levels, liver biomarkers such as AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin content, lipid profiles like LDL, TC, and TGs and decreased the tissue damage in diabetic rats. Subsequently, insulin, body weight, and HDL levels were increased in diabetic rats. Subsequently, insulin, body weight, and HDL levels were increased. Conclusion: We concluded that Ai (Acalypha indica ) leaves have a rich number of polyphenolic compounds and those were may be protected from STZ-induced toxicity in liver of diabetic rats. Further research is necessary for this area to isolate bioactive polyphenolic compounds from Ai leaves and to be validated against STZ-intoxicated liver damage with assessing mechanism of action.

PRR11 is a cell cycle regulator involved in pathogenesis of cancer. Therapeutically it has been identified as target to inhibit cancer growth. In this study, we employed in silico strategies for determining 3D structure of PRR11 and identification of lead molecules. Molecular modelling of PRR11 was carried out with the help of @TOME2, modeller 9.10 and ModLoop, further structure refinement conceded with SAVES server. ZINC database was virtually screened against reference marine natural compound and docking simulations were performed in AutoDock Vina. Pharmacokinetic properties of leads have been analysed in DataWarrior. Collectively, the results revealed that the 3D structure of target was successfully build with refinement of 30 loops, the reliable structure showed that 83.87% amino acid residues present in allowed regions of Ramachandran plot, Errat overall quality factor was 83.807, passed in Prove and more than 65% amino acids have scored > =0.2 in the 3D/1D plot of PRR11. Based on small molecule screening of ZINC database against PRR11 with resulted pharmacokinetic descriptors, 5 lead molecules (28863059, 79642438, 27766155, 27855322 and 28365298) have predicted as PRR11 inhibitors, which are very prominent in binding energy values, ADME and adverse effects (MTIR) calculations than reference marine natural compound. ZINC database has been given a choice to purchase lead molecules for further evaluations in in vitro/in vivo studies; it could be an opportunity to further prove of this in silico predictions.

Background: The study of free radicals and their reactions is implicated in the pathogenesis of various human diseases. Therefore, antioxidants treatment plays a pivotal role in preventing the free radical-induced diseases. Objective: The objectives of this study were to examine the protective role of 6-gingerol from free transition metal ion-induced alterations by in vitro and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in chicken eggs by in ovo. Materials and Methods: In this study, lipid peroxidation, DNA sugar oxidation, chelation of ferrous ions, DNA fragmentation, Cytochrome c-oxidation, ferric ion reducing activities and DPPH, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals scavenging activity by ESR studies were examined with 6-gingerol by in vitro. Furthermore, antiviral activity was screened with 6-gingerol by in ovo. Results: In vitro results showed that 254 mu M/ml of 6-gingerol firmly inhibited erythrocyte membrane lipid peroxidation by 85.28% and DNA sugar oxidation by 91.26% when compared with butylated hydroxyanisole 74.42% (554 mu M/ml) and 78.30% (824 mu M/ml), respectively. Whereas, chelating activity of 6-gingerol was 80.2% which nearly similar to the EDTA activity (50 mu g/ml) shown 83.93%. In addition, 6-gingerol (254 mu M/ml) scavenged the superoxide, hydroxyl, DPPH radicals by 84.96%, 90.45%, and 94.63% respectively and the same was strongly supported with ESR studies. Further, 254 mu M/ml of 6-gingerol inhibited the DNA fragmentation, Cytochrome c-oxidation and reducing the ferric ion by in vitro and antiviral activity shown on NDV at 100 mu g/ml. Conclusion: This study could enlighten that the 6-gingerol has a good metal sequester property and it could prevent the free radicals by in vitro and NDV growth in chicken eggs by in ova.

Background: Hepatitis is a health problem affecting millions of people worldwide and it is the major risk factor for liver cirrhosis. In India, many plants are used to treat hepatitis. But little is known about the effects of (-)-epicatechin a bioactive compound of Phyllanthus niruri (PN) in hepatitis rats. Objective: The present study was designed to explore the antioxidant property of (-)-epicatechin isolated from PN in D-Galactosamine (D-GalN) induced hepatitis rats. Materials and Methods: The rats are divided into five groups as per the experimental design. (-)-Epicatchin pretreatment was given to the hepatitis rats for 21 days and biochemical analysis was carried out. The hepatic antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) and serum markers aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin, and bilirubin are estimated. Results: All the antioxidant enzymes activities and albumin levels are depleted in hepatitic rats. Whereas GST, ALP, AST, ALT activities and MDA, and bilirubin levels are elevated in hepatitis rats, (-)-epicatechin pretreatment increased all the antioxidant enzymes and decreased the GST, ALP, AST, ALT, and MDA levels in hepatitis rats. However, histopatholoigic studies also proves that (-)-epicatechin pretreatment decreased the tissue damage in hepatitis condition. This is the first report on the antioxidant enzymes and hepatoprotective effect of (-)-epicatechin in hepatitis rats. Conclusion: From this study, we conclude that (-)-epicatechin treatment decreased the oxidative damage in hepatitis rats.

BackgroundAlcohol‐induced hyperlipidemia is positively correlated with cardiovascular diseases. Several herbal extracts are reported to protect the cardiac injury and suppress the hyperlipidemia. However, the effect of ginger on alcohol‐induced hyperlipidaemia and myocardial damage remains unclear.ObjectiveThis study investigated the cardio protective properties of ginger ethanolic extract (Gt) on alcohol‐induced myocardial damage, and further distinguished the association between hyperlipidemia and occurrence of myocardial damage in rats.Materials and MethodsTwenty four Wistar male albino rats weighing 250 ± 20 g were divided into four groups includes, Normal control (NC) (0.9% NaCl), Ginger treated (Gt) (200 mg/Kg b.w.), Alcohol treated (At) (20%, 6 g/Kg b.w.) and Alcohol along with Ginger treatment(At+Gt). In this study, lipid profiles such as fatty acids, triglycerides, total cholesterol, phospholipids, low density lipoprotein and high density lipoproteins and Cardiac biomarkers includes LDH, AST, CK‐MB, cTn‐T and cTn‐I were examined in rats. In addition, histopathological studies were also conducted.ResultsWe found alcohol‐induced myocardial damage was associated with increased lipid profile except high density lipoprotein in alcohol treated (6 g/kg b.w.) rats compared to control rats while ginger treatment (200 mg/kg b.w.) reduced the lipid profiles except high density lipoproteins. Furthermore, elevated cardiac biomarkers activities with alcohol intoxication were significantly suppressed by ginger treatment. In addition, ginger treatment significantly minimized the myocardial damage induced by alcohol.ConclusionOur results conclude that ginger could protect from alcohol ‐ induced myocardial damage by suppression of hyperlipidemia and cardiac biomarkers.Support or Funding InformationUGC‐MRP‐F.No43‐586/2014(SR) dated 30‐10‐2015

The present paper has been designed to evaluate phytochemical profile, in vitro free radical scavenging activity, cytotoxicity of methanolic extract and in vivo antioxidant activity of polyphenolic fraction of Acalypha indica leaves. Methanolic extract of A. indica leaves (MEAIL) contained rich amount of phenols, flavonoids and saponins. The GC–MS analysis of extract revealed 13 compounds, whereas HR-LC/Q-TOF/MS showed 87, and all were coincided with functional groups identified by FTIR. The extract showed good scavenging activity on DPPH, H2O2, hydroxyl radicals and metal ions. The Polyphenolic fraction induced the antioxidant enzymes in Diabetic rats. The extract also potentially showed cytotoxic (LC50: 140.02 µg/mL) activity against brine shrimp. Based on these analytical results, in vitro and in vivo experiments, it was concluded that the MEAIL has encompassed rich amount of polyphenols (antioxidants) and cytotoxic compounds for their respective activities. Polyphenolic fraction has the induction capacity to elevate cellular antioxidant enzymes in diabetic animals.

Comparison effect of Pioglitazone and Glimepiride alone on renal function marker in experimentally induced renal damage in diabetic rats.Jagdish Kakadiya, Nehal Shah

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the important microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. Several phytochemicals have been reported to show beneficial consequences in Xanthium indicum leaves and α-tocopherol is a well known antioxidant, putting a halt to the fatality of renal dysfunc-tions in DN. In the current study, seven groups of male albino rats six in each group, received the following treatment scheduled for 4 weeks: Normal control, Xanthium indicum, α-tocopherol, Diabetes control, Glibenclamaide treated diabetic, α-tocopherol treated diabetic and Xanthium treated diabetic. Evaluations were made for blood glucose levels, body weights, serum insulin levels, MDA content, creatintne in urine as well as in serum and the histopathological changes were monitored kidney tissues in all experimental rats. Blood glucose levels were significantly (***P<0.001) decreased whereas serum insulin levels and body weights were significantly (***P< 0.001) in-creased, MDA content, serum creatinine levels were significantly (***P< 0.01), (***P<0.001), decreased and urine creatinine levels were increased with the treatment of plant extract and α-tocopherol in diabetic rats. Overall, the findings of this study indicated that the hydromethanolic extract of X. indicum leaves and α-tocopherol possesses a potent capacity that attenuates the renal damage to minimize the deleterious effects of free radicals by maintaining renal hemodynamics in diabetic conditions probably through its antioxidative and hypoglycaemic activity.

Herbal medicine, the backbone of traditional medicine in many countries have played an important role in curing the diseases of humans since ancient time. Medicinal plants are great source of bioactive compounds and chemical structures that have potential beneficial effects. The present review compiles information on ethnopharmacologically useful information and pharmacological properties of Ocimum sanctum. Ocimum sanctum (OS) has many medicinal properties like antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiulcer, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal and other. The phytochemicals compounds of Ocimum, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, essential oils, tannins and saponins play an important role in herbal medicine. Bioactive compounds of Ocimum responsible for its various medicinal properties and their effects at the molecular level need to be investigated in more detail. Furthermore, pharmacological properties of bioactive compounds in Ocimum sanctum are required to confirm the ethnomedicinal claims of Ocimum sanctum for pharmaceutical therapeutic applications.

The free radicals are generated in normal cellular metabolic events .However they may be produced more in disease conditions when they directly interact with the bio molecules are dangerous to the normal life because they alter genetic material. Free radicals induce permanent modifications in genetic material that may lead to mutagenesis, carcinogenesis and aging. The prevention or treatment of diseases has direct link with antioxidants which can reduce the effect of free radicals. The phenolic compounds are functionally potent antioxidants and they have the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS)/ reactive nitrogen species(RNS), suppress the ROS/RNS formation by inhibiting relevant enzymes, chelates trace metal elements responsible for free radical generation and up regulates or protects the antioxidant defense system. In this study, we attempted for the separation of Polyphenolic fraction from Acalypha indica leaves and tested for its antioxidant activity employing DPPH, H2O2 assays and also to assess its reducing power, total antioxidant power. The outcome of the results from this study showed that Polyphenolic fraction from the Acalypha indica leaves scavenges the in vitro free radicals to their stable forms such as DPPH radical to DPPH, Mo (VI) to Mo (V), ferric cyanide complex to ferrous form and hydrogen peroxide to water. The polyphenolic fraction has the reduction power against free radicals which suggests further studies to take up in in vivo for the treatment of various diseases due to free radicals generation.

Antioxidant defense system plays a key role in diabetic complications. The effects of ginger ethanolic extract on ruined antioxidant system in liver tissue remains unclear in diabetic rats. In this study, we investigated the impact of oral administration of ginger ethanolic extract on antioxidant parameters in experimental diabetic rats. Thirty rats were equally divided into five groups, including normal control (NC), diabetic control (DC), ginger treatment (Gt), diabetics treated with ginger (D+ Gt) and diabetics treated with glibenclamide (D+ Glb). The parameters like SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, GST activities and GSH levels were significantly decreased in liver of diabetic rats, which indicates impaired antioxidant status. The lipid peroxidation marker MDA levels were drastically increased in diabetic rats. However, we found that the administration of ginger to diabetic rats restored the altered antioxidant status that is almost similar to normal control group, simultaneously depleted MDA levels in liver of diabetic rats. Further, evidences from our histopathological studies also prove that ginger protects the liver from oxidative stress in diabetic rats.