Habitat fragmentation affects the survival of wildlife and is a main threat to biodiversity. Corridors are frequently used to alleviate habitat fragmentation. However, corridors are costly and often ineffective in practice. Endangered species in montane regions are particularly affected by habitat fragmentation and therefore require economic and efficient conservation strategies. We propose a stepping stone strategy (SSS) to deal with habitat fragmentation threatening an endangered primate, the black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti). We selected the southern range of R. bieti as the study area, which covers 3,580 km2. We evaluated the habitat status and formulated an SSS based on the dispersal ability of an adult male R. bieti. Six sustainable habitat patches and 340 natural stepping stones were detected. Thirteen artificial stepping stones are needed to establish weak connectivity of habitats. Forty-four stepping stones are proposed as key stepping stones for attaining strong connectivity. The SSS is projected to incur substantially less pecuniary investment than the corridor strategy (0.06 million versus 5.65 million, USD). We conclude that 5 steps are needed for the SSS: (a) assessing the status of habitats to plan restorative intervention activities, (b) designing artificial stepping stones to weakly link sustainable habitats, (c) proposing corridors to allow for a stable connection between sustainable habitats, (d) identifying key stepping stones to establish small protected area, and (e) recovery of fragmented habitat and reinstatement of sustainable habitat. Our study suggests that SSS is a cost-effective and practical way for maintaining connectivity and supporting habitat recovery for endangered wildlife in montane regions.

为了解由不相连的天池片区(天池)和龙马山片区(龙马山)组成的云龙天池国家级自然保护区的鸟兽多样性,2019年3月-2020年7月,沿海拔梯度布设61台红外相机(天池29台,龙马山32台)进行调查.天池和龙马山的累计工作日分别为6 228 d和9 498 d;独立有效照片分别为1211张和1 160张.共鉴定出兽类6目12科21种,鸟类6目17科60种,其中,国家一、二级重点保护野生动物分别为2种、20种,保护区新记录25种.保护区内相对丰富度最高的5种野生动物从高到低依次为珀氏长吻松鼠Dremomys pernyi、赤腹松鼠Callosciurus erythraeus、猕猴Macaca mulatta、黄喉貂Martes flavigula、白腹锦鸡Chrysolophus amherstiae.2个片区共同调查到的物种占总物种数的53％;相似性检验表明,2个片区的群落组成有显著差异(鸟类:R=0.068,P=0.044;兽类:R=0.149,P=0.001).本研究更新了保护区内鸟兽物种名录,分析了 2个片区的群落差异,为保护区野生动物监测和保护管理提供了科学参考.

为评估草果种植对森林结构及戴帽叶猴种群分布格局的影响,结合社区访问和实地调查,对独龙江乡的草果种植面积、戴帽叶猴种群分布现状、生境中草果种植情况和森林结构进行了系统的调查.结果显示:草果种植面积仍呈现快速上升趋势;现阶段戴帽叶猴种群分布呈零星小群分布,分布点增加到45个,且单一种群平均个体数下降5只;草果种植区与非种植区森林结构具有显著的差异,乔木的高度增加,乔木冠层之间的连接距离增大,冠层投影面积显著减少.由此可见,现阶段独龙江草果种植面积的快速扩张,已对森林结构和戴帽叶猴的分布产生了影响.

跨界保护对行政边界区丰富的生物多样性保护具有重要意义,也正成为保护网络规划和研究的热点.近年国外跨界保护研究日趋成熟,中国也稍有起色,但是不同跨界保护类型的概念一直被混淆,而且国家内部行政区间的跨区保护合作研究常被忽视.界定了不同跨界合作保护类型的概念,并利用文献计量法分析了以资源和环境为主题的中国跨界相关研究的发展趋势,然后统计分析中国省级以上跨区保护区和相邻区界保护区数量.结果表明中国跨区保护合作及其相关研究缺乏,但中国跨区保护区和相邻区界保护区普遍,跨区合作保护需求较大.为响应中国建立以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系提出未来跨区保护研究和合作建议,致力于满足中国生态文明建设和可持续发展战略的需求.

了解不同类型干扰对黑白仰鼻猴生境利用的影响,为今后生境评估提出更科学的依据,于2008年1月至2009年3月,选取牧场、矿区、耕地3种干扰类型,采用野外观察、植被样方测量方法进行龙马山黑白仰鼻猴猴群(26.23°N,99.25°E,海拔2500～3600 m)对人为干扰的响应研究.结果显示猴群对废弃矿区、牧场和耕地3种不同类型的人为干扰产生的回避距离分别是3、15和180 m.因此,建议在生境评估时进行实地调查找出关键干扰因素,分析以及准确评估猴群对不同干扰类型的响应距离,针对不同的干扰类型设定缓冲值,使得生境评估结果更符合野生动物的真实情况.

Black-and-white snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) is an IUCN-Endangered primate endemic to China. There are currently 15 groups separated into five units based on genetic and geographic character analysis. Among these, the southern groups being on the species' most marginal distribution is the most susceptible to extinct in the near future due to most forest fragmentation and human activities. To determine the population dynamics and conversation needs in the southern unit, we conducted interviews and investigation-based interviews in Yunlong and Lanping Counties from December 2013 to February 2018. A new group contains approximately > 10 members, Tianchi group, was found in Tianchi National Nature Reserve and a known group with approximately > 20 R. bieti individuals, Heishan group, which had historically disappeared, was rediscovered in Yunling National Nature Reserve in the southern unit. As a consequence of this survey, the number of groups in the southern unit has increased from three to five, and the total groups has increased from 15 to 17, and the Tianchi group has become the southernmost group and totally isolated group with irreplaceable conservation value. These results indicate that R. bieti groups in the species' southern distribution range may be undergoing recovery and that nature reserves are playing a critical role in conservation efforts. However, small group size, highly fragmented habitats, and marginal distribution in reserves mean that these two groups are still vulnerable to extinction. We accordingly make recommendations and propose management policies for their protection: the Chinese government should commit to protect the new groups by funding academic research and conservation; the reserves, conservationists, and NGOs should take appropriate actions to ensure the establishment of long-term survey and monitoring programs.

As the southernmost distribution area of Rhinopithecus bieti,the Longma Mountian acrosses the Yunling Provincial Natural Reserve in Lanping County and Tianchi National Nature Reserve in Yunlong County where the cross-border illegal logging and fire case were frequent due to the poor awareness of the group migration rule and the weak management.In January 2015, the two administrations signed a"joint protection plan"to promote the conservation of Rhinopithecus bieti and its habitat.This paper dis-cussed the protection effect and existing problems of cross-regional joint protection, and suggested to carry out the investigations for biological resources and social economic background,explore the community co-management mode,establish and imperfect the joint protection system,coordinate the work by mu-tual help.

狼Canis lupus在世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)濒危物种红色名录中被列为无危(LC)物种(IUCN,2017),是《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约(CITES)》附录Ⅱ物种,在《中国哺乳类红色名录》中为易危(VU)物种(蒋志刚,2015).中国是野生狼种群数量最多的国家之一,很多国外研究者认为狼仅分布在中国北部(Nowak,2003;Larson et al.,2014;IUCN,2017),或者中国南部历史上有狼分布,现已灭绝(Ginsberg et al.,1990;Romolo,2008;Lau et al.,2010).而中国主流研究对狼在国内分布研究的描述是:狼广泛分布于全国各省(张荣祖,1997;王应祥,2003;史密斯,2009;蒋志刚,2015).王璐等(2016)对中国狼的分布研究进行了系统性综述,发现狼在中国三江并流区(怒江、澜沧江、金沙江)最南端的分布记录位于云南云岭省级自然保护区,且国内多数关于狼分布研究的证据来源于早期文献、各林业保护单位样线调查、访问调查和历史标本数据(崔茂欢,2014;马娅萍,2016),并没有直接证据可以解决国内外对于狼现今是否分布在中国南部,特别是三江并流区南部区域的争议.

红外相机技术在野生动物研究中日趋普及,逐渐成为重要的生物多样性监测手段.过去的监测常局限于地面,而针对林冠层的监测较少,这对野生动物的多样性评估影响尚未可知.为此,本研究在生物多样性丰富的碧罗雪山南段,将20台红外相机分别拍摄地面层(0.5-1.5 m)和林冠层(5-10 m)配对比较,累计拍摄2,319个有效相机日,平均每对相机同步进行112.5 d的监测.监测期间共拍摄到44种野生动物(不包括鼠形啮齿类),其中兽类20种,鸟类24种;冠层和地面红外相机监测的物种相似度为29.54％;15种动物仅拍摄于林冠层,16种动物仅拍摄于地面,13种动物拍摄于两个林层.研究结果表明不同林层监测的物种组成存在显著差异,林冠层与地面层监测都具有不可替代性;不同林层红外相机的监测手段也能用于研究野生动物的空间选择和生态位分化.红外相机监测中根据目标物种的习性在相应的林层设置相机能提高物种发现率;为全面掌握区域森林生态系统野生动物的多样性,红外相机监测需要兼顾不同林层这一点需要在监测规范中明细.

灵长类动物是世界上较濒危的动物类群之一,掌握灵长类的分布及其数量的动态变化,为保护行动的有效开展提供了必要的基础资料.通过改良的社区访问调查,首次对滇西北云龙县境内集中分布的6种灵长类动物(黑白仰鼻猴Rhinopithecus bieti、菲氏叶猴Presbytis phayrei、红面短尾猴Macaca arctoides、普通猕猴M.mulatta、熊猴M.assamensis和藏猕猴M.thibetana)从20世纪50年代至今的分布和数量进行了调查,共访查了11个乡镇240个自然村,获得968条有效信息.结果表明,云龙县灵长类基本呈斑块状、非连续性分布,其生境被澜沧江、沘江等河流和村落、交通网络分割.从20世纪50年代至今,6种灵长类共消失了62个种群约3 720只个体,种群数量下降率为60％ ～ 90％.综合分析云龙县各灵长类物种消失的时间、空间格局,发现1980-1990年代是灵长类动物种群消失最多且最快的时期,而各乡镇灵长类物种的消失斑块数与当地人口增长率呈显著正相关,人类大面积砍伐森林和捕猎导致了云龙县灵长类种群的快速消失.生境保护,尤其是对现存成熟森林的保护,将对云龙县现有灵长类动物的保护起到决定性的作用.