Macrocephalon maleo is an endemic bird species of Sulawesi that selects nesting sites based on specific environmental conditions, particularly optimal soil temperature, moisture, water content, soil weight, and texture (including clay, dust, and sand composition). However, studies examining the relationship between soil physical characteristics and microclimatic factors across multiple nesting sites remain limited. This study aims to analyze the distribution patterns and the correlation of ecological characteristics that influence the existence of maleo in Central Sulawesi. The research was conducted from February 2024 to March 2025 at seven locations with a total of 23 coordinate points, including nesting grounds near geothermal sources (Saluki, Lore Lindu National Park), coastal areas (Taima, Moilong, Batui, Ampana, and Balingara), and a riverbank area (Bukit Jaya). Field observations were carried out for 10 days at each location, during which 197 maleo birds were recorded. Maleo distribution patterns were analyzed using the Morisita Index, while the relationships between ecological factors and maleo presence were assessed using Pearson correlation analysis. The Morisita Index indicates a clumped distribution pattern, with values ranging from 2.0 to 5.0. The average sand temperatures recorded were 33.9°C in the geothermal area (Saluki TNLL); 35.0°C, 34.4°C, 35.4°C, 33.13°C, and 32.9°C in the coastal areas (Taima, Moilong, Batui, Ampana, and Balingara), and 36.1°C in the riverbank area (Bukit Jaya). The results indicate that soil-related ecological factors, particularly water content, soil texture, and sand weight, had a stronger influence on maleo presence than ambient microclimatic variables such as air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and light intensity. Soil texture influences water retention, aeration, heat absorption, and soil consistency. Sandy soils tend to absorb and release heat efficiently, thereby creating suitable incubation conditions for maleo eggs in natural nesting habitats.

Rhynchophorus spp. has been observed to be a potential pest in oil palm plantations in Indonesia. Rhynchophorus spp. has been reported to have attacked oil palm in Kalimantan and Papua, but reports regarding attacks by Rhynchophorus spp. in Sumatra have not been updated. Riau is the biggest producer of crude palm oil. This study aims to investigate Rhynchophorus spp. at oil palms in Siak, Riau. The study was conducted in the smallholder area of the Kerincikanan region. The study used survey methods to observe the symptoms of oil palms infested by Rhynchophorus spp. Pheromone aggregate traps were also used to capture Rhynchophorus spp. The results showed that after tree felling, two oil palms were positively infested by Rhynchophorus spp. Both the oil palms exhibited characteristic symptoms, including a collapsing crown, no visible injury or fungal infections in the stem, some leaves were still green, while others were dry. While, other eight oil palms were suspected to be infested by Rhynchoporus spp. Based on morphological characters, it was shown that Rhynchophorus spp. captured was R. vulneratus. These results suggest that oil palm plantations in the studied area should increase their awareness of the palm weevil's attack and implement mitigation approaches to mitigate further impacts.

Invasive alien species pose a significant threat to biodiversity conservation in protected areas. Ageratina riparia has been identified as a problematic invasive species in Merbabu National Park in Central Java. This study analyzed the population structure, distribution patterns, and habitat suitability of A. riparia to assess its ecological impacts on native ecosystems. Vegetation surveys were conducted using systematic sampling across different elevation zones of the park. The population density, frequency, and coverage were measured. Distribution patterns were analyzed using the Morisita Index, and habitat suitability modeling was performed using MaxEnt. riparia showed a high population density (7.85 individuals/m2) with 10.79% ground coverage and 78.67% occurrence frequency across sampling points. The species exhibited clustered distribution patterns (Morisita Index > 1) concentrated on mid-to-upper mountain slopes. MaxEnt modeling demonstrated excellent predictive performance (AUC = 0.907) and identified optimal habitat conditions in vulnerable, endemic-rich forest ecosystems. A. riparia represents a significant ecological threat to Merbabu National Park’s biodiversity through its high dominance, wide distribution, and habitat adaptability. Spatial distribution maps are essential tools for prioritizing conservation interventions and monitoring strategies.

This study aimed to determine suitable sand grain sizes as substrates for rearing sandfish juveniles. Twelve containers, 59 cmx 47 cm x 37 cm, and 30 juveniles were put into each as experimental animals. The initial mean wet weight of juveniles was 2.22 +/- 0.43 g. Treatments were different sand grain sizes as substrates: small, medium, large, and without substrate as a control. Juveniles were fed with benthos at 2 % of daily biomass for 90 days. Specific growth and survival rates, enzyme activities, and intestine profiles were measured. The final mean weight of the juveniles in small, medium, and large sand grains sizes and control were 5.85 +/- 0.52 g, 4.00 +/- 0.37 g, 3.74 +/- 0.45 g, and 3.69 +/- 0.43 g, respectively. Small sand grain sizes show The fastest growth rate (P < 0.05). Survival rates between sand grain size treatments and control were significantly different (P < 0.05). The small sand grain sizes treatment showed the highest enzyme activity and longest villi sizes compared to other treatments and controls. Small sand grain sizes as the substrate are ideal for growing juvenile sandfish by optimizing the enzyme activities and allowing villi to absorb more food.

Hydrocarbonolastic bacteria are valuable for the remediation of petroleum-polluted environments. The production of biosurfactants by such bacteria significantly enhances hydrocarbon bioavailability and increases remediation efficiency. One genus of hydrocarbonolastic bacteria with the potential to produce biosurfactants is Bacillus, yet strain-level diversity and local adaptations remain underexplored.Tthis study aimed to isolate and characterize hydrocarbonolastic bacteria belonging to the Bacillus genus from soil samples collected at Geopetroleum Teksas Wonocolo, Kedewan District, Bojonegoro Regency, Indonesia, which is a historically underreported hydrocarbon site. Additionally, the capacity of Bacillus to synthesize biosurfactants was examined. Bacillus strains capable of biosur-factant production were identified via a polyphasic approach. A total of eight hydrocarbonolastic isolates from the Bacillus genus demonstrated biosurfactant-producing capabilities. The top three isolates, Bacillus sp. DIA08, Bacillus sp. DIA12, and Bacillus sp. DIA13, exhibited superior biosurfactant properties, effectively reducing the surface tension of the culture supernatant from an initial value of 72.00 mN m-1 (distilled water) to below 20 mN m-1 and achieving emulsification activity exceeding 50% when kerosene was used as the hydrophobic phase. Kerosene is used because it is a common substrate that is often used in emulsi-fication index tests so that biosurfactant evaluation can be efficient and consistent and can be compared between studies. These three selected Bacillus sp. isolates were subjected to polyphasic identification through the integration of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. The results revealed the presence of Bacillus pacificus DIA08, Bacillus cereus DIA12, and Bacillus thuringiensis DIA13. The biosurfactants produced by these three isolates show significant potential as effective agents for remediating petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soils. This study is the first to report B. pacificus DIA08 and B. thuringiensis DIA13, which were isolated from Indonesian soils with high biosurfactant activity, suggesting their potential as novel bioremediation agents. These findings contribute to the expansion of microbial resources for sustainable soil restoration technologies.

The streams across the high-population areas, commercial estates, and industrial zones face continuous threats from different pollutants. The responses of the transplanted mussels in streams used in active biomonitoring programs will reflect the dynamics of environmental conditions in those streams. This work deals with untargeted metabolomic and proteomic responses of the transplanted mussel Sinanodonta woodiana in the Code Stream at three stations (S), i.e., S1, S2, and S3, which reflect a pollution gradient: low, high, and moderate, respectively. The untargeted metabolomics and proteomics responses were investigated in the composite gills and digestive glands using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Metabolic analysis has shown clear discrimination among mussel responses in each of the three stations upon exposure for 28 days, with metabolic responses associated with different pollution levels. Metabolomics analysis identified putative metabolites involved in amino acid, nucleotide, and antioxidant pathways, reflecting adaptive responses to environmental stressors. Several compounds, such as 7-oxocholesterol, ( ±)18-HEPE, and glycol oleate, were identified as potential biomarkers of pollutant exposure. The proteomic study shows that the β-actin protein appeared in all the stations. The unexposed gills mussels showed 28

Healing forests maintain health through preservative practices, allowing benefits to emerge when site conditions support the practices. Therefore, this research aimed to identify the biophysical components and physical elements of the healing forests in Bunder Grand Forest Park (GFP). This research adopted observation methods and spatial analysis to characterize the healing forests' biophysical components and physical elements. The results showed that Bunder GFP had a diverse biodiversity and a distinctive landscape with the potential to provide comfort for visitors. It also met the criteria outlined in SNI 9006:2021, with medium thermal comfort levels. This research suggested vegetation enrichment to enhance the park's therapeutic potential, decrease noise, and increase thermal comfort. Additionally, the existing water features, karst rocks, and mixed forest vegetation can be used as media for sensory stimulation, further supporting health therapy.

Agroforestry-integrated community forests foster greater plant diversity compared to conventional agriculture, potentially offering significant ecological and societal benefits. However, the specific contribution of diverse floor vegetation within these forests to carbon cycling remains understudied. This study addresses this knowledge gap by comprehensively analyzing the floristic composition and carbon storage potential of floor vegetation in tropical community forests. Using a stratified random sampling design with quadrats to ensure representative data collection across various locations in Ciamis Regency, West Java, Indonesia, we identified 296 plant species belonging to 89 families. Our analysis revealed that the understory vegetation exhibits moderate species diversity and stores carbon ranging from 0.107 to 0.238 Mg C ha⁻¹, with an average sequestration potential of 0.730 Mg C ha⁻¹. These findings suggest that community forests harbor diverse floor vegetation communities with significant carbon storage and sequestration potential, providing valuable insights for environmentally sustainable community forest management and contributing to broader efforts towards climate change mitigation.

Background and Aim: Dengue fever is a recurring arboviral disease. The presence of livestock and domestic animals potentially increases the risk of dengue fever in an area due to the shared habitats of vectors and humans. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the vulnerability map of dengue disease and identify the influence of livestock and domestic animals on the number of cases in Bantul Regency. Materials and Methods: An observational study was conducted in 3 Kapanewon (subdistricts) in the Bantul regency, known as the dengue-endemic area. The locations of 302 cases were recorded using the Global Positioning System. Dengue case density was analyzed using Kernel Density Estimation, and vulnerability was assessed using an overlay in ArcGIS Desktop 10.8. Furthermore, buffer analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between case density and the presence of livestock and pet pens. Results: Banguntapan, Kasihan, and Sewon subdistricts had high vulnerability areas of 424.12 Ha (14.97%), 334.76 Ha (10.46%), and 196.12 Ha (7.05%), respectively. The villages with dengue hotspots were Banguntapan and Potorono (Banguntapan Subdistrict) and Tirtonirmolo (Kasihan Subdistrict). The highest number of patients (180 cases) occurred at a buffer distance of <100 m from houses to livestock pens, closely related to the flight distance of Aedes spp. mosquitoes, the dengue vector. Conclusion: The three subdistricts were predominantly characterized by low dengue vulnerability. However, livestock and domestic animal pens are significant risk factors. This information is crucial for effectively controlling and managing dengue disease in Bantul Regency.

Plankton are organisms that live floating in water bodies and move with the current. Plankton is a clue organism that can be used as a bioindicator because it is sensitive to environmental changes. The purpose of this study was to explore the limnological aspects of plankton distribution and diversity as bioindicators of water quality. In this study, 29 species of phytoplankton and 20 species of zooplankton were obtained, dominated by Nitzschia sp. and Asplanchna sp. The abundance index showed that the abundance of phytoplankton was 19386.67 ind/L and zooplankton was 5.33 ind/L. Water status based on phytoplankton diversity index with a value of 0.28-1.00 is categorized as low diversity and zooplankton diversity with a value of 0.78-1.97 is categorized as moderate diversity.

ARTICLE HIGLIGHTS - Differences in river hydraulic characteristics affect ecological river health - The influence of flooding on the dynamics of physical and chemical characteristics of river water - Life strategy, adaptation of periphyton to environmental changes - Development of green infrastructure for river conservation ABSTRACT Belik River is one of the urban rivers in the Special Region of Yogyakarta which has hydrological problems both in quantity and quality. This triggered the construction of various types of channel modifications. This study aimed to identify water quality and the ecological effects of channel modifications based on the presence of periphyton communities as bioindicators. Sampling was carried out in January 2021 and March 2021. Samples were taken at 4 sampling sites with different channel characteristics with 3 repetitions at each location. The physico-chemical parameters measured included pH, detergent, nitrate, sulfate, total phosphate, TSS, TDS, DO, CO2, water temperature, depth, transparency, discharge, and current velocity. The results showed that the abundance of periphyton in January 2021 was higher than in March 2021. In January 2021 there were found 91 periphyton species dominated by Nitzschia improvisa, Nitzschia terricola, and Nitzschia philippinarum. Meanwhile, in March 2021 there were found 61 species of periphyton dominated by Nitzschia improvisa. Based on the results of Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), it was shown that in general the distribution and abundance of periphyton in the Belik River were influenced by CO2, total phosphate, discharge, DO, nitrate, TSS, and depth. The Shannon Wiener Diversity Index showed that water quality in January 2021 has decreased in March 2021. From the cluster analysis, it is known that there are differences in water quality and abundance of periphyton in the four types of river channels. It can be concluded that differences in hydraulic characteristics affected water quality and the ecological health of Belik River.

The life of living beings depends largely on the river. Likewise, human life can not be separated from the river. Humans use the material in the riverbed, namely sand for building materials. Sand mining activities along the Luk Ulo River, Karangsambung Village are activities that take place continuously. If this is left unattended, sand mining activities will damage a river ecosystem that is a living place for biota communities including macrozoobenthos. On the other hand, macrozoobenthos have an important role in the sustainability of river ecosystems. Based on this, it is necessary to conduct research related to riverbed substrates and macrozoobenthos. This study intends to examine the composition of the riverbed substrate around the sand mining site, and examine the diversity and abundance of macrozoobenthos communities around the sand mining site. The survey method is the method used in this study. Selection of study objects through purposive sampling. The data are presented quantitatively and qualitatively. There are three stages to the study. These stages are extracting and preparing samples of riverbed substrates and macrozoobenthos, then identifying samples, and the last is the measurement of physico-chemical parameters. Sand mining activities on the Luk Ulo River, Karangsambung Village have changed the composition of the bottom substrate of the Luk Ulo River. The diversity and abundance of macrozoobenthos are reduced around the sand mining site with the most abundant at the site, namely the species Tarebia granifera and Melanoides sp. Around the sand mining site, the physical and chemical parameters of water, namely turbidity, and TSS, have the highest values compared to other points.

Bats that feed on insects and are members of the Hipposideridae family, category Chiroptera is widely dispersed worldwide, including Hipposideros spp.There are 29 species of 73 species that inhabit Indonesia.Most of these species use caves as their roosting habitat.In cave habitats, with different physicochemical conditions from surface habitats, the hematological profile can be a physiological indicator in responding to habitat conditions.This study aims to analyze the hematological profile of Hipposideros spp. as a parameter of physiological adaptation in the cave habitat in Gunung Sewu Karst Area, Indonesia.Sampling was carried out purposively in six caves locality of the Gunung Sewu karst area.Bats were collected with misnet (12 x 3 m), and Harpnet was installed at the entrance of the cave at 17.00 -21.00 WIB.The Blood samples from each bat were taken intravenously, as much as 1 mL, on the Forearm and inserted into a 1.5 mL microtube that had been given EDTA anticoagulant.A total of 20 parameters were observed from erythrocyte, leukocyte, and platelet profiles.These parameters use a Hematology Analyzer for analysis.Data differences in hematological profiles between species and sex were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (sig= 95%), respectively.The relationship trend between the physicochemical parameters of the roosting area in the cave with erythrocytes and hemoglobin was then analyzed using a univariate linear model with multiple regression.All statistical analyses were performed using the Paleontological statistics program (PAST) ver.4.09 and R. Studio v1.4.1717-3.We found three species (Hipposideros diadema, H. larvatus, and H. ater) with 70 individuals.This study concluded that there were differences in the hematological profiles between the three Hipposideros species based on species and gender, although some samples did not show significant differences based on statistical tests.Erythrocytes and hemoglobin can be used as parameters of physiological adaptation to cave habitats.This is indicated by an increase in erythrocytes and hemoglobin followed by a decrease in air temperature and oxygen levels, as well as increased humidity and ammonia levels in cave habitats.These study results can be supported if similar studies analyze the hematological profile of non-cave-roosting bat.It is recommended that future studies analyze the hematological profile of non-cave-roosting bats around the caves of the studies or in areas with similar conditions.

Vector borne mosquito diseases are still as a public health problem in many countries in the world, including in Indonesia. Filariasis is a disease that is transmitted through mosquito bites and the cases are increasing in some areas in Indonesia. The information regarding the vector Culex quinquefasciatus species distribution and the genetic variation in Indonesia have not been reported. The objective of the study was to determine the influence of geographyc differences to the distribution and genetic variation of Cx. quinquefasciatus that was collected from 4 filariasis endemic areas in Central Java Indonesia. Mosquitoes were collected by using human landing collection method at night period. The mosquito distribution was analyzed with Kruskal Wallis test. DNAs of each mosquito specimens were then isolated and amplified by using 5 RAPD markers. DNA cluster analysis was done with MVSP™ software. A total of 396 mosquito specimens were collected and the PCR analysis revealed 945 fraghment, consisted of 40 monomorphic and 905 polymorphic fragments. The genetic similarities ranged from 0–75% in all collection areas. In conclusion, the study discovered up to a high genetic variation of Cx. quinquefasciatus and the distribution was significantly influenced by geographic position.

Rafflesia patma Blume is a plant endemic to Pangandaran, West Java, which is protected because of its rare status. This study aims to study the composition of the floristic vegetation that supports the life of R. patma in the Pananjung Pangandaran Nature Reserve, West Java. The research was conducted using a survey method with a purposive sampling technique and sampling using quadrat. The data obtained were then analyzed using the Importance Value Index (IVI), Shannon-Wiener index, and Evenness index. The results showed that R. patma in the Pananjung Pangandaran Nature Reserve lived as a parasite on the roots and stems of Tetrastigma leucostaphylum. The floristic composition of the habitat of R. patma in the Pananjung Pangandaran Nature Reserve, West Java, consisted of 251 individuals divided into 28 species. The plant species with the highest Importance Value Index (IVI) were Syzygium antisepticum, Stephania capitata, Casearia sp., and Buchanania arborescens for the sapling category, as well as Syzygium antisepticum and Vitex pubescens for the tree category. The condition of the vegetation around the habitat of R. patma is quite dense with the diversity index values obtained belonging to the moderate level of diversity. The highest diversity index at the sapling level was found at the Cilegon location with an H' value of 2.14 and the highest diversity index at the tree level was found at the Gua Parat location with an H' value of 1.5.

Litopenaeus vannamei is one of the largest commodities having a major impact on the global economy. Shrimp larvae have drastic changes in morphology and physiology which require extra maintenance. Feed management in early rearing using a blind feeding system which plankton as the main food. The relation between plankton and C/N needs to be investigated to optimize the growth of natural feed. The aims of the study were to analyze plankton community structure; the relationship between plankton to C/N and the environmental parameters; and determine the shrimp preferences of plankton. Data were collected at 3 points in 3 different ponds (PA, PB, PC) on day 8 and day 15 using a stratified sampling method with criteria (intensive system and blind feeding phase). Plankton density and C/N relationship were analyzed using Linear Regression, plankton and environmental parameters using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Shrimp food preferences were analyzed descriptively in percentage. The results showed that diatoms and dinoflagellates dominated phytoplankton, and rotifers dominate zooplankton. C/N showed a positive correlation to protozoa, but a negative correlation to pennate diatoms and copepods. The most influential environmental factors for both phytoplankton and zooplankton density were temperature, C-organic, salinity, pH, alkalinity, and dissolved oxygen.

Phytoplankton is an autotrophic organism that produce its own food through the process of photosynthesis with the help of sunlight which forms the basis of water productivity to be utilized for trophic organisms above. In freshwater, river plankton are categorized as potamoplankton. Rivers are a dominant freshwater ecosystem and have a more stable morphology than other freshwaters. Changes in land function is triggered by an increase in human population, an increase in the number of residential areas and industrial activities that discharge untreated waste into the river. Because of the importance of phytoplankton for life, it is necessary to conduct research on the Comparison of Phytoplankton Composition and Abundance Based on Different Land Uses in the Cisadane River, Tangerang Regency. In this study, sampling was carried out using a purposive sampling method by measuring parameters such as pH, temperature, and water transparency. Identification of phytoplankton composition and abundance was carried out using the Sedgwick Rafter Counting Cell (SRCC) using the sweep method. The results of this study obtained 23 phytoplankton genera from 6 classes consisting of: Bacillaryophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Conjugatophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, and Zygnematophyceae. Phytoplankton abundance was 185-490 Ind/L with the highest abundance in both areas are Bacillaryopiceae and Navicula. The diversity index was 1.307-2.124 and the dominance index was 0.201-0.461. Water quality parameters that affect the composition and abundance of phytoplankton are water-transparency, pH, and water temperature. The fertility level of the Cisadane River waters has an oligotrophic fertility level.

Asiatic palm weevil Rhynchophorus vulneratus Panzer is one of the key pests of coconut in Indonesia. Information regarding the spatial distribution of R. vulneratus is needed to support Integrated Pest Management and can be analyzed using Geographic Information System (GIS). Initial studies on the interaction between R. vulneratus and Oryctes rhinoceros were also studied in this study. This research aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of R. vulneratus using GIS and its interaction with the Coconut beetle Oryctes rhinoceros. The research was conducted in Yogyakarta as a habitat model (0-1,000 masl). R. vulneratus and O. rhinoceros were catched by installing aggregation pheromone traps hanging to coconut plants at 1.7 m above ground. The research was conducted during the rainy and dry seasons. The spatial distribution of R. vulneratus was analyzed by IDW interpolation using QGIS 3.22, whereas its interaction with O. rhinoceros was analyzed by the Pearson correlation test using SPSS 22. The results showed low number of R. vulneratus captured in the Yogyakarta area during the rainy season at 0-1,000 masl. However, the number of R. vulneratus during the dry season has increased, and the distribution rate was dominated by medium to very high levels, especially at an altitude of 0-300 masl. The study also showed that the number of R. vulneratus was not influenced by the number of O. rhinoceros, which suggested that the abundance of O. rhinoceros cannot accurately predict the abundance of R. vulneratus.

Laundry businesses that are not legal entities are growing in Yogyakarta Province and dispose of waste into the environment without processing so that it can cause harm to environmental health and public health because it has high organic and hydraulic loads, process model of anoxic oxic phase and wetlands with bath neutralization is a high-efficiency anaerobic process that can operate at high organic loads.Processing with wetland as a follow-up treatment can reduce organic contamination levels further.Therefore, this study used a process model with the combination of an anoxic-oxic phase and a wetland with a straw bath neutralization (the soaking of the straw) as a pretreatment to treat the laundry waste.The purpose of this study was to examine the potential of the process model on the effluent quality, the potential and impact of effluents as fertilizers for agricultural crops, and the fate and translocation of pollutants in rice plants.This study compared the process model with and without the straw bath neutralization as a pretreatment method.Detail Engineering Design in this study was an influent debit (Q) of liquid waste of 50cc/minute, an average hydraulic residence time in anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic (wetland) processes of < 12 hours, 0.5-5 days, and > 53 hours, respectively with detergent organic load in the range of 42.17 mg/L -164.11mg/L.The results of this study showed that the quality of the effluent increased as indicated by the reduction in pollutant parameters such as BOD, COD, TSS, TDS, detergent, and total phosphate in the range of 7.39-98.17%and 7.09-95.49% in the control group (without pretreatment) and the pretreatment group, respectively.The potential and impact of effluents as fertilizers for rice plants were that they can stimulate morphological growth and vegetative development of plants and generative quantity of rice plants by producing quantity and quality of rice plant products where the control group produced a rice grain weight of 155.80 grams/0.4m 2 , fate and translocation of hazardous materials of ABS surfactant (detergent) in rice grain with the content of 32.65 mg/kg, while the pretreatment group produced a rice grain weight of 75.79 grams/0.4m 2 with the content of hazardous materials of ABS surfactant (detergent) of 24.80 mg/kg.The conclusion of this scientific study using the laundry waste treatment process model with the straw bath neutralization if it is scaled up and equipped with Detail Engineering Design can be used as a policy recommendation for water resource management by local regional policyholders.With the limitations of the work that has been done, the direction of future research is to try out the processing of laundry waste on a scale-up prototype or complete scale-up process model with Detail Engineering Design, to examine the hygienic effects of rice containing hazardous detergent ingredients in the process of cooking rice with water containing excessive doses of chlorine as well as to assess the Biological Exposure Index of detergents in humans.